Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

959: 1476: 449: 1160:. According to one account of the execution, the family was told to get up and get dressed in the middle of the night because they were going to be moved. Nicholas II carried Alexei to the cellar room. His mother asked for chairs to be brought so that she and Alexei could sit down. When the family and their servants were settled, Yurovsky announced that they were to be executed. The firing squad first killed Nicholas, the Tsarina, and the two male servants. Alexei remained sitting in the chair, "terrified," before the assassins turned on him and shot at him repeatedly. The boy remained alive and the killers tried to stab him multiple times with bayonets. "Nothing seemed to work," wrote Yurovsky later. "Though injured, he continued to live." Unbeknownst to the killing squad, the Tsarevich's torso was protected by a shirt wrapped in precious gems that he wore beneath his tunic. Finally Yurovsky fired two shots into the boy's head, and he fell silent. 812:). On 2 October, Alexei accompanied his mother on a drive in the woods. The "juddering of the carriage had caused still healing hematoma in his upper thigh to rupture and start bleeding again." He had to be carried out of the carriage in an almost unconscious state. His temperature rose, his heartbeat dropped, and he hemorrhaged in his upper thigh and abdomen. For 11 days, he screamed "O Lord have mercy on me!" and begged Alexandra, "Mama, help me!" He asked Alexandra to "build me a little monument of stones in the woods" and asked "When I'm dead, it won't hurt any more, will it?" Alexandra never left his bedside, and she refused to rest or eat. Nicholas "took turns with Alix to sit with Alexei," but he "rushed weeping bitterly to his study" when he saw Alexei scream. On 6 October, Alexei's fever rose to 39 degrees and he hemorrhaged into his stomach. On 8 October, Alexei received the 650:, worn by the heir to the crown. The mantle was supported on one side by Prince Alexander Sergeiovich Dolgorouky, the Grand Marshal of the Court, and on the other by Count Benckendorff, as decreed by custom and wise precaution. The baby wept loudly, as might any ordinary baby when old Father Yanishev dipped him in the font. His four small sisters, in short Court dresses, gazed open-eyed at the ceremony, Olga Nicholaevna, then nine years old, being in the important position of one of the godmothers. According to Russian custom, the Emperor and Empress were not present at the baptism, but directly after the ceremony, the Emperor went to the church. Both he and the Empress always confessed to feeling very nervous on these occasions, for fear that the Princess might slip, or that Father Yanishev, who was very old, might drop the baby in the font. 678: 1636: 1133: 1360: 1034: 1207:'s memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of twelve and fifteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of fifteen and nineteen years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while Maria was nineteen years, one month old. Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Alexei's elder sisters, Olga and Tatiana, were twenty-two and twenty-one years old, respectively, at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of 697: 375:'s children noticed Alexei's inability to "stay in any place or at any game for any length of time". When he was 7, he stole a bicycle and rode it around the palace. Shocked, Nicholas ordered every guard to pursue and capture Alexei. At a children's party, Alexei began jumping from table to table. When Derevenko tried to stop him, Alexei shouted, "All grown-ups have to go!" Recognizing Alexei's energetic nature, Nicholas ordered that Alexei be allowed "to do everything that other children of his age were wont to do, and not to restrain him unless it was absolutely necessary". 1510: 943: 74: 1700: 1679: 891:

lived almost as much apart from Russian society as if they were settlers in Canada.") Moynahan says, "There is no evidence that Rasputin ever summoned up spirits, or felt the need to; he won his admirers through force of personality, not by tricks." Shelley said that the secret of Rasputin's power lay in the sense of calm, gentle strength, and shining warmth of conviction. Radzinsky wrote in 2000 that Rasputin believed he truly possessed a supernatural healing ability or that his prayers to God saved the boy.

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it and give himself airs in front of his sisters". He enjoyed jumping in front of the guards at the front of the Alexander Palace, who would immediately salute him as he walked past. Nicholas forbade the guards to salute Alexei unless another member of the family accompanied him. Alexei was embarrassed "when the salute failed him", which "marked his first taste of discipline". On one occasion, he ordered all of the Finnish officers on various ships to stand before him on the deck of the

345:. He began commanding them, but the Finnish officers did not understand Russian and stood in confusion until an aide informed them that Alexei wanted to hear them say, "We wish you health, your Imperial Highness." When he was told that a group of officers had arrived to call on him, the 6-year-old Alexei told his sisters, "Now girls, run away. I am busy. Someone has just called to see me on business." Also at 6, he walked into his father's study and saw the Foreign Minister 1073:, whom Alexei liked, wrote: "As time went on and his shyness wore off he treated us like old friends and had always some bit fun with us. With me it was to make sure that each button on my coat was properly fastened, a habit which naturally made me take great care to have one or two unbuttoned, in which case he used to at once to stop and tell me that I was 'untidy again,' give a sigh at my lack of attention to these details and stop and carefully button me up again." 705: 394:, Eugene Botkin's son. He asked Gleb, who was talented at drawing, to illustrate the jingles. He attached a note: "To illustrate and write the jingles under the drawings. Alexei." Before handing the note to Eugene Botkin, he crossed out his signature and explained, "If I send that paper to Gleb with my signature on it, then it would be an order which Gleb would have to obey. But I mean it only as a request and he doesn't have to do it if he doesn't want to." 951: 689: 441: 204: 831:, to secure the help of Rasputin. According to his daughter, Rasputin received the telegram on 12 October. On 9 October, Alexandra received a short telegram from Rasputin: "The little one will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much." Alexei's temperature dropped, and he began to improve. According to General Mosolov, the doctors "seemed in utter consternation" at Alexei's sudden recovery. On 10 October, Doctor 1062:. It is his favorite game peals of laughter ring out. I keep an eye, in order to see that things do not go too far." Alexei even ate the soldiers' black bread, and refused when he was offered a meal that he would eat in his palace, saying "It's not what soldiers eat". In December 1915, Rasputin was invited to see Alexei when the 11-year-old boy was accidentally thrown against the window of a train and his nose began to bleed. 412:

Gilliard remarked that the Tsarevich was "embarrassed and blushed violently", and when asked if he liked seeing people on their knees before him, he said, "Oh no, but Derevenko says it must be so!". When Gilliard encouraged Alexei to "stop Derevenko insisting on it", he said that he "dare not". When Gilliard took the matter up with Derevenko, he said that Alexei was "delighted to be freed from this irksome formality".

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On 30 March (12 April) 1918, Empress Alexandra recorded in her diary: 'Baby stays in bed as fr coughing so hard has a slight haemorrhage in the abdom. Every day from then onwards until her removal to Yekaterinburg, Alexandra recorded Alexei's condition in her diary. Alexei and his three remaining sisters joined the rest of the family weeks later. He was reliant on a wheelchair for the remaining weeks of his life.

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with a fur cap, boots, and dagger. He ended his daily prayers with "Hurrah!" instead of "amen". When asked why, he replied that the soldiers on parade always said "Hurrah!" when his father finished speaking, so he should greet his Heavenly Father in the same way. Before he understood the nature of his disease, he said that he wanted to be a warrior-tsar and lead armies as his ancestors had.

293:), were ultimately discovered in a secondary grave near the rest of the Romanov family in 2007. On 17 July 1998, the 80th anniversary of their execution, Alexei's parents, three of his sisters, and the four retainers, were formally interred in the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, while Alexei's and Maria's (or Anastasia's) bones remain in Russian state archives. The Romanov family was 1658: 1563: 1184: 6424: 666: 6262: 769:, Alexandra's friend, remembered that "Derevenko was so patient and resourceful, that he often did wonders in alleviating the pain. I can still hear the plaintive voice of Alexis begging the big sailor, 'Lift my arm,' 'Put up my leg,' 'Warm my hands,' and I can see the patient, calm-eyed man working for hours to give comfort to the little pain-wracked limbs." 4026: 549:, Alexandra saw the happy faces around her and exclaimed, "Oh, it cannot be true. It cannot be true. Is it really a boy?" Nicholas wrote in his diary that today was "a great and "unforgettable day for us . . . there are no words to thank God enough for sending us this comfort in a time of sore trials." According to 431:

Nikolaevich was an awfully lazy, but very capable boy (I think, he was lazy precisely because he was capable), he easily grasped everything, he was thoughtful and keen beyond his years ... Despite his good nature and compassion, he undoubtedly promised to possess a firm and independent character in the future.

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Alexei's diary, which was presumably kept by his tutors and relates his daily activities for January and February 1917, is written in both French and English and is preserved in the "Grand Duchess Kseniia Aleksandrovna Papers" collection in the Hoover Institution Archives (Stanford, California, USA).

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which gives rise to acute alarm" to "one of the layers of his skin was missing." An American magazine ascribed Alexei's "ill health" to "the misfortune that so many residences of the Tzars leave much to be desired from the point of view of sanitary science." After Alexei's life-threatening hemorrhage

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Gilliard eventually convinced Alexei's parents that granting the boy greater autonomy would help him develop better self-control. Alexei took advantage of his unaccustomed freedom, and began to outgrow some of his earlier foibles. Courtiers reported that his illness made him sensitive to the hurts of

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Alexei was proud of and enjoyed his position as Tsarevich. Buxhoeveden reflected that "he knew and felt that he was the Tsarevich, and from babyhood mechanically took his place in front of his elder sisters". He liked being kissed on the hand by the officers and "didn't miss his chance to boast about

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rose in political power because the Tsarina believed that he could heal Alexei's hemophilia, or his attacks. Rasputin advised the Tsar that the Great War would be won once he (Tsar Nicholas II) took command of the Russian Army. Following this advice was a serious mistake, as the Tsar had no military

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revealed that the final two missing Romanov remains were indeed authentic and that the entire Romanov family lived in the Ipatiev House. In March 2009, results of the DNA testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria.

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in April 1918. However, neither Nicholas II nor Empress Alexandra mention anything about a sledding accident in their diaries, and in fact primary resources such as letters of Empress Alexandra and the diaries of both Nicholas II and Alexandra state that the haemorrhage was caused by a coughing fit.

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Due to his disease, Alexei understood that he might not live to adulthood. When he was ten, his older sister Olga found him lying on his back looking at the clouds and asked him what he was doing. "I like to think and wonder", Alexei replied. Olga asked him what he liked to think about. "Oh, so many

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noted that "one word was always enough to exact implicit obedience from ". Buxhoeveden remembered that Alexei had once thrown her parasol in the river, and Nicholas had chastised Alexei: "That is not the way for a gentleman to behave to a lady. I am ashamed of you, Alexei." After his father scolded

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Alexei had few friends his age and was often lonely. Alexandra did not allow Alexei to play with his Romanov cousins because she was worried that they would knock him down when playing and he might bleed. Alexei's companions were his sailor-nanny Derevenko's two young sons. Derevenko watched them as

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had passed laws forbidding women to succeed to the throne (unless there were no legitimate male dynasts left, in which case, the throne would pass to the closest female relative of the last Tsar). He had established this rule in revenge for what he perceived to have been the illegal behavior of his

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in France. Tsar Nicholas sent twelve-year-old Alexei to sit with the grieving father. "Papa told me to come sit with you as he thought you might feel lonely tonight," Alexei told the general. Alexei, like all the Romanov men, grew up wearing sailor uniforms and playing at war from the time he was a

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thinks such explanations fail to take into account those times when Rasputin apparently healed the boy, despite being 2600 km (1650 miles) away. For historian Fuhrmann, these ideas on hypnosis and drugs flourished because the Imperial Family lived in such isolation from the wider world. ("They

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The Tsar had resisted the influence of Rasputin for a long time. At the beginning he had tolerated him because he dare not weaken the Tsarina's faith in him – a faith which kept her alive. He did not like to send him away for, if Alexei Nicolaievich had died, in the eyes of the mother he would have

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was cut, his navel continued to bleed for hours and his blood did not clot. Nicholas wrote that Alexei lost "1/8 to 1/9 of the total quantity" of his blood in 48 hours. Nicholas reflected in his diary that "Alix and I were very alarmed by the bleeding of young Alexei that came at intervals from his

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As a small child, Alexei occasionally played pranks on guests. At a formal dinner party, Alexei removed the shoe of a female guest from under the table, and showed it to his father. Nicholas sternly told the boy to return the "trophy", which Alexei did after placing a large ripe strawberry into the

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2 March] 1917. He did this in favour of his twelve-year-old son Alexei, who ascended the throne under a regency. Nicholas later decided to alter his original abdication. Whether that act had any legal validity is open to speculation. Nicholas consulted with doctors and others and realised

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Alexei loved to attend army inspections with his father. When he was 3, he wore a miniature army uniform and played with a toy wooden rifle. From birth, he had the title of "Hetman of all the Cossacks." He wore a miniature uniform of a sailor of the Russian navy, and he had his own Cossack uniform

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Alexei's parents indulged his tantrums and mischievous behavior, and they rarely punished him. In 1906, Alexei and his family went on a cruise to Finland. In the middle of the night, the 2-year-old Alexei commanded the ship's band to wake up and play for him. Instead of punishing Alexei, Nicholas

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described the 18-month-old Alexei as "one of the handsomest babies one could imagine, with his lovely fair curls and his great blue-grey eyes under their fringe of long curling lashes". A few years later, Gilliard described Alexei as tall for his age, with "a long, finely chiseled face, delicate

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According to Gilliard, Alexei was a simple, affectionate child, but the court spoiled him by the "servile flattery" of the servants and "silly adulations" of the people around him. Once, a deputation of peasants came to bring presents to Alexei. Derevenko required that they kneel before Alexei.

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Alexei resented that he was forbidden from doing what other boys could do because of his hemophilia. When his mother forbade him to ride a bike and play tennis, he asked angrily, "Why can other boys have everything and I nothing?" All four of his sisters were accomplished horsewomen, but he was

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wrote to his children that "our priceless patient" was "undoubtedly significantly better." The positive trend continued throughout the next day. On 19 October Alexei's condition was much better and the hematoma disappeared. The boy had to undergo orthopedic therapy to straighten his left leg.

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His hemophilia was so severe that trivial injuries such as a bruise, a nosebleed or a cut were potentially life-threatening. His parents constantly worried about him. In addition, the recurring episodes of illness and long recoveries interfered greatly with Alexei's childhood and education.

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He had what we Russians usually call "a golden heart". He easily felt an attachment to people, he liked them and tried to do his best to help them, especially when it seemed to him that someone was unjustly hurt. His love, like that of his parents, was based mainly on pity. Tsarevich Alexei

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Nicholas and Alexandra decided not to reveal what Alexei's disease was to the Russian public or even to family members. After Alexei's first bleeding attack, Alexandra wrote, "Oh, what anguish it was... not to let others see the knife digging in one." According to his French tutor,

1167:) conspiracy theorists suggested that one or more of the family somehow survived the slaughter. Several people claimed to be surviving members of the Romanov family following the assassinations. People who have pretended to be the Tsarevich include: Alexei Poutziato, Joseph Veres, 561:

remembered that "we were nearly deafened by the church bells ringing all day". St. Petersburg "was ablaze with flags" and "the people gave themselves over to public rejoicing." Nicholas granted political amnesty to prisoners and set up a fund for military and naval scholarships.

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Details on the testing of the Imperial remains are contained in Rogaev, E.I., Grigorenko, A.P., Moliaka, I.K., Faskhutdinova, G., Goltsov,A., Lahti, A., Hildebrandt, C., Kittler, E.L.W. and Morozova, I., "Genomic identification in historical case of Nicholas II Royal family.",

415:"Alexei was the center of this united family, the focus of all its hopes and affections", wrote Gilliard. "His sisters worshipped him. He was his parents' pride and joy. When he was well, the palace was transformed. Everyone and everything in it seemed bathed in sunshine." 1355:

As noted, the remains of Alexei and one of his sister’s bodies were found in 2008. As of 2015, Alexei's remains had not yet been interred with the rest of his family, as the Russian Orthodox Church has requested more DNA testing to ensure that his identity was confirmed.

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and heir apparent to the Imperial Throne of Russia. An official announcement read, "From now on, in accordance with the Fundamental Laws of the Empire, the Imperial title of Heir Tsarevich, and all the rights pertaining to it, belong to Our Son Alexei.".

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and asked her to find Rasputin. Rasputin prayed over Alexei and told Alexei "Your pain is going away. You will soon be well. You must thank God for healing you. And now, go to sleep." Soon after Rasputin left, the swelling in Alexei's leg went down.

1472:. After receiving advice about whether his personal security could be guaranteed, Michael declined to accept the throne without the people's approval through an election held by the proposed Constituent Assembly. No such referendum was ever held. 5589:

Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula; Berger, Burkhard; Falsetti, Anthony B.; Gill, Peter; Parson, Walther; Finelli, Louis N. (2009).

1113:, he rode a sled down the stairs of the prison house and injured himself in the groin. The hemorrhage was very bad, and he was so ill that he could not be moved immediately when the Bolsheviks relocated his parents and older sister Maria to 760:

When he was 5, Alexei was assigned two navy sailors who monitored him at all times to ensure that he wouldn't injure himself. His parents appointed two sailors from the Imperial Navy: Petty Officer Andrei Derevenko and his assistant Seaman

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At first, Alexei seemed like a healthy, ordinary baby. He weighed 11 pounds at birth. His paternal aunt Xenia wrote that "he's an amazingly hefty baby with a chest like a barrel and generally has the air of a warrior knight." After his

856:, Rasputin timed his "interventions" for times when Alexei was already recovering, and claimed all the credit. Court physician Botkin believed that Rasputin was a charlatan and that his apparent healing powers were based on the use of 1057:

in 1915. Alexei seemed to like military life very much and became very playful and energetic. In one of his father's notes to his mother, he said " have come in from the garden with wet sleeves and boots as Alexei sprayed us at the

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On 30 April 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing had proven that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and the Grand Duchess Maria. DNA information, made public in July 2008, that was obtained from the

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experience. The Tsarina, Alexandra, a deeply religious woman, came to rely upon Rasputin and believe in his ability to help Alexei where conventional doctors had failed. Historian Robert K. Massie explored this theme in his book,

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that he would have to be separated from Alexei if he abdicated in favour of his son. Not wanting Alexei to be parted from the family in this crisis, Nicholas altered the abdication document in favour of his younger brother

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was amazed by Alexei's swift recovery, and she wrote that the next morning Alexei "was not just alive – but well. He was sitting up in bed, the fever gone, the eyes clear and bright, not a sign of any swelling on his leg."

7687: 7577: 852:, administered herbs to the boy, or his advice to prevent too much action by the doctors aided the boy's healing. Others speculated that, with the information he got from his confidante at the court, lady-in-waiting 448: 720:. It was known as the "Royal Disease" because so many descendants of the intermarried European royal families had it (or carried it, in the case of females). In 2009, genetic analysis determined that Alexei had 337:, his mother's lady-in-waiting, reflected that "he was a pretty child, tall for his age, with regular features, splendid dark blue eyes with a spark of mischief in them, brown hair, and an upright figure". 1105:, Alexei complained in his diary that he was "bored" and begged God to have "mercy" on him. He was permitted to play occasionally with Kolya, the son of one of his doctors, and with a kitchen boy named 7732: 820:, wrote to his children, "Pray, my children, pray daily and fervently for our precious heir." On 10 October, a medical bulletin announcing Alexei's impending death was published in the newspapers. 7667: 787:

reflected that "the poor child lay in such pain, dark patches under his eyes and his little body all distorted, and the leg terribly swollen." The doctors could do nothing. Alexandra telegraphed

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If Rasputin's daughter was right about the day that her father responded – 13 October – "the longstanding claim that Rasputin had somehow alleviated Alexei's condition is simply fictitious."

6908: 6837: 804:. On 5 September Alexei jumped into a rowboat and hit his groin on the oarlocks. A large bruise appeared within minutes but in a week reduced in size. In mid-September, the family moved to 6928: 3139: 5684:, (2009). The mitochondrial DNA of Alexandra, Alexei, and Maria are identical and of haplogroup H1. The mitochondrial DNA of Nicholas was haplogroup T2. Their sequences are published at 1412: 7747: 7677: 1203:

On 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in

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Massie contends that caring for Alexei seriously diverted the attention of his father, Nicholas II, and the rest of the Romanovs from the business of war and government.

7488: 1341: 7128: 1069:, of which he was very proud. Alexei's favorites were the foreigners of Belgium, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and Serbia, and in favor, adopted him as their mascot. 1336:, which had developed among emigres after the Russian Revolution and the World Wars. After the decline of the Soviet Union, the government of Russia agreed with the 423:

things", the boy responded. "I enjoy the sun and the beauty of summer as long as I can. Who knows whether one of these days I shall not be prevented from doing it?"

7642: 6903: 6893: 2579: 1132: 824: 616: 550: 408:. Nicholas gave Alexei an old performing donkey named Vanka. Alexei gave sugar cubes to Vanka, and Vanka pulled Alexei around the park in a sled during the winter. 4433:"Pierre Gilliard – Thirteen Years at the Russian Court – memoirs of Nicholas, Alexandra and their family – Influence of Rasputin – Vyrubova – My Tutorial Troubles" 368:

Alexei was close with his sisters. Gilliard wrote that they "brought into his life an element of youthful merriment that otherwise would have been sorely missed".

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of Alexei, the rest of his family, and four remaining retainers on 17 July 1918. Rumors persisted for decades that Alexei had escaped his execution, with multiple

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from his mother Alexandra, an X chromosome hereditary condition that typically affects males, which she had acquired through the line of her maternal grandmother

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The baby lay on a pillow of cloth of gold, slung to the Princess's shoulders by a broad gold band. He was covered with the heavy cloth-of-gold mantle, lined with

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In the autumn of 1907, Alexei fell and hurt his leg when he was playing in the Alexander Park. The fall triggered an internal hemorrhage. His paternal aunt

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waiting to see Nicholas. Izvolsky remained sitting, and Alexei screamed, "When the heir to the Russian Throne enters a room, people must get up!"

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toddler. His father began to prepare him for his future role as Tsar by inviting Alexei to sit in on long meetings with government ministers.

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Alexei's birth was greeted with widespread joy, because he was the first son Nicholas had had after four daughters. When she woke up from the

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to have the bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters (which were found at the execution site) interred at

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Alexei was disobedient and difficult to control. Olga could not manage Alexei's "peevish temper". The only person he obeyed was his father.

7592: 7567: 7167: 7121: 4631: 2854: 2818: 2534: 2151: 2089: 2005: 1909: 1540: 927: 585: 499: 491: 483: 236: 3989:. The 1797 law abolished tsarevich as official title, even though sons of tsars continued to be referred to as tsarevich in informal use. 1359: 6227: 7493: 4440: 3381: 2876: 1821: 1365: 1309: 860:

but Rasputin did not become interested in this practice before 1913 and his teacher Gerasim Papandato was expelled from St. Petersburg.

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There were rumors about what Alexei's disease was, because of the secrecy around it. Guesses ranged from a "certain form of infantile

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The christening marked the first time that some of the younger members of the Imperial Family, including some of the younger sons of

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Alexei on horseback in the uniform of the Nijni Novgorod Dragoons. In the background parts of the Alexander Palace can be seen. 1911

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and Vassili Filatov. However, scientists considered it extremely unlikely that he escaped death, due to his lifelong hemophilia.

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As he grew up, Alexei became more thoughtful and considerate. When he was 9, he sent a collection of his favorite jingles to

6221: 6719: 2543: 2063: 2031: 1499: 1464: 762: 635:, Mistress of the Robes. As a precaution, she had rubber soles put on her shoes to prevent her slipping and dropping him. 495: 463: 33: 5909: 5302: 5275: 5252: 7473: 7363: 7137: 6696: 6385: 3643: 1548: 1237: 1127: 963: 865: 471: 278: 6660:

was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.

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The Search Foundation, an organization dedicated to searching for the remains of the two "missing" Romanov children.

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observed that the "incomprehensible silence of the Court bulletins" gave "free scope to the sensation-mongers."

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in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were executed. In 2000, Alexei and his family were

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Helen Rappaport, "The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas & Alexandra," p. 177.

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Observers and scholars have offered suggestions for Rasputin's apparent positive effect on Alexei: he used

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at Spala, the American press speculated that Alexei had been stabbed "during an unguarded moment" by a "

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was a title given to any son of a tsar, and historically also to sons of non-Russian rulers, e.g. of

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and Diarmuid Jeffreys, a journalist, speculated that Rasputin may have halted the administration of

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Feodorov confirmed that Alexei's recovery was "wholly inexplicable, from a medical point of view."

254: 5429: 7407: 7403: 7307: 6759: 6455: 5841: 5733: 4702: 1317: 1050: 975: 887: 639: 609: 558: 346: 334: 266: 7498: 4639: 704: 612:, all active soldiers and officers of the Russian Army and Navy were named honorary godfathers. 333:

features, auburn hair with a coppery glint, and large grey-blue eyes like his mother". Baroness

950: 7518: 7413: 7282: 7096:

title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne

7089:

title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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joked "that's the way to bring up an autocrat!" Nicholas called Alexei "Alexei the Terrible."

316:, as until his death they do not recognize the abdication of his father in favor of his uncle 282: 270: 6014: 5938: 5097:. Translated by F. Appleby Holt (3rd ed.). London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 177–178 4432: 4215:, "The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas & Alexandra," p. 109. 4046:

Macedonsky, Dimitry (2005–2006). "Hail, Son of Caesar! A Titular History of Romanov Scions".

7322: 7317: 7152: 6780: 6677: 6571: 6513: 6485: 6463: 6303: 6124: 5932: 5880:

Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

5833: 5621: 5611: 5409: 5401: 4684: 4031: 1684: 1646: 1528: 1493: 1448: 1369: 934:

was correct to suggest that psychological factors play a part in the course of the disease.

931: 930:" would have worsened Alexei's joints' swelling and pain. According to historian M. Nelipa, 880: 777: 688: 566: 454: 313: 269:, the family was initially to be tried in a court of law, before the intensification of the 247: 192: 6120: 5592:"Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis" 886:

Writers from the 1920s had a variety of explanations for the apparent effects of Rasputin.

7513: 7297: 7223: 6729: 6673: 5865: 5790: 5491: 5088: 4212: 3982: 3978: 1544: 1109:. As he became older, Alexei seemed to tempt fate and injure himself on purpose. While in 967: 817: 738: 632: 581: 467: 440: 329: 89: 6067: 5829: 5607: 5460: 4680: 1037:

Portrait of Alexei, dressed in the soldier's coat, cap and shoulder-boards of a corporal

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Alexei was a handsome boy, and he bore a striking resemblance to his mother. His tutor

298: 274: 228: 98: 5430:"HEROIN® and ASPIRIN® The Connection! & The Collection! – Part II By Cecil Munsey" 5414: 5389: 7551: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7353: 7213: 7208: 5334: 4706: 4605: 4178: 3986: 1368:

during World War I. From left to right, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Grand Duchess Olga,

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they played, and he chastised his children if they played too roughly with Alexei.

294: 244: 1081: 906:

had been available since 1899 but would have worsened Alexei's condition. Because

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The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas & Alexandra,

273:

made execution increasingly favorable in the eyes of the Soviet government. With

7457: 4336:

The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas & Alexandra

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Alexei (right) with his sailor nanny Andrei Derevenko aboard the Imperial yacht

391: 240: 232: 220: 64: 7106: 5903: 1144:

The Tsesarevich was murdered on 17 July 1918 aged 13 in the cellar room of the

990:, Kolya Derevenko, Alexei Derevenko, Alexandr Derevenko, and Sergei Derevenko; 733:

umbilical cord until evening. How painful it is to experience such anxieties!"

592:. His other godparents included his oldest sister, Olga; his great-grandfather 7478: 7437: 7417: 6377: 5405: 5260: 4392:

Untitled TS memoirs, List 1 (82) Sydney Gibbes Papers, Bodleian Library, fo 4.

4179:"The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra – Chapter XVI – The Empress and Her Family" 4021: 2525: 1212: 800:

In September 1912, Alexei and his family visited their hunting retreat in the

597: 546: 37: 6242:, The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album, Sutton Publishing, 2004, 5141:"The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra – Chapter XV: A Mother's Agony – Rasputin" 7245: 6667: 6423: 6325: 5506: 4689: 4662: 3974: 3937:. SciLinks. National Science Teachers Association. p. 7. Archived from 1153: 1003: 903: 849: 624: 573: 405: 398: 5635: 4698: 1183: 6666:'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the 6261: 5484: 4606:"The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra – Chapter XII – The Russo-Japanese War" 665: 7393: 6149:

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004838

1059: 919: 857: 805: 6688: 5253:"Registrant WHOIS contact information verification | Namecheap.com" 285:

claiming his identity. Alexei's remains, along with those of his sister

5845: 5685: 3930:

Aronova-Tiuntseva, Yelena; Herreid, Clyde Freeman (20 September 2003).

1419: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1110: 1102: 1086: 899: 262: 258: 157: 45: 6283: 6222:

A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis

6016:

Born to Rule: Five Reigning Consorts, Granddaughters of Queen Victoria

3973:

as the title of the heir apparent of the Emperor of Russia. The older

7082:

of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar

5750:"Russia agrees to further testing over 'remains of Romanov children'" 1663: 1329: 1303: 1046: 1017: 5837: 5816:

Barr, William (1975). "Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery".

864:, one of Rasputin's enemies, suggested that he secretly gave Alexei 371:

Despite the hemophilia, Alexei was adventurous and restless. Doctor

6272: 5858: 277:

soldiers rapidly approaching, the Ural Regional Soviet ordered the

7432: 7079: 4007:

Alexei and the other Romanov saints are considered martyrs by the

1508: 1474: 1358: 1246: 1223:

site and repeated independent testing by laboratories such as the

1182: 1131: 1080: 1032: 957: 949: 941: 703: 695: 687: 676: 673:, where Alexei had a particularly grave crisis, early October 1912 664: 647: 447: 439: 7673:

Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class

4942: 4940: 4938: 4847:"Royal diseases: 4 Russian rulers and heirs leveled by sickness" 4529: 4527: 708:

Nicholas II rows his son on a boat in the Alexander Park in 1911

383:

him, Alexei was "scarlet in the face" and apologized to Sophie.

7110: 6692: 6381: 6058: 6056: 5277:

Nicolas II, la transition interrompue: Une biographie politique

4663:"Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the 'Royal Disease'" 1372:, Tsesarevich Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana, and Grand Duchess 954:

Alexei in uniform of the Jaeger regiment of the Imperial family

557:"was radiant with happiness at no longer being heir." Baroness 243:, which his parents tried treating with the methods of peasant 7688:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

6277: 5702: 5227:

The Speckled Domes. Episodes of an Englishman's life in Russia

1388: 6129:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

5699:"DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar's children" 5507:"National Organization of Russian Scouts – Who Are We ?" 1163:

For decades (until all the bodies were found and identified,

7578:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

6193:

A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and Alexandra: Their Own Story,

4961:

Alexei, Russia's Last Imperial Heir: A Chronicle of Tragedy.

4400: 4398: 1164: 5967:. Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Archived from 5186:"Rasputin and the Empress: Authors of the Russian Collapse" 1020:, received word of the death of his son in action with the 631:. The baby was carried to the font by the elderly Princess 580:

Alexei was christened on 3 September 1904 in the chapel in

4348: 4346: 4344: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4243: 4241: 4239: 1463:

Nicholas II was forced to abdicate on 15 March [

619:; the Grand Duchesses Olga and Tatiana; and their cousin 4208: 4206: 4204: 572:

As soon as he was born, Alexei was granted the title of

5304:

Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia

257:

of 1917, the Romanovs were sent into internal exile in

5540:, p. 338, letter of Empress Alexandra to Ania Vyrubova 4482: 4480: 5180: 5178: 4779:"The Three-year-old Heir to the Throne of the Czar", 4632:"Case Closed: Famous Royals Suffered From Hemophilia" 4569:

Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 146

741:, the nature of his illness was kept a state secret. 7733:

Eastern Orthodox people executed by the Soviet Union

7428:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

6289:

RoyalRussia.org: Tsarevich Alexis Heir to the Throne

6038: 6036: 5859:

Russian Imperial Army – Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich

5509:. National Organisation of Russian Scouts (N.O.R.S.) 1739:

Ancestors of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

1447:

Alexei was the heir apparent to the Romanov Throne.

669:

The former palace of Russian emperors in the Polish

308:

Alexei is sometimes known to Russian legitimists as

27:

Last heir apparent of the Russian Empire (1904–1918)

7668:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

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Russia's Last Imperial Heir: A Chronicle of Tragedy

4422:

Robert K. Massie, "Nicholas and Alexandra," p. 141.

1316: 1300: 1275: 1265: 1257: 1244: 1136:Tsesarevich Alexei in his army uniform with sister 198: 188: 178: 168: 156: 142: 124: 104: 83: 57: 5988: 5986: 5333: 1576:Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called 1152:. The killings were carried out by forces of the 478:. He was the youngest of five children of Emperor 7489:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 6094:The Descendants of King George I of Great Britain 5364:Aspirin: The Extraordinary Story of a Wonder Drug 7074:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by 5729:"Nicholas II And Family Canonized For 'Passion'" 4746:Nicholas and Alexandra: The Last Imperial Family 4661:Evgeny I. Rogaev; et al. (8 October 2009). 4506:The Camera and the Tsars: A Romanov Family Album 4120:"The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later" 1085:Nicholas and Alexei sawing wood in captivity at 551:Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia 219:) (12 August 1904 – 17 July 1918) was the last 6174:Robert K. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, 1967. 6008: 6006: 5682:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4551:New Czarevitch', Daily Express, 13 August 1904. 4233:Kellogg Durland, Royal Romances of To-day, 206. 1093:The imperial family was arrested following the 914:and has blood-thinning properties; it prevents 841: 644: 428: 7748:Russian royalty and nobility with disabilities 7678:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 5882:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 520. 5688:as FJ656214, FJ656215, FJ656216, and FJ656217. 5549:Nicholas II 1918 Diary 30 March 31 (old style) 5336:Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug 4812:Tsar: the lost world of Nicholas and Alexandra 875:, but these drugs were rejected by the court. 426:Nicholas' Colonel Mordinov remembered Alexei: 7648:Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church 7122: 6704: 6393: 4404:Sophie Buxhoeveden, Before The Storm, p. 311. 2251: 584:. His principal godparents were his paternal 526:. His older sisters were the Grand Duchesses 518:, while his maternal great-grandparents were 231:). He was the youngest child and only son of 8: 7188:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 6280:A media library of the last Imperial Family. 5965:"Grand Duchess Kseniia Aleksandrovna Papers" 4593:The Life and Tragedy of Alexandra Feodorovna 4560:"The Cesarevitch" The Times, 25 August 1904. 4533:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 518 1539:, was named in honour of Alexei by the 1913 839:According to Pierre Gilliard's 1921 memoir, 5485:Biography of Pantuhin on side pravoverie.ru 4542:Buxhoeveden, Before the Storm, pp. 237–238. 1689:Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation 1645:: Grand Cross of the National Order of the 962:Standing left to right: footman Zhuravski, 7262: 7178:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia 7148: 7129: 7115: 7107: 6711: 6697: 6689: 6400: 6386: 6378: 6294: 6087: 6085: 2258: 2244: 2236: 2032:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 1744: 1735: 1470:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 1241: 1225:University of Massachusetts Medical School 1187:The last known photo of Alexei and sister 404:Alexei's favorite pet was a spaniel named 72: 54: 7713:People executed by Russia by firing squad 6115: 6113: 5625: 5615: 5413: 4893:Helen Rappaport, Romanov Sisters, p. 112. 4688: 4508:, Sutton Publishing Limited, 2004, p. 20. 4068:. Burke's Peerage Ltd. 1980. p. 65. 4009:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 1435:Learn how and when to remove this message 1328:The Romanov family had been canonized as 794:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia 785:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia 18:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsesarevich of Russia 7183:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 6299:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 494:, and his mother was the sixth child of 7193:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 7173:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia 4972:"Melnik-Botkina, Vospominaniya, p. 124. 4038: 3958: 1968:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 1179:Discovery and identification of remains 502:. His paternal great-grandparents were 462:Alexei was born on 12 August [ 7643:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia 7509:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 6894:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 6230:The Glorification of the Royal Family, 6191:Andrei Maylunas and Sergei Mironenko, 5945:from the original on 22 September 2023 5934:Calendario generale del regno d'Italia 5931:Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). 5793:, Chapter 1, Marxists Internet Archive 5442:from the original on 24 September 2015 5340:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 121. 5039:"Melnik-Botkina, Vospominaniya, p. 125 4792:"Daily News, Maryland, 23 October 1912 4066:Burke's Royal Families of the World II 2126:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 2105: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1863: 1753: 1749: 1731:Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark 1456:("the Great"), in deposing his father 139: 7703:Executed people from Saint Petersburg 7683:Recipients of the Medal of St. George 6904:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 6131:. London: Little, Brown. p. 34. 6066:. The Danish Monarchy. Archived from 5651:"DNA confirms IDs of czar's children" 5390:"Aspirin: The Story of a Wonder Drug" 3904: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3886: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3642: 3640: 3633: 3631: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3156: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3098: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2637: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2578: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2515: 2323: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2181: 2171: 2167: 2155: 2149: 2139: 2123: 2113: 2109: 2093: 2087: 2077: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2035: 2029: 2019: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1965: 1955: 1939: 1929: 1925: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1881: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1819: 1809: 1805: 1793: 1787: 1777: 1761: 1757: 776:Nicholas and Alexandra believed that 617:Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich 598:King Edward VII of the United Kingdom 7: 5912:from the original on 11 October 2016 5559:The Last Diary of Tsaritsa Alexandra 4173: 4171: 2152:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 2006:Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine 1822:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 1541:Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition 1520:in a 1915 map of the Russian Empire. 1417:adding citations to reliable sources 718:Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom 500:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 7693:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 7494:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 6889:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 6096:. Clearfield Company. p. 717. 5709:from the original on 5 October 2018 5274:d'Encausse, Hélène Carrère (2014). 5094:Thirteen Years at the Russian Court 4443:from the original on 8 October 2010 4150:Thirteen Years at the Russian Court 2090:Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 1077:Imprisonment of the Imperial family 1065:In 1916, he was given the title of 486:. His father was the eldest son of 6965:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 6833:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich 6728:The generations are numbered from 6019:. St. Martin's Press. p. 10. 6013:Gelardi, Julia P. (1 April 2007). 4814:, Allen & Unwin, 1998, p. 74, 1016:, head of the British military at 823:On 9 October, Alexandra asked her 25: 7738:20th-century executions by Russia 7718:Russian people of English descent 7698:Children of Nicholas II of Russia 7613:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 6934:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 6899:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich 6869:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 5908:(in Swedish), 1915, p. 671, 4365:Botkin, Real Romanovs, pp. 73–74. 4100:from the original on 29 June 2023 3932:"Hemophilia: 'The Royal Disease'" 3926:; ? - unknown carrier status 3922:; x – affected X chromosome; Y – 1213:blue-and-white striped undershirt 844:been the murderer of his own son. 7663:Russian people of German descent 7658:Russian people of Danish descent 7598:Heirs apparent who never acceded 7532: 7531: 6975:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 6919:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 6859:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 6802:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich 6422: 6260: 6043:Alexander III, Emperor of Russia 5748:Luhn, Alec (11 September 2015). 4845:Yegorov, O. (21 February 2018). 4630:Michael Price (8 October 2009). 4189:from the original on 6 June 2021 4024: 1698: 1677: 1656: 1634: 1561: 1393: 1366:His Majesty's Own Cossack Escort 1352:by the Russian Orthodox Church. 986:, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, 789:Princess Anastasia of Montenegro 681:The Imperial family in 1913, in 555:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 202: 7603:Haemophilia in European royalty 7024:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 7001:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich 6990:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich 6980:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 6970:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 6924:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 6909:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 6879:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 6874:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 6838:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 6179:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 5762:from the original on 7 May 2018 5184:Bernard Pares (6 January 1927) 4224:Wheeler and Rives, Dome, p. 356 2266:Haemophilia in European royalty 1942:Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel 1624:Saint George Medal, 4th Class, 1586:Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky 1404:needs additional citations for 1097:of 1917, which resulted in the 894:Gilliard, the French historian 661:Haemophilia in European royalty 590:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 7060:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 7018:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 6985:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 6944:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 6939:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 6929:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 6843:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 6357:Reason for succession failure: 5201: 4048:European Royal History Journal 2184:Victoria of the United Kingdom 1334:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad 1286:Russian Orthodox Church Abroad 1101:. When he was in captivity at 1045:, Alexei joined his father at 879:believed her father exercised 700:Alexei and boatswain Derevenko 627:. The sermon was delivered by 1: 7588:Eastern Orthodox royal saints 7583:Russian Orthodox child saints 7573:20th-century Christian saints 6884:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 6267:Alexei Nikolaievich of Russia 5579:King and Wilson, pp. 309–310, 5538:Memories of the Russian Court 5213: 5169: 5127: 4981: 4849:. Russia Beyond the Headlines 4591:Baroness Sophie Buxhoeveden, 2064:Princess Elisabeth of Prussia 1049:, when his father became the 496:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse 34:Eastern Slavic naming customs 7743:Royalty who died as children 7138:Murder of the Romanov family 7042:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 6914:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 6812:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 6354:15 March 1917 – 17 July 1918 6160:Greg King and Penny Wilson, 5617:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 5561:, Yale University Press 1997 5301:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). 5192:. Retrieved on 15 July 2014. 5018: 4801:"The Times, 4 November 1912. 4783:43, no. 1, July 1907, p. 38. 1549:Russian Hydrographic Service 1342:St. Peter and Paul Cathedral 1238:Canonization of the Romanovs 1128:Murder of the Romanov family 964:Terenty Ivanovich Chemodurov 922:which could have caused the 594:King Christian IX of Denmark 565:Nicholas named Alexei after 553:, Nicholas' younger brother 361:forbidden from horseriding. 237:Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna 7593:Deaths by firearm in Russia 7568:20th-century Russian people 6995:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 6164:John Wiley and Sons, 2003, 5993:Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 5878:M. & B. Wattel (2009). 5361:Jeffreys, Diarmuid (2010). 3969:was introduced in the 1797 1022:British Expeditionary Force 633:Maria Mikhailovna Galitzine 621:Princess Irina Alexandrovna 444:Alexei as an infant in 1904 397:Alexei enjoyed playing the 7769: 7504:Romanov Family Association 6744:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich 6092:Willis, Daniel A. (2002). 5570:King and Wilson, pp. 83–84 5388:Lichterman, B. L. (2004). 5332:Diarmuid Jeffreys (2004). 5115: 2233:The royal haemophilia line 2099: 1983: 1910:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 1857: 1751: 1728: 1710:Order of the Double Dragon 1235: 1125: 692:Pierre Gilliard and Alexei 658: 606:Wilhelm II, German Emperor 492:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 472:St. Petersburg Governorate 466:30 July] 1904 in 324:Appearance and personality 183:Alix of Hesse and by Rhine 148:Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov 94:St. Petersburg Governorate 32:In this name that follows 31: 7527: 7069: 6726: 6652: 6416: 6366: 6339: 6331: 6324: 6297: 6162:The Fate of the Romanovs, 5406:10.1136/bmj.329.7479.1408 5377:– via Google Books. 5367:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5290:– via Google Books. 4915:M. Nelipa (2015) Alexei. 4757:Lifelong Passion, p. 249. 4325:Radziwill, Taint, p. 196. 3805: 3803: 3801: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3622: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3402: 3400: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3183: 3181: 3169: 3167: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3013: 3001: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2860: 2824: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2731: 2715: 2713: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2612: 2594: 2540: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2306: 2169: 2161: 2133: 2111: 2107: 2071: 2049: 2041: 2013: 1991: 1987: 1949: 1927: 1919: 1891: 1869: 1865: 1829: 1807: 1799: 1771: 1755: 1616:Order of Saint Stanislaus 1533:Остров Цесаревича Алексея 1532: 1514:Tsesarevich Alexei Island 1099:abdication of Nicholas II 1089:during the winter of 1917 1014:Sir John Hanbury-Williams 896:Hélène Carrère d'Encausse 216: 147: 138: 134: 129:Execution by firing squad 71: 62: 7728:Sons of Russian emperors 7633:Murdered Russian royalty 6362:Empire abolished in 1917 5920:– via runeberg.org 5780:Kerensky, A. F. (1927), 5461:Robert K. Massie (1967) 5242:, Doubleday, 2000, p. 77 5157: 4993: 4946:Simon Sebag Montefiore, 4732:Simon Sebag Montefiore, 4383:Radziwill, Taint, p. 397 4314:Royal Romances of To-day 1596:Order of the White Eagle 1518:Emperor Nicholas II Land 988:Maria Gustavna Tutelberg 163:Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 7708:Executed Russian people 7608:People with haemophilia 7359:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin 6048:Encyclopædia Britannica 5998:Encyclopædia Britannica 5463:Nicholas and Alexandra, 5145:www.alexanderpalace.org 5030:Mossolov, Court, p. 152 4690:10.1126/science.1180660 4610:www.alexanderpalace.org 4463:Nicholas and Alexandra, 4183:www.alexanderpalace.org 4094:Encloypaedia Britannica 3918:Legend: X – unaffected 1884:Christian IX of Denmark 1790:Alexander III of Russia 1614:Knight of the Imperial 1604:Knight of the Imperial 1594:Knight of the Imperial 1584:Knight of the Imperial 1574:Knight of the Imperial 1525:Tsarevich Alexei Island 1385:Historical significance 1338:Russian Orthodox Church 1312:, Yekaterinburg, Russia 1292:Russian Orthodox Church 1270:Eastern Orthodox Church 512:Christian IX of Denmark 508:Princess Marie of Hesse 303:Russian Orthodox Church 119:Russian Soviet Republic 7723:Tsesarevichs of Russia 7618:Child murder in Russia 7484:List of Russian saints 7328:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 6232:a 2000 article in the 6181:, Random House, 1995, 5905:Sveriges statskalender 5804:Nicholas and Alexandra 5789:27 August 2016 at the 4833:Nicholas and Alexandra 4638:. AAAS. Archived from 4354:Nicholas and Alexandra 4301:Nicholas and Alexandra 4275:Romanovs and Mr Gibbes 4249:Nicholas and Alexandra 4163:Nicholas and Alexandra 4124:The Russian Legitimist 1764:Alexander II of Russia 1666:: Knight of the Royal 1521: 1500:Nicholas and Alexandra 1490: 1381: 1200: 1141: 1090: 1038: 995: 955: 947: 928:anti-inflammatory drug 902:. This pain-relieving 846: 709: 701: 693: 685: 674: 652: 524:Albert, Prince Consort 516:Louise of Hesse-Kassel 504:Alexander II of Russia 459: 445: 433: 7653:Grand dukes of Russia 7293:Alexander Beloborodov 7162:Nicholas II of Russia 6720:Grand Dukes of Russia 6537:Without special title 6342:— TITULAR — 4636:ScienceNOW Daily News 1848:Nicholas II of Russia 1668:Order of the Seraphim 1512: 1478: 1362: 1191:aboard the steamship 1186: 1135: 1084: 1036: 972:Charles Sydney Gibbes 961: 953: 945: 707: 699: 691: 680: 668: 588:and his great-uncle, 488:Emperor Alexander III 451: 443: 227:to the throne of the 173:Nicholas II of Russia 65:Tsesarevich of Russia 7288:Filipp Goloshchyokin 7168:Alexandra Feodorovna 6370:Kirill Vladimirovich 6273:The Romanov Memorial 6269:at Wikimedia Commons 5864:7 April 2020 at the 5818:Geographical Journal 5649:Eckel, Mike (2008). 4963:Chapter III, p. 84. 4504:Zeepvat, Charlotte, 4486:Massie, pp. 136–146. 4413:Massie, pp. 136–143. 1413:improve this article 1156:secret police under 966:, Vasiliev, Petrov, 484:Alexandra Feodorovna 217:Алексе́й Никола́евич 6234:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 5830:1975GeogJ.141...59B 5608:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 5490:28 May 2008 at the 5225:G. Shelley (1925), 4681:2009Sci...326..817R 4437:alexanderpalace.org 3944:on 10 January 2018. 1606:Order of Saint Anna 1173:Michael Goleniewski 1095:February Revolution 608:. As Russia was at 312:after his ancestor 255:February Revolution 239:. He was born with 125:Cause of death 7408:October Revolution 7404:Russian Revolution 7308:Nikolay Tolmachyov 6326:Titles in pretence 6228:Maxim Shevchenko, 6219:Demetrios Serfes, 6207:The Rasputin File, 6205:Edvard Radzinsky, 6177:Robert K. Massie, 5734:The New York Times 5263:on 1 January 2016. 5238:Edvard Radzinsky, 5076:Last Grand Duchess 4904:Last Grand Duchess 4882:Last Grand Duchess 4781:Current Literature 4768:Russia from Within 4642:on 12 October 2009 4461:Robert K. Massie, 4352:Robert K. Massie, 4299:Robert K. Massie, 4247:Robert K. Massie, 4161:Robert K. Massie, 4130:on 31 January 2018 1522: 1491: 1382: 1364:The Romanovs with 1201: 1195:that took them to 1142: 1091: 1051:Commander-in-Chief 1039: 1009:In December 1916, 996: 976:Vladimir Derevenko 956: 948: 868:which he got from 816:. Alexei's tutor, 710: 702: 694: 686: 675: 640:Sophie Buxhoeveden 559:Sophie Buxhoeveden 460: 446: 347:Alexander Izvolsky 335:Sophie Buxhoeveden 318:Grand Duke Michael 267:October Revolution 213:Alexei Nikolaevich 58:Alexei Nikolaevich 7628:Executed children 7545: 7544: 7519:Romanov impostors 7414:Russian Civil War 7382: 7381: 7283:Felix Dzerzhinsky 7254: 7253: 7104: 7103: 6730:Peter I of Russia 6686: 6685: 6419:Tsardom of Russia 6376: 6375: 6367:Succeeded by 6349:Emperor of Russia 6344: 6265:Media related to 6240:Charlotte Zeepvat 6209:Doubleday, 2000, 6195:Doubleday, 1997, 6138:978-1-85605-469-0 6125:Maclagan, Michael 6103:978-0-8063-5172-8 5971:on 1 October 2021 5889:978-2-35077-135-9 5737:. 15 August 2000. 5240:The Rasputin File 5061:M. Nelipa (2015) 5048:M. Nelipa (2015) 5005:M. Nelipa (2015) 4959:M. Nelipa (2015) 4928:Helen Rappaport, 4867:Helen Rappaport, 4831:Robert K Massie, 4578:Helen Rappaport, 4334:Helen Rappaport, 4312:Kellogg Durland, 4148:Pierre Gilliard, 4075:978-0-85011-029-6 3950: 3949: 3915: 3914: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2224: 1547:on behalf of the 1535:), later renamed 1445: 1444: 1437: 1326: 1325: 1266:Venerated in 984:Alexandra Tegleva 980:Elizaveta Ersberg 827:and best friend, 802:Białowieża Forest 712:Alexei inherited 671:Białowieża Forest 629:John of Kronstadt 387:toe of the shoe. 271:Russian Civil War 210: 209: 152: 151: 117:, Yekaterinburg, 16:(Redirected from 7760: 7623:Executed royalty 7535: 7534: 7323:Gavril Myasnikov 7318:Fyodor Lukoyanov 7263: 7149: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7108: 7097: 7090: 7083: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6690: 6678:tsarevich Dmitry 6426: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6340: 6332:Preceded by 6320: 6313: 6304:House of Romanov 6295: 6264: 6143: 6142: 6117: 6108: 6107: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6051: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6010: 6001: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5875: 5869: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5778: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5695: 5689: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5657:. 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Massie 778:Grigori Rasputin 763:Klementy Nagorny 567:Alexis of Russia 522:and her husband 314:Alexis of Russia 248:Grigori Rasputin 233:Tsar Nicholas II 218: 206: 193:Russian Orthodox 140: 111: 76: 55: 21: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7638:Passion bearers 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7523: 7514:Provender House 7462: 7378: 7349:Grigory Nikulin 7332: 7298:Boris Didkovsky 7250: 7228: 7224:Ivan Kharitonov 7197: 7140: 7135: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7073: 7065: 7052:10th generation 7047: 7029: 7006: 6948: 6847: 6816: 6785: 6769: 6748: 6732: 6722: 6717: 6687: 6682: 6648: 6559: 6532: 6431: 6412: 6406: 6372: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6345: 6337: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6278:FrozenTears.org 6257: 6252: 6156: 6154:Further reading 6151: 6146: 6139: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6091: 6090: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6070:on 3 April 2005 6062: 6061: 6054: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6012: 6011: 6004: 5991: 5984: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5866:Wayback Machine 5857: 5853: 5838:10.2307/1796946 5815: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5791:Wayback Machine 5783:The Catastrophe 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527:Massie, p. 307. 5526: 5522: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5492:Wayback Machine 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5315: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5190:Foreign Affairs 5183: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4930:Romanov Sisters 4927: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4869:Romanov Sisters 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4826: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4495:Massie, p. 143. 4494: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4474:Massie, p. 145. 4473: 4469: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4307: 4298: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4213:Helen Rappaport 4211: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3916: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3111: 3102: 3093: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2312: 2303: 2267: 2264: 2235: 2230: 1733: 1727: 1718: 1699: 1697: 1693:25 October 1909 1678: 1676: 1657: 1655: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1626:17 October 1915 1562: 1560: 1557: 1545:Boris Vilkitsky 1441: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1410: 1398: 1387: 1380: 1350:passion bearers 1332:in 1981 by the 1310:Church on Blood 1301: 1296: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1240: 1234: 1181: 1130: 1124: 1079: 1031: 974:. Second line: 968:Pierre Gilliard 940: 918:, and promotes 825:lady-in-waiting 818:Pierre Gilliard 739:Pierre Gilliard 663: 657: 602:Prince of Wales 582:Peterhof Palace 468:Peterhof Palace 438: 330:Pierre Gilliard 326: 299:passion bearers 113: 109: 97: 90:Peterhof Palace 88: 87:12 August 1904 79: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7766: 7764: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7411: 7401: 7399:Russian Empire 7396: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7374:Alexey Kabanov 7371: 7369:Stepan Vaganov 7366: 7364:Pavel Medvedev 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7344:Yakov Yurovsky 7340: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7303:Georgy Safarov 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7278:Yakov Sverdlov 7275: 7273:Vladimir Lenin 7269: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7037: 7035: 7034:9th generation 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7011:8th generation 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6953:7th generation 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6852:6th generation 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6821:5th generation 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6790:4th generation 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6777: 6775: 6774:3rd generation 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6753:2nd generation 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6737:1st generation 6734: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6676:claimed to be 6670: 6661: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6606: 6598: 6590: 6584: 6576: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6446: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6432: 6428:Russian Empire 6421:(1547–1721) / 6417: 6414: 6413: 6410:Russian throne 6407: 6405: 6404: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6281: 6275: 6270: 6256: 6255:External links 6253: 6251: 6250: 6237: 6225: 6217: 6203: 6189: 6175: 6172: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6147: 6145: 6144: 6137: 6109: 6102: 6081: 6064:"Christian IX" 6052: 6032: 6025: 6002: 5982: 5956: 5923: 5895: 5888: 5870: 5851: 5808: 5795: 5773: 5740: 5720: 5690: 5672: 5641: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5551: 5542: 5529: 5520: 5498: 5477: 5475:Massie, p. 296 5468: 5453: 5421: 5400:(7479): 1408. 5380: 5374:978-1408820421 5373: 5353: 5347:978-1582343860 5346: 5324: 5314:978-1576073551 5313: 5293: 5287:978-2213649764 5286: 5266: 5257:www.litmir.net 5244: 5231: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5080: 5067: 5054: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5021:, pp. 100–101. 5011: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4965: 4952: 4934: 4921: 4908: 4906:, pp. 142–143. 4895: 4886: 4873: 4860: 4837: 4824: 4810:Kurth, Peter, 4803: 4794: 4785: 4772: 4759: 4750: 4738: 4725: 4712: 4653: 4622: 4597: 4584: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4523: 4510: 4497: 4488: 4476: 4467: 4454: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4358: 4340: 4327: 4318: 4305: 4279: 4266: 4262:Royal Romances 4253: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4200: 4167: 4154: 4141: 4111: 4081: 4074: 4057: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3991: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3901: 3894: 3892: 3888:Maria Cristina 3885: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3545: 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3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2541: 2539: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2301:Queen Victoria 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1695: 1674: 1653: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1620:11 August 1904 1612: 1610:11 August 1904 1602: 1600:11 August 1904 1592: 1590:11 August 1904 1582: 1580:11 August 1904 1569:Russian Empire 1556: 1553: 1443: 1442: 1401: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1378:Kuban Cossacks 1363: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1260:Passion bearer 1255: 1254: 1252:Alexei Romanov 1251: 1245: 1236:Main article: 1233: 1230: 1180: 1177: 1158:Yakov Yurovsky 1126:Main article: 1123: 1120: 1078: 1075: 1067:Lance Corporal 1030: 1027: 939: 936: 877:Maria Rasputin 873:Peter Badmayev 814:last sacrament 810:Russian Poland 730:umbilical cord 659:Main article: 656: 653: 610:war with Japan 520:Queen Victoria 476:Russian Empire 437: 434: 325: 322: 229:Russian Empire 208: 207: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 112:(aged 13) 106: 102: 101: 99:Russian Empire 85: 81: 80: 78:Alexei in 1913 77: 69: 68: 60: 59: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7765: 7754: 7753:Sons of dukes 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7453:Ipatiev House 7451: 7449: 7448:Yekaterinburg 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354:Peter Ermakov 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:Anna Demidova 7212: 7210: 7209:Eugene Botkin 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7094: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7076:Alexander III 7072: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Alexander III 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564:Tsesareviches 6562: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6408:Heirs to the 6403: 6398: 6396: 6391: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6371: 6363: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6248:0-7509-3049-7 6245: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6215:0-385-48909-9 6212: 6208: 6204: 6202: 6201:0-385-48673-1 6198: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6187:0-394-58048-6 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:0-471-20768-3 6167: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6150: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6026:9781429904551 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5924: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5774: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5661:on 1 May 2008 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5582: 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Fayard. 4447:30 October 4338:, p. 175. 4134:30 January 4018:References 3965:The title 2526:Edward VII 1729:See also: 1482:, Alexei, 1004:Boy Scouts 714:hemophilia 655:Hemophilia 642:recalled: 625:kokoshniks 547:chloroform 275:White Army 253:After the 215:(Russian: 38:patronymic 7202:Entourage 6765:Peter III 6672:Son of a 6668:canon law 6658:Tsarevich 6656:Title of 6645:(1904–17) 6633:(1894–99) 6627:(1881–94) 6619:(1865–81) 6616:Alexander 6611:(1855–65) 6605:(1825–55) 6602:Alexander 6597:(1823–25) 6589:(1801–23) 6580:Alexander 6575:(1762–96) 6556:(1742–62) 6517:(1676–81) 6509:(1670–76) 6501:(1654–70) 6495:(1648–49) 6489:(1629–45) 6459:(1581–84) 6451:(1554–81) 6445:(1552–53) 5949:8 October 5916:6 January 5655:yahoo.com 5216:, p. 165. 5204:, p. 117. 5202:Rappaport 5160:, p. 152. 5130:, p. 103. 5118:, p. 138. 4996:, p. 156. 4950:, p. 555. 4932:, p. 179. 4884:, p. 142. 4871:, p. 111. 4835:, p. 138. 4748:, p. 237. 4723:, p. 245. 4707:206522975 4646:9 October 4356:, p. 142. 4316:, 206–207 4264:, p. 206. 4260:Durland, 4251:, p. 139. 3975:tsarevich 3608:Alexander 3149:Anastasia 3100:Sigismund 2886:Alexander 2846:Frederick 2810:Elisabeth 1458:Peter III 1346:canonized 1277:Canonized 1232:Sainthood 1165:see below 1154:Bolshevik 938:Childhood 904:analgesic 888:Greg King 881:magnetism 850:hypnotism 808:(then in 755:The Times 638:Countess 574:tsarevich 540:Anastasia 399:balalaika 310:Alexei II 305:in 2000. 295:canonized 291:Anastasia 283:impostors 199:Signature 7537:Category 7394:Regicide 7166:Empress 7160:Emperor 7153:Romanovs 6760:Peter II 6624:Nicholas 6609:Nicholas 6594:Nicholas 6127:(1999). 5943:Archived 5910:archived 5862:Archived 5802:Massie, 5787:Archived 5760:Archived 5713:11 March 5707:Archived 5665:30 April 5636:19277206 5596:PLOS ONE 5513:16 April 5488:Archived 5437:Archived 5229:, p. 60. 5214:Moynahan 5172:, p. 33. 5170:Rasputin 5128:Fuhrmann 5091:(1921). 5078:, p. 143 5074:Vorres, 5019:Fuhrmann 5009:, p. 90. 4982:Vyrubova 4902:Vorres, 4880:Vorres, 4736:, p. 519 4699:19815722 4441:Archived 4303:, p. 140 4277:, p. 37. 4187:Archived 4165:, p. 144 4152:, p. 26 4104:22 April 4098:Archived 4090:"Alexis" 3928:Source: 3091:Waldemar 2801:Victoria 2607:Beatrice 2544:Louis IV 2517:Victoria 1725:Ancestry 1716:Archives 1452:mother, 1290:2000 by 1284:1981 by 1205:Yurovsky 1140:in 1917. 1060:fountain 994:in 1916. 920:bleeding 916:clotting 858:hypnosis 751:nihilist 455:Standart 419:others. 343:Standart 189:Religion 7145:Victims 6664:Ivan IV 6637:Michael 6074:14 July 6045:at the 5995:at the 5846:1796946 5826:Bibcode 5806:, 1967. 5686:GenBank 5627:2652717 5604:Bibcode 5063:Alexei, 4984:, p. 94 4677:Bibcode 4668:Science 4615:16 July 4595:, 1928. 4273:Welch, 4193:16 July 3987:Georgia 3983:Siberia 3906:Gonzalo 3879:Beatriz 3861:Alfonso 3644:Maurice 3635:Leopold 3391:Maurice 3131:Tatiana 2589:Leopold 1555:Honours 1543:led by 1529:Russian 1484:Tatiana 1376:, with 1322:17 July 1138:Tatiana 1111:Siberia 1103:Tobolsk 1087:Tobolsk 1053:of the 1041:During 998:During 926:. 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Knowledge

Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

Index