356:
467:
45:
438:
that supported the crusade and one that went against the crusade. Eventually however, after the deposition of
Alexios IV, who was in favor of the crusade, the Byzantines continued to lack the ability to pay off its debt. The current emperor, Alexios V, was attempting to strengthen the city’s defense by the time the crusaders arrived, but ultimately the city was sacked. The chaos caused by these events ultimately led to a treaty establishing the Latin Empire which would last until 1261 AD.
375:
Alexios did manage to raise half the sum promised (100,000 silver marks), by appropriating treasures from the church and by confiscating the property of his enemies. He then attempted to defeat his uncle
Alexios III, who remained in control of Thrace. The sack of some Thracian towns helped Alexios' situation a little, but meanwhile hostility between the restive Crusaders and the inhabitants of Constantinople was growing.
355:
371:. The next morning the Crusaders were surprised to find that the citizens had released Isaac II from prison and proclaimed him emperor, despite the fact that he had been blinded to make him ineligible to rule. The Crusaders could not accept this, and forced Isaac II to proclaim his son Alexios IV co-emperor.
378:
In
December 1203, violence exploded between the citizens of Constantinople and the Crusaders. Enraged mobs seized and brutally murdered any foreigner they could lay hands upon, and the Crusaders felt that Alexios had not fulfilled his promises to them. Alexios refused their demands, and is quoted as
437:
In March of 1204, Constantinople was in the middle of a succession crisis. Alexios IV had recently deposed the previous emperor, Isaac II. At the same time, a new crusade was starting to form with the intent to resolve the problem in
Constantinople. The Byzantines were split among two factions; one
420:
with a mission to gain
Crusader support. However, Alexios Doukas imprisoned both Alexios IV and his father on the night of 27 January 1204. Isaac II died soon afterwards, possibly of old age or from poison, and Alexios IV was strangled (probably on 8 February). Alexios Doukas was proclaimed emperor
446:
Alexios IV and his actions brought the empire to a state considerably worse than it had been ever before. It had lost a great deal of territory and would continue to do so due to the power struggle and subsequent crusade. By the end of the Fourth
Crusade, the Byzantine empire had been reduced to a
330:
in 1202 to visit Philip. Boniface and
Alexios allegedly discussed diverting the Crusade to Constantinople so that Alexios could be restored to his father's throne. Montferrat returned to the Crusade while it wintered at Zara and he was shortly followed by Prince Alexios's envoys who offered to the
374:
Despite
Alexios' grand promises, Isaac, the more experienced and practical of the two, knew that the Crusaders' debt could never be repaid from the imperial treasury. Alexios, however, had apparently not grasped how far the empire's financial resources had fallen during the previous fifty years.
454:
Whether or not
Alexios is directly to blame for the decline and fall of the Byzantine Empire is arguable, but due to a number of factors, such as his short reign and dangerous external factors to the safety of the empire, he lacked both the funds and experience necessary to properly handle the
400:" and criticized his familiarity with the Crusaders and his lavish lifestyle. At the beginning of January 1204, Alexios IV retaliated against the Crusaders by setting fire to 17 ships filled with inflammable materials and sending them against the Venetian fleet, but the attempt failed.
447:
regional power. It would recuperate somewhat, as the capital of
Constantinople would eventually be recovered in 1261, nearly six decades after the short reign of Alexios. However, the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade would ultimately be a key factor in the empire's demise to the
347:. In 1202, the fleet arrived at Constantinople. Alexios was paraded outside the walls, but the citizens were apathetic, as Alexios III, though a usurper and illegitimate in the eyes of the westerners, was an acceptable emperor for the Byzantine citizens.
429:. The volatile situation in Constantinople at the time ensured that the empire lacked the wherewithal to maintain control of Trebizond, resulting in a de facto recognition of its independence, although it de jure remained an imperial possession.
298:
The young Alexios was imprisoned in 1195 when Alexios III overthrew Isaac II in a coup. His father was ultimately blinded, but Alexios was largely unharmed. In 1201, two Pisan merchants were employed to smuggle Alexios out of
387:
citizenry, and with his own father. Blinded and nearly powerless, Isaac II resented having to share the throne with his son; he spread rumours of Alexios' supposed sexual perversity, alleging he kept company with
331:
Crusaders 10,000 Byzantine soldiers to help fight in the Crusade, maintain 500 knights in the Holy Land, the service of the Byzantine navy (20 ships) in transporting the Crusader army to
610:
619:
343:
under the authority of the pope. The Venetians and most of the leaders were in favour of the plan; however, some were not, and there were defections, including
455:
situation. He lacked a typical upbringing and education for royalty due to his imprisonment and exile which likely contributed to his lack of experience.
2141:
2131:
2146:
2121:
732:
344:
2126:
1257:
2116:
2051:
1919:
584:
542:
1264:
2151:
1887:
504:
2136:
1853:
1836:
1663:
1651:
1824:
1616:
1578:
1538:
1505:
590:
2084:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2039:
1865:
1692:
1658:
1622:
1511:
614:
1680:
725:
1761:
1440:
906:
44:
2071:
2027:
2005:
1956:
1843:
1634:
1403:
745:
685:
480:
35:
1978:
1946:
1771:
951:
624:
499:
2101:
1988:
1941:
1488:
1135:
1796:
1776:
1550:
1430:
718:
595:
472:
340:
220:
20:
2066:
2045:
1951:
741:
416:. Alexios IV attempted to reach a reconciliation with the Crusaders, entrusting the anti-western courtier
408:
At the end of January 1204, the populace of Constantinople rebelled and tried to proclaim a rival emperor
319:
287:
2106:
2000:
1995:
1971:
1966:
1882:
1719:
1707:
1478:
1103:
259:
241:
383:" While relations with the Crusaders were deteriorating, Alexios had become deeply unpopular with the
367:
On 18 July 1203, the Crusaders launched an assault on the city, and Alexios III immediately fled into
2111:
1983:
1931:
1791:
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1731:
1646:
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279:
95:
1961:
1848:
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1819:
1781:
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336:
50:
359:
Alexios comes to Zara to request the assistance of the Crusaders; sketch from a painting in the
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1872:
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1435:
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67:
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315:
58:
1591:
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1393:
1316:
1214:
1208:
1140:
1120:
874:
834:
520:
448:
323:
300:
283:
278:, who became a nun with the name Irene. His paternal uncle was his predecessor Emperor
232:
144:
2095:
2061:
2021:
1565:
1373:
1181:
327:
282:. He is widely regarded as one of the worst Byzantine emperors for calling upon the
1806:
1601:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1341:
1203:
844:
425:
coast declared independence, leading to the Byzantine successor state known as the
413:
275:
634:"The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation"
421:
as Alexios V. During Alexios IV's brief reign, the empire's territories along the
1670:
1545:
1495:
1420:
994:
941:
884:
210:
1726:
1641:
1606:
1571:
1483:
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1158:
1151:
1098:
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1023:
988:
981:
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891:
754:
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82:
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1335:
1322:
1109:
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1006:
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869:
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112:
1741:
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1115:
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1028:
936:
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764:
149:
1675:
1378:
1285:
1198:
1053:
829:
649:
190:
185:
1447:
1304:
1186:
958:
824:
368:
153:
633:
318:
it was while Alexios was at Swabia's court that he met with Marquis
1048:
819:
809:
789:
354:
339:
with 200,000 silver marks. Additionally, he promised to bring the
332:
794:
784:
714:
19:"Alexios IV" redirects here. For the emperor of Trebizond, see
172:
270:
from August 1203 to January 1204. He was the son of Emperor
335:, as well as money to pay off the Crusaders' debt to the
568:
Brand, C.M., 'A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade',
535:
The Fourth Crusade 1202–04 – the Betrayal of Byzantium
620:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
286:
to help him gain power, which ultimately led to the
2014:
1460:
1357:
1240:
1067:
905:
753:
322:, Philip's cousin, who had been chosen to lead the
246:
216:
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184:
164:
138:
127:
123:
111:
101:
91:
81:
73:
66:
28:
326:, but had temporarily left the Crusade during the
603:The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople
307:, where he took refuge with his brother-in-law
726:
537:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 65.
8:
49:15th-century portrait of Alexios IV (from a
1237:
733:
719:
711:
640:
25:
314:According to the contemporary account of
381:I will not do any more than I have done.
492:
161:
579:(2nd ed. London and New York, 2014).
7:
16:Byzantine emperor from 1203 to 1204
36:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
2142:Byzantine prisoners and detainees
2132:Christians of the Fourth Crusade
505:De la Conquête de Constantinople
465:
451:two and a half centuries later.
43:
2147:Assassinated Byzantine emperors
2122:13th-century Byzantine emperors
274:and his first wife, an unknown
2127:13th-century murdered monarchs
591:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
572:, 43 (1968), pp. 462–475.
77:19 July 1203 – 27 January 1204
1:
2117:12th-century Byzantine people
605:(London and New York, 2004).
565:(London and New York, 2004).
252:
131:
247:
2168:
2152:Sons of Byzantine emperors
2006:Constantine XI Palaiologos
1957:Andronikos III Palaiologos
1844:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
577:Byzantium and the Crusades
481:List of Byzantine emperors
412:who took sanctuary in the
173:
18:
2082:
1979:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
1947:Andronikos II Palaiologos
1772:Constantine IX Monomachos
699:
683:
675:
670:
643:
625:Little, Brown and Company
500:Geoffrey of Villehardouin
418:Alexios Doukas Murzuphlus
236:
169:
160:
53:containing a copy of the
42:
33:
1942:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2137:Deaths by strangulation
1797:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
1431:Tiberius II Constantine
623:. Vol. 1. Boston:
609:Plate, William (1867).
598:, 1991, pp. 65–66.
596:Oxford University Press
533:Nicolle, David (2011).
523:a sister of Alexios IV.
473:Byzantine Empire portal
142:February 1204 (aged 21)
21:Alexios IV of Trebizond
1952:Michael IX Palaiologos
519:Philip was married to
396:dismissed Alexios as "
364:
320:Boniface of Montferrat
288:sack of Constantinople
2046:Thessalonian emperors
2040:Trapezuntine emperors
2001:John VIII Palaiologos
1996:Manuel II Palaiologos
1967:John VI Kantakouzenos
1883:Andronikos I Komnenos
1720:Constantine Lekapenos
748:and empresses regnant
358:
341:Greek Orthodox Church
1984:John VII Palaiologos
1932:Theodore II Laskaris
1792:Constantine X Doukas
1732:Nikephoros II Phokas
611:"Alexios IV Angelos"
601:Phillips, Jonathan,
211:Irene (Palaiologos?)
1915:Theodore I Laskaris
1900:Alexios III Angelos
1878:Alexios II Komnenos
1802:Romanos IV Diogenes
1757:Romanos III Argyros
1703:Romanos I Lekapenos
679:Alexios III Angelos
645:Alexios IV Angelos
427:Empire of Trebizond
311:, King of Germany.
280:Alexios III Angelos
96:Alexios III Angelos
55:Extracts of History
2034:Britannic emperors
2028:Palmyrene emperors
1962:John V Palaiologos
1905:Alexios IV Angelos
1854:Constantine Doukas
1849:Alexios I Komnenos
1837:Constantine Doukas
1820:Michael VII Doukas
1782:Michael VI Bringas
1348:Romulus Augustulus
971:Trebonianus Gallus
964:Herennius Etruscus
746:Byzantine emperors
575:Harris, Jonathan,
563:The Fourth Crusade
433:The Fourth Crusade
392:". The chronicler
365:
337:Republic of Venice
264:Alexius IV Angelus
258:– February 1204),
229:Alexios IV Angelos
51:15th-century codex
29:Alexios IV Angelos
2089:
2088:
1927:John III Vatatzes
1873:Manuel I Komnenos
1612:Michael I Rangabe
1456:
1455:
1298:Petronius Maximus
897:Severus Alexander
865:Septimius Severus
709:
708:
700:Succeeded by
686:Byzantine emperor
632:Savignac, David.
585:978-1-78093-767-0
561:Angold, Michael,
544:978-1-84908-319-5
394:Nicetas Choniates
345:Simon of Montfort
305:Holy Roman Empire
268:Byzantine Emperor
245:
226:
225:
180:
179:
68:Byzantine emperor
2159:
1937:John IV Laskaris
1910:Alexios V Doukas
1895:Isaac II Angelos
1861:John II Komnenos
1787:Isaac I Komnenos
1747:Constantine VIII
1737:John I Tzimiskes
1464:Byzantine Empire
1238:
735:
728:
721:
712:
703:Alexios V Doukas
695:Isaac II Angelos
676:Preceded by
666:
659:
641:
637:
628:
549:
548:
530:
524:
517:
511:
497:
475:
470:
469:
468:
410:Nicholas Canabus
309:Philip of Swabia
272:Isaac II Angelos
257:
254:
250:
240:
238:
221:Eastern Orthodox
201:Isaac II Angelos
176:
175:
162:
133:
118:Isaac II Angelos
106:Alexios V Doukas
47:
26:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2102:Angelid dynasty
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2022:Gallic emperors
2010:
1698:Constantine VII
1479:Constantine III
1466:
1463:
1452:
1361:
1353:
1292:Valentinian III
1280:Constantius III
1274:Priscus Attalus
1258:Constantine III
1244:
1236:
1126:Valerius Valens
1071:
1063:
909:
901:
860:Didius Julianus
840:Marcus Aurelius
757:
749:
739:
705:
691:
689:
681:
660:
654:
653:
650:Angelid dynasty
646:
631:
608:
558:
553:
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531:
527:
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466:
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444:
435:
406:
353:
316:Robert of Clari
296:
294:Prince in exile
255:
248:Aléxios Ángelos
237:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος
174:Αλέξιος Άγγελος
171:
170:Alexios Angelos
147:
143:
62:
59:Joannes Zonaras
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2149:
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2134:
2129:
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2119:
2114:
2109:
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2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
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2003:
1998:
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1981:
1976:
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1954:
1949:
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1897:
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1880:
1875:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1841:
1817:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Theodora (III)
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1639:
1627:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Constantine VI
1589:
1584:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Theodosius III
1553:
1548:
1543:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1501:Constantine IV
1498:
1493:
1481:
1476:
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1468:
1458:
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1418:
1413:
1408:
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1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:Eastern Empire
1355:
1354:
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1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:Western Empire
1235:
1234:
1227:
1215:Magnus Maximus
1211:
1209:Valentinian II
1206:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:Constantius II
1138:
1136:Constantine II
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
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1101:
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862:
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852:
847:
842:
837:
835:Antoninus Pius
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
759:
758:27 BC – AD 235
751:
750:
740:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
707:
706:
701:
698:
682:
677:
673:
672:
671:Regnal titles
668:
667:
647:
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639:
638:
629:
627:. p. 131.
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587:
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557:
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525:
521:Irene Angelina
512:
491:
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449:Ottoman empire
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324:Fourth Crusade
301:Constantinople
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284:Fourth Crusade
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145:Constantinople
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40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2164:
2153:
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2135:
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1721:
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612:
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361:Doge's Palace
357:
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334:
329:
328:siege of Zara
325:
321:
317:
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306:
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293:
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87:1 August 1203
86:
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56:
52:
46:
41:
38:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2107:1180s births
1989:Andronikos V
1987:
1970:
1918:
1904:
1886:
1864:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1679:
1662:
1650:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1602:Nikephoros I
1577:
1576:
1570:
1537:
1534:Justinian II
1529:Tiberius III
1519:Justinian II
1510:
1504:
1487:
1439:
1411:Anastasius I
1402:
1346:
1342:Julius Nepos
1334:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1204:Theodosius I
1191:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1121:Maximinus II
1108:
1010:
993:
980:
974:
962:
950:
883:
845:Lucius Verus
692:
684:
662:
655:
648:
618:
602:
589:
576:
569:
562:
534:
528:
515:
503:
495:
453:
445:
436:
414:Hagia Sophia
407:
397:
390:depraved men
389:
380:
377:
373:
366:
313:
297:
276:Palaiologina
263:
228:
227:
54:
34:
2112:1204 deaths
2048:(1224–1242)
2042:(1204–1461)
1831:Konstantios
1708:Christopher
1681:Constantine
1671:Michael III
1652:Constantine
1635:Constantine
1617:Theophylact
1546:Philippicus
1496:Constans II
1421:Justinian I
1317:Severus III
1265:Constans II
1019:Claudius II
995:Silbannacus
942:Gordian III
917:Maximinus I
885:Diadumenian
256: 1182
92:Predecessor
2096:Categories
1825:Andronikos
1813:Nikephoros
1762:Michael IV
1727:Romanos II
1647:Theophilos
1642:Michael II
1623:Staurakios
1607:Staurakios
1579:Nikephoros
1572:Artabasdos
1484:Heraclonas
1441:Theodosius
1399:Basiliscus
1159:Nepotianus
1152:Magnentius
1146:Constans I
1099:Severus II
1079:Diocletian
1024:Quintillus
989:Aemilianus
982:Volusianus
927:Gordian II
892:Elagabalus
755:Principate
556:References
404:Deposition
113:Co-Emperor
83:Coronation
2067:Classical
2052:Empresses
2036:(286–296)
2030:(267–273)
2024:(260–274)
1767:Michael V
1693:Alexander
1506:Heraclius
1474:Heraclius
1426:Justin II
1336:Glycerius
1323:Anthemius
1193:Procopius
1131:Martinian
1110:Maxentius
1039:Florianus
1012:Saloninus
1007:Gallienus
976:Hostilian
952:Philip II
922:Gordian I
870:Caracalla
805:Vespasian
800:Vitellius
690:1203–1204
423:Black Sea
379:saying, "
260:Latinized
242:romanized
102:Successor
2062:Usurpers
2057:Augustae
2015:See also
1920:Nicholas
1742:Basil II
1539:Tiberius
1524:Leontius
1512:Tiberius
1489:Tiberius
1467:610–1453
1462:Eastern/
1416:Justin I
1369:Arcadius
1329:Olybrius
1311:Majorian
1252:Honorius
1231:Eugenius
1166:Vetranio
1116:Licinius
1089:Galerius
1084:Maximian
1069:Dominate
1059:Numerian
1029:Aurelian
1002:Valerian
947:Philip I
937:Balbinus
932:Pupienus
880:Macrinus
855:Pertinax
850:Commodus
815:Domitian
780:Claudius
775:Caligula
770:Tiberius
765:Augustus
570:Speculum
459:See also
398:childish
363:, Venice
217:Religion
150:Istanbul
2072:Eastern
1972:Matthew
1866:Alexios
1714:Stephen
1676:Basil I
1561:Leo III
1436:Maurice
1379:Marcian
1362:395–610
1286:Joannes
1245:395–480
1199:Gratian
1072:284–610
1054:Carinus
1034:Tacitus
910:235–285
830:Hadrian
617:(ed.).
351:Emperor
303:to the
244::
191:Angelos
186:Dynasty
1834:&
1810:&
1717:&
1688:Leo VI
1664:Thekla
1620:&
1587:Leo IV
1509:&
1448:Phocas
1404:Marcus
1389:Leo II
1305:Avitus
1222:Victor
1187:Valens
1177:Jovian
1172:Julian
1044:Probus
979:&
959:Decius
907:Crisis
825:Trajan
661:
583:
541:
442:Legacy
369:Thrace
266:, was
207:Mother
197:Father
154:Turkey
1630:Leo V
1597:Irene
1384:Leo I
1049:Carus
820:Nerva
810:Titus
790:Galba
742:Roman
693:with
663:Died:
656:Born:
613:. In
487:Notes
385:Roman
333:Egypt
233:Greek
165:Names
148:(now
74:Reign
1986:(w.
1969:(w.
1917:(w.
1888:John
1885:(w.
1863:(w.
1851:(w.
1822:(w.
1804:(w.
1705:(w.
1678:(w.
1661:(w.
1649:(w.
1632:(w.
1614:(w.
1575:(w.
1536:(w.
1503:(w.
1486:(w.
1438:(w.
1401:(w.
1394:Zeno
1261:(w.
1218:(w.
1009:(w.
973:(w.
961:(w.
949:(w.
882:(w.
875:Geta
795:Otho
785:Nero
744:and
665:1204
658:1182
581:ISBN
539:ISBN
509:s.48
139:Died
134:1182
128:Born
1807:Leo
1752:Zoe
998:(?)
262:as
57:by
2098::
1828:,
1711:,
594:,
502:,
290:.
253:c.
251:;
239:,
235::
152:,
132:c.
1992:)
1975:)
1923:)
1891:)
1869:)
1857:)
1840:)
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1723:)
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1655:)
1638:)
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1015:)
985:)
967:)
955:)
888:)
734:e
727:t
720:v
636:.
547:.
388:"
231:(
156:)
61:)
23:.
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