446:), when measured, do not statistically correlate with the other components of alexithymia. Such findings have led to ongoing debate in the field about whether IMP is indeed a component of alexithymia. For example, in 2017, Preece and colleagues introduced the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia, where they suggested that IMP be removed from the definition and that alexithymia be conceptually composed only of DIF, DDF, and EOT, as each of these three are specific to deficits in emotion processing. These core differences in the definition of alexithymia, regarding the inclusion or exclusion of IMP, correspond to differences between psychoanalytic and cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of alexithymia; whereby psychoanalytic formulations tend to continue to place importance on IMP, whereas the attention-appraisal model (presently the most widely used cognitive-behavioral model of alexithymia) excludes IMP from the construct. In practice, since the constricted imaginal processes items were removed from earlier versions of the TAS-20 in the 1990s, the most used alexithymia assessment tools (and consequently most alexithymia research studies) have only assessed the construct in terms of DIF, DDF, and EOT. In terms of the relevance of alexithymic deficits for the processing of negative (e.g., sadness) or positive (e.g., happiness) emotions, the PAQ is presently the only alexithymia measure that enables valence-specific assessments of alexithymia across both negative and positive emotions; recent work with the PAQ has highlighted that alexithymic deficits in emotion processing do often extend across both negative and positive emotions, although people typically report more difficulties for negative emotions. Such findings of valence-specific effects in alexithymia are also supported by brain imaging studies.
794:. The parent's emotional state is important for determining how any child might develop. Neglect or indifference to varying changes in a child's facial expressions without proper feedback can promote an invalidation of the facial expressions manifested by the child. The parent's ability to reflect self-awareness to the child is another important factor. If the adult is incapable of recognizing and distinguishing emotional expressions in the child, it can influence the child's capacity to understand emotional expressions.
537:. The distinguishing factor was their inability to elaborate beyond a few limited adjectives such as "happy" or "unhappy" when describing these feelings. The core issue is that people with alexithymia have poorly differentiated emotions, limiting their ability to distinguish and describe them to others. This contributes to the sense of emotional detachment from themselves and difficulty connecting with others, making alexithymia negatively associated with
40:
781:" to stand for psychogenic alexithymia. For McDougall, the disaffected individual had at some point "experienced overwhelming emotion that threatened to attack their sense of integrity and identity", to which they applied psychological defenses to pulverize and eject all emotional representations from consciousness. A similar line of interpretation has been taken up using the methods of
517:, however, a cognitive disturbance becomes apparent as patients tend to recount trivial, chronologically ordered actions, reactions, and events of daily life with monotonous detail. In general, these individuals can, but not always, seem oriented toward things and even treat themselves as robots. These problems seriously limit their responsiveness to psychoanalytic psychotherapy;
450:
by difficulties some males have with "describing feelings", but not by difficulties in "identifying feelings", in which males and females show similar abilities. Work with the PAQ has suggested that the alexithymia construct manifests similarly across different cultural groups, and those of different ages (i.e., has the same structure and components).
389:(TAS-20), the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ), the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), the Online Alexithymia Questionnaire (OAQ-G2), the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA), or the Observer Alexithymia Scale (OAS). It is distinct from the psychiatric
954:
557:(ASD). In a 2004 study using the TAS-20, 85% of the adults with ASD fell into the "impaired" category and almost half fell into the "severely impaired" category; in contrast, among the adult control population only 17% were "impaired", none "severely impaired". Fitzgerald & Bellgrove pointed out that, "Like alexithymia,
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is the ability to understand the mental state of oneself or others that underlies overt behavior, and mentalisation-based treatment helps patients separate their own thoughts and feelings from those around them. This treatment is relational, and it focuses on gaining a better understanding and use of
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In a 2008 study alexithymia was found to be correlated with impaired understanding and demonstration of relational affection, and that this impairment contributes to poorer mental health, poorer relational well-being, and lowered relationship quality. Individuals high on the alexithymia spectrum also
859:
Although there is evidence for the role of environmental and neurological factors, the role and influence of genetic factors for developing alexithymia is still unclear. A single large scale Danish study suggested that genetic factors contributed noticeably to the development of alexithymia. However,
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Studies (using measures of alexithymia assessing DIF, DDF, and EOT) have reported that the prevalence rate of high alexithymia is less than 10% of the population. A less common finding suggests that there may be a higher prevalence of alexithymia amongst males than females, which may be accounted for
885:
In a study, a large group of alexithymic individuals completed the 64-item
Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-64) which found that "two interpersonal problems are significantly and stably related to alexithymia: cold/distant and non-assertive social functioning. All other IIP-64 subscales were
561:
is also characterised by core disturbances in speech and language and social relationships". Hill & Berthoz agreed with
Fitzgerald & Bellgrove (2006) and in response stated that "there is some form of overlap between alexithymia and ASDs". They also pointed to studies that revealed impaired
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thinking, often to the exclusion of emotional responses to problems. Those who have alexithymia also report very logical and realistic dreams, such as going to the store or eating a meal. Clinical experience suggests it is the structural features of dreams more than the ability to recall them that
804:
research into alexithymia remains minimal, but promising candidates have been identified from studies examining connections between certain genes and alexithymia among those with psychiatric conditions as well as the general population. A study recruiting a test population of
Japanese males found
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is from the Latin "not speaking"), and are "by reason of their immaturity inevitably alexithymic". Based on this fact McDougall proposed in 1985 that the alexithymic part of an adult personality could be "an extremely arrested and infantile psychic structure". The first language of an infant is
909:
In 2002, Kennedy and
Franklin found that a skills-based intervention is an effective method for treating alexithymia. Kennedy and Franklin's treatment plan involved giving the participants a series of questionnaires, psychodynamic therapies, cognitive-behavioral and skills-based therapies, and
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The attention-appraisal model of alexithymia by Preece and colleagues describes the mechanisms behind alexithymia within a cognitive-behavioral framework. Within this model, it is specified that alexithymia levels are due to the developmental level of people's emotion schemas (those cognitive
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Alexisomia is a clinical concept that refers to the difficulty in the awareness and expression of somatic, or bodily, sensations. The concept was first proposed in 1979 by Yujiro Ikemi when he observed characteristics of both alexithymia and alexisomia in patients with psychosomatic diseases.
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Alexithymia can create interpersonal problems because these individuals tend to avoid emotionally close relationships, or if they do form relationships with others they usually position themselves as either dependent, dominant, or impersonal, "such that the relationship remains superficial".
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survivors with PTSD compared to those without. Higher levels of alexithymia among mothers with interpersonal violence-related PTSD were found in one study to have proportionally less caregiving sensitivity. This latter study suggested that when treating adult PTSD patients who are parents,
578:; the mediating factors are unknown and it is possible that alexithymia predisposes to anxiety. On the other hand, while the total alexithymia score as well as the difficulty in identifying feelings and externally oriented thinking factors are found to be significantly associated with
528:
A common misconception about alexithymia is that affected individuals are totally unable to express emotions verbally and that they may even fail to acknowledge that they experience emotions. Even before coining the term, Sifneos (1967) noted patients often mentioned things like
930:
mentalising skills. The researchers found that all of the patients' symptoms including alexithymia significantly improved, and the treatment promoted affect tolerance and the ability to think flexibly while expressing intense affect rather than impulsive behavior.
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Some individuals working for organizations in which control of emotions is the norm might show alexithymic-like behavior but not be alexithymic. However, over time the lack of self-expressions can become routine and they may find it harder to identify with others.
372:
Alexithymia is considered to be a personality trait that places affected individuals at risk for other medical and mental disorders, as well as reducing the likelihood that these individuals will respond to conventional treatments to these disorders. The
6024:
889:
Chaotic interpersonal relations have also been observed by
Sifneos. Due to the inherent difficulties identifying and describing emotional states in self and others, alexithymia also negatively affects relationship satisfaction between couples.
351:
signifies "no words for emotions". This label reflects the difficulty experienced by individuals with this condition in recognizing, expressing, and articulating their emotional experiences. Nonmedical terminology, such as "emotionless" and
5297:
Smith R, Kaszniak AW, Katsanis J, Lane RD, Nielsen L (February 2019). "The importance of identifying underlying process abnormalities in alexithymia: Implications of the three-process model and a single case study illustration".
2034:
Preece DA, Becerra R, Robinson K, Allan A, Boyes M, Chen W, et al. (December 2020). "What is alexithymia? Using factor analysis to establish its latent structure and relationship with fantasizing and emotional reactivity".
913:
In 2017, based on their attention-appraisal model of alexithymia, Preece and colleagues recommended that alexithymia treatment should try to improve the developmental level of people's emotion schemas and reduce people's use of
703:
An inability to modulate emotions is a possibility in explaining why some people with alexithymia are prone to discharge tension arising from unpleasant emotional states through impulsive acts or compulsive behaviors such as
798:
structures used to process emotions) and/or the extent to which people are avoiding their emotions as an emotion regulation strategy. There is a large body of evidence currently supporting the specifications of this model.
882:
Inadequate "differentiation" between self and others by alexithymic individuals has also been observed. Their difficulty in processing interpersonal connections often develops where the person lacks a romantic partner.
3809:
Koponen S, Taiminen T, Honkalampi K, Joukamaa M, Viinamäki H, Kurki T, et al. (2005). "Alexithymia after traumatic brain injury: its relation to magnetic resonance imaging findings and psychiatric disorders".
3303:
Hill EL, Berthoz S (November 2006). "Response to "Letter to the Editor: The overlap between alexithymia and
Asperger's syndrome", Fitzgerald and Bellgrove, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4)".
872:
is also implicated in the development of alexithymia, and those with traumatic brain injury are six times more likely to exhibit alexithymia. Alexithymia is also associated with newborn circumcision trauma.
509:
or manifest outbursts of crying or rage. However, questioning usually reveals that they are quite incapable of describing their feelings or appear confused by questions inquiring about specifics of feelings.
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A significant issue impacting alexithymia treatment is that alexithymia has comorbidity with other disorders. Mendelson's 1982 study showed that alexithymia frequently presented in people with undiagnosed
1180:
777:
objected to the strong focus by clinicians on neurophysiological explanations at the expense of psychological ones for the genesis and operation of alexithymia, and introduced the alternative term "
1903:
Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Dickens SE (2006). "The development of the
Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity".
2805:
Salminen JK, Saarijärvi S, Aärelä E, Toikka T, Kauhanen J (January 1999). "Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with sociodemographic variables in the general population of
Finland".
2581:"Assessing Alexithymia across Asian and Western Cultures: Psychometric Properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire and Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 in Singaporean and Australian Samples"
2312:
Bermond B, Clayton K, Liberova A, Luminet O, Maruszewski T, Bitti PE, et al. (2007-08-01). "A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations".
385:
nor a mental disorder. It is a dimensional personality trait that varies in intensity from person to person. An individual's alexithymia score can be measured with questionnaires such as the
910:
experiential therapies. After treatment, they found that participants were generally less ambivalent about expressing their emotion feelings and more attentive to their emotional states.
5700:
4090:
Michetti PM, Rossi R, Bonanno D, Tiesi A, Simonelli C (2006). "Male sexuality and regulation of emotions: a study on the association between alexithymia and erectile dysfunction (ED)".
582:, and while the total alexithymia score, the difficulty in identifying feelings, and the difficulty in describing feelings factors are also significantly associated with symptoms of
4002:
Lumley MA, Downey K, Stettner L, Wehmer F, Pomerleau OF (1994). "Alexithymia and negative affect: relationship to cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence, and smoking cessation".
1429:
Karakis EN, Levant RF (2012). "Is
Normative Male Alexithymia Associated with Relationship Satisfaction, Fear of Intimacy and Communication Quality Among Men in Relationships?".
856:. These links are tentative, and further research will be needed to clarify how these genes relate to the neurological anomalies found in the brains of people with alexithymia.
3390:
Donfrancesco R, Di Trani M, Gregori P, Auguanno G, Melegari MG, Zaninotto S, Luby J (December 2013). "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and alexithymia: a pilot study".
5099:
938:. Participants in Kennedy and Franklin's study all had anxiety disorders in conjunction with alexithymia, while those in Löf et al. were diagnosed with both alexithymia and
1889:
1053:
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diseases. People with alexithymia also show a limited ability to experience positive emotions leading
Krystal and Sifneos (1987) to describe many of these individuals as
6157:
918:
of emotions as an emotion regulation strategy (i.e., the mechanisms hypothesized to underlie alexithymia difficulties in the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia).
5825:
4174:
Verissimo R, Mota-Cardoso R, Taylor G (1998). "Relationships between alexithymia, emotional control, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease".
766:, which is largely responsible for processing emotions. In addition, another neuropsychological model suggests that alexithymia may be related to a dysfunction of the
3167:
Hill E, Berthoz S, Frith U (April 2004). "Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives".
6239:
750:
Early studies showed evidence that there may be an interhemispheric transfer deficit among people with alexithymia; that is, the emotional information from the
4814:
Jørgensen MM, Zachariae R, Skytthe A, Kyvik K (2007). "Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: a population-based study of 8,785 Danish twin pairs".
2269:
Watters CA, Taylor GJ, Quilty LC, Bagby RM (2016-11-01). "An Examination of the Topology and Measurement of the Alexithymia Construct Using Network Analysis".
1838:
Lane RD, Quinlan DM, Schwartz GE, Walker PA, Zeitlin SB (1990-09-01). "The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale: a cognitive-developmental measure of emotion".
3347:
Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Appelberg B, et al. (2004). "Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep".
1306:
Assogna F, Palmer K, Pontieri FE, Pierantozzi M, Stefani A, Gianni W, et al. (February 2012). "Alexithymia is a non-motor symptom of Parkinson disease".
4857:
Pam A, Kemker SS, Ross CA, Golden R (1996). "The "equal environments assumption" in MZ-DZ twin comparisons: an untenable premise of psychiatric genetics?".
1139:
Bagby RM, Parker JD, Taylor GJ (January 1994). "The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure".
6131:
2692:
van der Velde, Jorien; Servaas, Michelle N.; Goerlich, Katharina S.; Bruggeman, Richard; Horton, Paul; Costafreda, Sergi G.; Aleman, André (2013-09-01).
2131:"Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia"
1181:"Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia"
3468:
Yehuda R, Steiner A, Kahana B, Binder-Brynes K, Southwick SM, Zemelman S, Giller EL (1997). "Alexithymia in Holocaust survivors with and without PTSD".
481:, often marked by a lack of understanding of the feelings of others; difficulty distinguishing between feelings and the bodily sensations of emotional
5833:
2647:"Assessing alexithymia: Psychometric properties of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire and 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in United States adults"
1787:
5838:
2234:
Watters CA, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM (June 2016). "Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis".
2105:
1721:
4767:"Association between the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Val¹⁵⁸Met Polymorphism and Alexithymia in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"
6014:
5664:
4722:
Gong P, Liu J, Li S, Zhou X (December 2014). "Serotonin receptor gene (5-HT1A) modulates alexithymic characteristics and attachment orientation".
770:. These studies have some shortcomings, however, and the empirical evidence about the neural mechanisms behind alexithymia remains inconclusive.
4217:
Abramson L, McClelland DC, Brown D, Kelner S (August 1991). "Alexithymic characteristics and metabolic control in diabetic and healthy adults".
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2518:
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alexithymia should be assessed and addressed also with attention to the parent-child relationship and the child's social-emotional development.
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4679:
Kano M, Mizuno T, Kawano Y, Aoki M, Kanazawa M, Fukudo S (1 January 2012). "Serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism and alexithymia".
1188:
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Preece, David A.; Becerra, Rodrigo; Robinson, Ken; Allan, Alfred; Boyes, Mark; Chen, Wai; Hasking, Penelope; Gross, James J. (December 2020).
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5548:
5520:
5497:
5476:
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Taylor GJ, Parker JD, Bagby RM (September 1990). "A preliminary investigation of alexithymia in men with psychoactive substance dependence".
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1413:
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5659:
513:
According to Henry Krystal, individuals exhibiting alexithymia think in an operative way and may appear to be superadjusted to reality. In
6105:
356:", has also been employed to describe similar states. Those who exhibit alexithymic traits or characteristics are commonly referred to as
5968:
5378:"Symptom, alexithymia and self-image outcomes of Mentalisation-based treatment for borderline personality disorder: a naturalistic study"
4429:
Jessimer M, Markham R (July 1997). "Alexithymia: a right hemisphere dysfunction specific to recognition of certain facial expressions?".
2360:"What is alexithymia? Using factor analysis to establish its latent structure and relationship with fantasizing and emotional reactivity"
1563:
785:. McDougall has also noted that all infants are born unable to identify, organize, and speak about their emotional experiences (the word
5855:
5196:
Colin H, Kory F (2008). "Affectionate experience mediates the effects of alexithymia on mental health and interpersonal relationships".
3433:
Shipko S, Alvarez WA, Noviello N (1983). "Towards a teleological model of alexithymia: alexithymia and post-traumatic stress disorder".
400:
However, there is no consensus on the definition of alexithymia, with debate between cognitive behavioral and psychoanalytic theorists.
260:
Alexithymia occurs in approximately 10% of the general population and often co-occurs with various mental disorders, particularly with
3906:
Coolidge FL, Estey AJ, Segal DL, Marle PD (February 2013). "Are alexithymia and schizoid personality disorder synonymous diagnoses?".
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5848:
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Generally speaking, approaches to treating alexithymia are still in their infancy, with not many proven treatment options available.
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5933:
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Preece, David A.; Mehta, Ashish; Petrova, Kate; Sikka, Pilleriin; Bjureberg, Johan; Becerra, Rodrigo; Gross, James J. (2023-03-01).
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2099:
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The cognitive behavioral model (i.e., the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia) defines alexithymia as having three components:
208:
110:
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Yelsma P, Marrow S (2003). "An Examination of Couples' Difficulties With Emotional Expressiveness and Their Marital Satisfaction".
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Mazidi, Mahdi; Azizi, Alireza; Becerra, Rodrigo; Gross, James J.; Zarei, Majid; Mirshafiei, Maryam; Preece, David A. (2023-06-07).
5060:
5685:
5596:
978:
657:
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Tabibnia G, Zaidel E (2005). "Alexithymia, interhemispheric transfer, and right hemispheric specialization: a critical review".
2842:"Cross-cultural validation and measurement invariance of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ): a study in Iran and the USA"
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Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD (1992). "The Revised Toronto Alexithymia Scale: some reliability, validity, and normative data".
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of the brain is not being properly transferred to the language regions in the left hemisphere, as can be caused by a decreased
394:
2645:
Preece, David A.; Becerra, Rodrigo; Allan, Alfred; Robinson, Ken; Chen, Wai; Hasking, Penelope; Gross, James J. (2020-11-01).
1500:
The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Development, Assessment, and Application at Home, School, and in the Workplace
570:, and similar social skills deficits. The exact nature of the overlap is uncertain. Alexithymic traits in AS may be linked to
505:
Some alexithymic individuals may appear to contradict the above-mentioned characteristics because they can experience chronic
6126:
5565:
4038:
942:. All these comorbidity issues complicate treatment because it is difficult to find people who exclusively have alexithymia.
653:
594:
1946:
Bach M, de Zwaan M, Ackard D, Nutzinger DO, Mitchell JE (1994-05-01). "Alexithymia: relationship to personality disorders".
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5780:
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and there is "strong empirical support for alexithymia being a stable personality trait rather than just a consequence of
845:
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There are many more psychiatric disorders that overlap with alexithymia. One study found that 41% of US veterans of the
4472:
Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Kaszniak AW (November 1997). "Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight?".
6234:
6090:
5870:
5735:
1023:
261:
2415:"Examining Proposed Changes to the Conceptualization of the Alexithymia Construct: The Way Forward Tilts to the Past"
1986:"Examining Proposed Changes to the Conceptualization of the Alexithymia Construct: The Way Forward Tilts to the Past"
457:
and psychiatrist Graeme J. Taylor have argued that the alexithymia construct is inversely related to the concepts of
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5943:
5923:
5875:
973:
782:
673:
2749:"Alexithymic traits as predictors of difficulties with adjustment in an outpatient cohort of expatriates in Tokyo"
6244:
6047:
5898:
5790:
5654:
5530:
Nemiah JC, Freyberger H, Sifneos PE (1970). "Alexithymia: A View of the Psychosomatic Process". In Hill O (ed.).
1716:
767:
614:
554:
386:
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Sifneos PE (1967). "Clinical Observations on some patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases".
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1752:"The psychometric assessment of alexithymia: Development and validation of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire"
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689:
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or anorexia nervosa. The failure to regulate emotions cognitively might result in prolonged elevations of the
229:
phenomenon characterized by significant challenges in recognizing, expressing, sourcing, and describing one's
3863:
Becerra R, Amos A, Jongenelis S (July 2002). "Organic alexithymia: a study of acquired emotional blindness".
1228:
Feldmanhall O, Dalgleish T, Mobbs D (March 2013). "Alexithymia decreases altruism in real social decisions".
6067:
6052:
6039:
6004:
5903:
5865:
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5712:
998:
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821:, and is well studied for its association with numerous psychiatric disorders. Another study examining the
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6057:
6009:
5999:
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5629:
4992:
3819:
2902:
Parker JD, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM (2001). "The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Alexithymia".
1751:
1013:
993:
915:
869:
634:
558:
477:
Typical deficiencies may include problems identifying, processing, describing, and working with one's own
462:
3565:
Cochrane CE, Brewerton TD, Wilson DB, Hodges EL (September 1993). "Alexithymia in the eating disorders".
2079:
344:, denoting 'disposition,' 'feeling,' or 'rage'). The term can be likened to "dyslexia" in its structure.
5634:
3766:
Williams C, Wood RL (March 2010). "Alexithymia and emotional empathy following traumatic brain injury".
1018:
814:
724:
716:
626:
518:
438:, it is often observed that constricted imaginal processes, defined as a lack of spontaneous imagining (
390:
300:
and Peter Sifneos in 1973 to describe a particular psychological phenomenon. Its etymology comes from
1811:
Vorst HC, Bermond B (2001). "Validity and reliability of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire".
586:
and impulsivity, there is no significant relationship between alexithymia and inattentiveness symptom.
4983:
Vanheule S, Desmet M, Meganck R, Bogaerts S (January 2007). "Alexithymia and interpersonal problems".
4625:
3693:
Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Shulman ID, Bourdeau D (1995). "Alexithymia in panic disorder and social phobia".
2693:
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2130:
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681:
641:
490:
5341:
Kennedy M, Franklin J (2002). "Skills-based Treatment for Alexithymia: An Exploratory Case Series".
4997:
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study in 1997 indicated that alexithymia may be due to a disturbance to the right hemisphere of the
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571:
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externally oriented thinking (EOT), characterized by a tendency to not focus attention on emotions.
135:
5427:
Mendelson G (1982). "Alexithymia and chronic pain: prevalence, correlates and treatment results".
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4115:
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3845:
3791:
3643:"The Relationship between Alexithymia and General Symptoms of Patients with Depressive Disorders"
3530:
3498:
Schechter DS, Suardi F, Manini A, Cordero MI, Rossignol AS, Merminod G, et al. (June 2015).
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1253:
1205:
801:
665:
435:
382:
226:
4582:
Maclaren K (2006). "Emotional Disorder and the Mind-Body Problem: A Case Study of Alexithymia".
1099:
Sifneos PE (1973). "The prevalence of 'alexithymic' characteristics in psychosomatic patients".
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gene influences the transcription of the serotonin transporter that removes serotonin from the
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5983:
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2007:
1963:
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to be controversial. Those scholars raise concerns about the "equal environments assumption".
865:
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538:
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242:
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130:
39:
6219:
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4050:
4011:
3974:
3915:
3872:
3829:
3775:
3737:
3702:
3662:
3654:
3613:
3602:"Alexithymia and depression: a prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder"
3574:
3514:
3477:
3442:
3399:
3356:
3313:
3275:
3267:
3226:
3176:
3136:
3128:
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2911:
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2814:
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2705:
2658:
2592:
2548:
2486:
2426:
2371:
2321:
2278:
2243:
2189:
2142:
2129:
Preece, David; Becerra, Rodrigo; Allan, Alfred; Robinson, Ken; Dandy, Justine (2017-12-01).
2087:
2044:
1997:
1955:
1912:
1847:
1820:
1763:
1689:
1647:
1610:
1602:
1498:
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1315:
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1197:
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894:
report less distress at seeing others in pain and behave less altruistically toward others.
661:
606:
454:
297:
161:
60:
4909:
6173:
5953:
5913:
5785:
5582:
2748:
1734:
822:
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709:
622:
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466:
250:
246:
3180:
2359:
4066:
6019:
5918:
5690:
5509:
5404:
5377:
5274:
5247:
4918:
4893:
4791:
4766:
4371:
4344:
3979:
3962:
3833:
3667:
3642:
3280:
3255:
3141:
3116:
2091:
1615:
1590:
1369:
1350:
988:
818:
778:
728:
618:
563:
269:
5233:
Struggling with the Demon: Perspectives on Individual and Organizational Irrationality
5061:"Men's Sexual Coerciveness, Perceptions of Women's Attachment, and Dating Preferences"
4485:
4054:
2915:
2818:
1824:
1528:
Taylor GJ & Taylor HS (1997). Alexithymia. In M. McCallum & W.E. Piper (Eds.)
6213:
5963:
5928:
5217:
5179:
4665:
4230:
3706:
3534:
3231:
3214:
2678:
2620:
2514:
2456:
2399:
2341:
2162:
2064:
1959:
1783:
1450:
1209:
1152:
1008:
926:
849:
583:
514:
301:
5362:
5327:
5079:
4708:
4544:
4501:
4458:
4246:
4203:
4119:
3963:"Alexithymia and stress-induced brain activation in cocaine-dependent men and women"
3935:
3919:
3892:
3849:
3795:
3419:
3376:
3333:
2780:
2733:
2709:
1932:
1257:
758:, often present in psychiatric patients who have suffered severe childhood abuse. A
47:
A drawing by an artist with alexithymia depicting confusion about one's own emotions
5095:
4843:
4751:
4735:
2298:
935:
747:
It is unclear what causes alexithymia, though several theories have been proposed.
705:
697:
669:
3196:
2858:
2841:
2596:
2490:
2282:
1851:
5487:
5311:
4345:"Shitsu-taikan-sho (alexisomia): a historical review and its clinical importance"
3132:
2694:"Neural correlates of alexithymia: A meta-analysis of emotion processing studies"
1319:
1241:
5795:
5770:
5765:
5171:
763:
597:(PTSD) were alexithymic. Another study found higher levels of alexithymia among
590:
550:
494:
273:
265:
4394:
Hoppe KD, Bogen JE (1977). "Alexithymia in twelve commissurotomized patients".
4361:
2662:
2194:
2177:
2146:
1767:
1201:
5810:
5760:
5541:
Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness
5394:
5248:"Four decades of research on alexithymia: moving toward clinical applications"
4870:
4782:
4641:
4278:
4261:
3876:
3779:
3618:
3601:
3518:
3403:
3317:
3271:
3215:"Emanuel Miller lecture: confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome"
3092:
3075:
2325:
1694:
1677:
1651:
949:
861:
713:
443:
277:
139:
5264:
5209:
4966:
4649:
4151:
4134:
2867:
2764:
2717:
2670:
2604:
2579:
Chan, Joan; Becerra, Rodrigo; Weinborn, Michael; Preece, David (2023-05-04).
2498:
2440:
2383:
2333:
2203:
2154:
1775:
5805:
4103:
3658:
3500:"How do maternal PTSD and alexithymia interact to impact maternal behavior?"
836:
within the HTR1A gene. Also, a study examining alexithymia in subjects with
826:
732:
598:
506:
430:
constricted imaginal processes (IMP) characterized by infrequent daydreaming
353:
305:
5413:
5319:
5283:
5087:
5014:
4927:
4835:
4800:
4743:
4700:
4657:
4595:
4536:
4442:
4380:
4287:
4160:
4111:
3988:
3927:
3884:
3841:
3787:
3741:
3676:
3627:
3579:
10.1002/1098-108x(199309)14:2<219::aid-eat2260140212>3.0.co;2-g
3526:
3481:
3411:
3368:
3325:
3289:
3240:
3188:
3150:
3101:
2826:
2772:
2725:
2612:
2506:
2448:
2391:
2290:
2255:
2056:
2011:
1924:
1703:
1659:
1624:
1606:
1378:
1345:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 183. Elsevier. pp. 47–62.
1327:
1249:
5448:
5354:
5144:
5136:
4878:
4493:
4450:
4238:
4195:
4062:
4023:
3749:
3714:
3586:
3454:
2560:
1967:
1859:
1591:"Laterality of expression in portraiture: putting your best cheek forward"
1292:
1160:
1120:
840:
found higher alexithymia levels associated with the Val/Val allele of the
829:, found higher levels of alexithymia among those with the G allele of the
625:. Alexithymia is also exhibited by a large proportion of individuals with
5860:
5800:
4958:
4415:
3121:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
2962:
1442:
1230:
Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
853:
806:
685:
677:
567:
439:
230:
6199:
5489:
Theaters of the Body: A Psychoanalytic Approach to Psychosomatic Illness
1550:. Das Wörterbuch medizinischer Fachausdrücke. Software für PC-Bibliothek
553:
with other disorders. Research indicates that alexithymia overlaps with
525:
is frequently exacerbated should these individuals enter psychotherapy.
417:
The psychoanalytic model defines alexithymia as having four components:
5006:
4299:
4297:
3600:
Honkalampi K, Hintikka J, Laukkanen E, Lehtonen J, Viinamäki H (2001).
3074:
Mattila AK, Poutanen O, Koivisto AM, Salokangas RK, Joukamaa M (2007).
2375:
2247:
2048:
1406:
Mind/body health: The effects of attitudes, emotions, and relationships
610:
575:
541:
even when depression and other confounding factors are controlled for.
530:
485:; confusion of physical sensations often associated with emotions; few
482:
478:
5440:
5246:
Samur D, Tops M, Schlinkert C, Quirin M, Cuijpers P, Koole SL (2013).
4827:
4692:
4528:
4407:
4187:
4015:
3446:
3360:
2552:
2475:"Cognitive-emotional processing in alexithymia: an integrative review"
2431:
2414:
2002:
1985:
1916:
1284:
1112:
5605:
5569:
4262:"Alexithymia and somatosensory amplification in functional dyspepsia"
841:
830:
810:
693:
630:
378:
5511:
Theaters of the Mind: Truth and Illusion on the Psychoanalytic Stage
3117:"Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception"
805:
higher scores on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale among those with the
605:
Single study prevalence findings for other disorders include 63% in
566:
skill in alexithymia, neuroanatomical evidence pointing to a shared
264:. Difficulty in recognizing and discussing emotions may manifest at
241:. While there is no scientific consensus on its classification as a
3641:
Kim JH, Lee SJ, Rim HD, Kim HW, Bae GY, Chang SM (September 2008).
2473:
Luminet, Olivier; Nielson, Kristy A.; Ridout, Nathan (2021-04-03).
1532:. Munich: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates pp. 28–31. ISBN 9780805817225
4943:"Alexithymia and Circumcision Trauma: A Preliminary Investigation"
4892:
Hogeveen J, Bird G, Chau A, Krueger F, Grafman J (February 2016).
3219:
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
3076:"Alexithymia and life satisfaction in primary healthcare patients"
2217:
2215:
2213:
1547:
498:
486:
374:
579:
5578:
16:
Deficiency in understanding, processing, or describing emotions
4894:"Acquired alexithymia following damage to the anterior insula"
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
188:
87:
4607:
4605:
3036:
Nemiah CJ (1978). "Alexithymia and Psychosomatic Illness".
2941:
Krystal H (January 1979). "Alexithymia and psychotherapy".
2084:
Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs
200:
197:
191:
173:
164:
99:
96:
90:
72:
63:
5028:
Blaustein JP, Tuber SB (1998). "Knowing the Unspeakable".
2353:
2351:
1179:
Preece D, Becerra R, Allan A, Robinson K, Dandy J (2017).
427:
a stimulus-bound, externally oriented thinking style (EOT)
5574:
5469:
Integration and Self Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia
5123:
Sifneos PE (July 1996). "Alexithymia: past and present".
3256:"The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome"
253:, alexithymia is highly prevalent among individuals with
182:
81:
5701:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
4765:
Koh MJ, Kang JI, Namkoong K, Lee SY, Kim SJ (May 2016).
2747:
Fukunishi I, Berger D, Wogan J, Kuboki T (August 1999).
2574:
2572:
2570:
2975:
1271:
von Rad M (1984). "Alexithymia and symptom formation".
684:. Alexithymia is further linked with disorders such as
1727:
1589:
Nicholls ME, Clode D, Wood SJ, Wood AG (August 1999).
1530:
Psychological mindedness: A contemporary understanding
925:
is also an effective method for treating alexithymia.
1638:
Mark A (2005). "Organizing emotions in health care".
209:
179:
176:
167:
111:
78:
75:
66:
6189:
5191:
5189:
3768:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
2124:
2122:
1564:"alexithymic - definition of alexithymic in English"
424:
difficulty describing feelings to other people (DDF)
170:
69:
6193:
6166:
6140:
6114:
6083:
6038:
5992:
5889:
5824:
5721:
5678:
5612:
4260:Jones MP, Schettler A, Olden K, Crowell MD (2004).
2413:Taylor, Graeme J.; Bagby, R. Michael (2020-12-07).
921:In 2018, Löf, Clinton, Kaldo, and Rydén found that
194:
185:
145:
129:
93:
84:
51:
29:
24:
5508:
4941:Bollinger, Dan; Howe, Robert S. Van (2011-05-01).
2468:
2466:
1497:
1074:Hoerricks J (2023). "Chapter 2: What is autism?".
5046:
4315:
4303:
3948:
3493:
3491:
3011:
2928:
2889:
2221:
1391:
5376:Löf J, Clinton D, Kaldo V, Rydén G (June 2018).
4135:"Alexithymia: a facet of essential hypertension"
4133:Jula A, Salminen JK, Saarijärvi S (April 1999).
4039:"Panic attacks with panic masked by alexithymia"
3761:
3759:
3115:Shah P, Hall R, Catmur C, Bird G (August 2016).
2176:Preece, David A.; Gross, James J. (2023-12-01).
2078:Bermond B, Oosterveld P, Vorst HC (2015-01-01).
1871:
1869:
1540:
1538:
668:as well as certain physical illnesses, such as
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1979:
1977:
1745:
1743:
1466:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender
257:(ASD), ranging from 50% to 85% of prevalence.
5590:
3567:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3392:Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
3306:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3260:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
3169:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
1806:
1804:
1640:Journal of Health Organization and Management
1524:
1522:
1341:Hogeveen J, Grafman J (2021). "Alexithymia".
1174:
1172:
1170:
8:
5198:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
4978:
4976:
3208:
3206:
1308:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
1134:
1132:
1130:
4338:
4336:
4092:International Journal of Impotence Research
3560:
3558:
1671:
1669:
886:not significantly related to alexithymia."
6190:
6132:Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale
5597:
5583:
5575:
1678:"An observer scale to measure alexithymia"
1504:. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
1343:Disorders of Emotion in Neurologic Disease
21:
5834:Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
5543:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5403:
5393:
5273:
5263:
5231:de Vries MF, de Vries MF (January 2001).
4996:
4917:
4790:
4611:
4569:
4557:
4370:
4360:
4277:
4219:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
4150:
3978:
3823:
3666:
3617:
3279:
3230:
3140:
3091:
2999:
2857:
2430:
2193:
2001:
1693:
1676:Haviland MG, Warren WL, Riggs ML (2000).
1614:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1368:
1223:
1221:
1219:
5839:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3967:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience
2698:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1722:International Classification of Diseases
1046:"The Emotional Blindness of Alexithymia"
233:. It is associated with difficulties in
6015:Multiple complex developmental disorder
5539:Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JD (1997).
5532:Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine
5059:Holmgreen L, Oswald DL (October 2017).
4859:Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae
4327:
3254:Fitzgerald M, Bellgrove MA (May 2006).
3162:
3160:
3023:
2987:
2955:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1979.33.1.17
1552:. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut.
1078:. Lived Places Publishing. p. 62.
1036:
640:Alexithymia is correlated with certain
304:. The word is formed by combining the
276:, such as the belief that sadness is a
6240:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
6096:Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
4910:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.021
3688:
3686:
3507:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
2904:Personality and Individual Differences
2880:Taylor & Taylor (1997), pp. 77–104
2651:Personality and Individual Differences
2182:Personality and Individual Differences
2135:Personality and Individual Differences
1813:Personality and Individual Differences
1756:Personality and Individual Differences
1189:Personality and Individual Differences
844:polymorphism in the gene that encodes
268:levels in men who conform to specific
5471:. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
4947:International Journal of Men's Health
2976:Nemiah, Freyberger & Sifneos 1970
1566:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from
1464:Nadal KL, ed. (2017). "Alexithymia".
421:difficulty identifying feelings (DIF)
407:difficulty identifying feelings (DIF)
7:
4626:"Alexithymia and emotion regulation"
410:difficulty describing feelings (DDF)
5856:Developmental coordination disorder
1878:"Alexitimia y sindrome de Asperger"
1408:. Boston, MA: Pearson. p. 68.
621:, 28% in social phobia, and 50% in
296:was introduced by psychotherapists
5125:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3834:10.1097/01.psy.0000181278.92249.e5
3730:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3181:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022613.41399.14
2092:10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00009-7
1351:10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00004-9
381:classify alexithymia as neither a
280:emotion. This condition, known as
14:
6106:Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale
5934:Fetal valproate spectrum disorder
5706:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2943:American Journal of Psychotherapy
2807:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2585:Journal of Personality Assessment
2271:Journal of Personality Assessment
1840:Journal of Personality Assessment
1468:. SAGE Publications. p. 58.
1141:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
848:(COMT), an enzyme which degrades
5686:Pervasive developmental disorder
5534:. Vol. 3. pp. 430–439.
5429:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
5030:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
4816:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
4517:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
4396:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
4231:10.1097/00005053-199108000-00007
4176:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
4004:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
3435:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
3232:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x
2541:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
2419:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1990:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1905:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1892:from the original on 2011-07-27.
1595:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
1273:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1101:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1050:Scientific American Blog Network
979:Body-centred countertransference
952:
660:, substance use disorders, some
502:best characterizes alexithymia.
284:, can be present in both sexes.
160:
59:
38:
5160:Journal of Family Communication
5105:from the original on 2024-09-09
5080:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00133
5047:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
4316:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
4304:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
3949:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
3920:10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.07.005
3544:from the original on 2023-08-10
3038:Journal of Continuing Education
3012:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
2929:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
2890:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
2787:from the original on 2007-08-12
2710:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.008
2627:from the original on 2022-08-01
2521:from the original on 2023-06-19
2222:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
2108:from the original on 2021-05-01
1790:from the original on 2021-05-01
1392:Taylor, Bagby & Parker 1997
1056:from the original on 2023-05-21
984:Borderline personality disorder
969:Antisocial personality disorder
940:borderline personality disorder
395:antisocial personality disorder
6127:Childhood Autism Spectrum Test
4985:Journal of Clinical Psychology
4736:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.001
4630:Journal of Affective Disorders
595:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
6101:Childhood Autism Rating Scale
5959:PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
5849:obsessive–compulsive disorder
5781:Pathological demand avoidance
5665:Societal and cultural aspects
4486:10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00050-4
4055:10.1016/S0033-3182(84)72947-1
3961:Li CS, Sinha R (March 2006).
2916:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00014-3
2859:10.1080/00050067.2023.2217325
2819:10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00053-1
2597:10.1080/00223891.2022.2095641
2491:10.1080/02699931.2021.1908231
2283:10.1080/00223891.2016.1172077
2178:"Conceptualizing alexithymia"
1852:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674052
1825:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00033-7
1724:, eleventh revision – ICD-11
923:mentalisation-based treatment
838:obsessive–compulsive disorder
813:. The 5-HTTLPR region on the
5312:10.1016/j.concog.2018.12.004
3707:10.1016/0010-440X(95)90081-6
3133:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.021
3057:Acta Medicina Psychosomatica
1984:Taylor GJ, Bagby RM (2021).
1960:10.1016/0010-440X(94)90197-X
1545:"Stichwort Alexi | thymie".
1496:Bar-On R, Parker JD (2000).
1431:The Journal of Men's Studies
1320:10.1097/JGP.0b013e318209de07
1242:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.015
1153:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
846:Catechol-O-methyltransferase
688:headaches, lower back pain,
340:
332:, referring to 'words') and
328:
316:
262:neurodevelopmental disorders
6091:Autism Diagnostic Interview
5871:Sensory processing disorder
5736:Autism and LGBTQ identities
5300:Consciousness and Cognition
5172:10.1207/S15327698JFC0301_03
1024:Somatosensory amplification
497:; and concrete, realistic,
6261:
5979:Tuberous sclerosis complex
5969:Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
5944:MECP2 duplication syndrome
5924:Cornelia de Lange syndrome
5876:Global developmental delay
4362:10.1186/s13030-020-00193-9
4037:Jones BA (November 1984).
2663:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110138
2195:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112375
2147:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.003
1876:Paula-Perez I (Mar 2010).
1768:10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.011
1202:10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.003
974:Amplification (psychology)
852:neurotransmitters such as
674:inflammatory bowel disease
334:
322:
310:
282:normative male alexithymia
6048:Facilitated communication
5899:22q11.2 deletion syndrome
5515:. New York: Basic Books.
5395:10.1186/s12888-018-1699-6
4871:10.1017/S0001566000000945
4783:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.721
4642:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.065
4279:10.1176/appi.psy.45.6.508
3877:10.1080/02699050110119817
3780:10.1080/13803390902976940
3619:10.1176/appi.psy.42.3.229
3519:10.1007/s10578-014-0480-4
3404:10.1007/s12402-013-0115-9
3318:10.1007/s10803-006-0287-7
3272:10.1007/s10803-006-0096-z
3093:10.1176/appi.psy.48.6.523
2326:10.1080/02699930601056989
2080:"Measures of Alexithymia"
1717:World Health Organization
1695:10.1176/appi.psy.41.5.385
1652:10.1108/14777260510615332
768:anterior cingulate cortex
615:major depressive disorder
555:autism spectrum disorders
387:Toronto Alexithymia Scale
46:
37:
6122:Autism-spectrum quotient
5949:Neurofibromatosis type I
5265:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00861
5210:10.1177/0265407508096696
4724:Psychoneuroendocrinology
4349:BioPsychoSocial Medicine
4152:10.1161/01.HYP.33.4.1057
3908:Comprehensive Psychiatry
3695:Comprehensive Psychiatry
3647:Psychiatry Investigation
2765:10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.67
2236:Psychological Assessment
1948:Comprehensive Psychiatry
1004:Psychological mindedness
864:and the entire field of
825:, a receptor that binds
721:autonomic nervous system
696:, nausea, allergies and
690:irritable bowel syndrome
459:psychological mindedness
255:autism spectrum disorder
6053:Lancet MMR autism fraud
6005:Critical autism studies
5904:22q13 deletion syndrome
5866:Intellectual disability
5816:Emotional dysregulation
5713:High-functioning autism
5252:Frontiers in Psychology
4104:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901386
3659:10.4306/pi.2008.5.3.179
2846:Australian Psychologist
1750:Preece D (2018-10-01).
999:Emotional dysregulation
627:acquired brain injuries
549:Alexithymia frequently
239:interpersonal relations
6063:Rapid prompting method
6010:Double empathy problem
6000:Autism rights movement
5566:Emotional Intelligence
4771:Yonsei Medical Journal
4596:10.5840/chiasmi2006819
4443:10.1006/brcg.1997.0900
3812:Psychosomatic Medicine
3742:10.1176/ajp.147.9.1228
3482:10.1002/jts.2490100108
3014:, pp. 29, 246–47.
2364:Journal of Personality
2037:Journal of Personality
1607:10.1098/rspb.1999.0809
1014:Reduced affect display
994:Emotion classification
916:experiential avoidance
870:Traumatic brain injury
725:neuroendocrine systems
635:traumatic brain injury
467:psychological distress
463:emotional intelligence
347:In its literal sense,
320:, meaning 'not') with
6148:Autism-related topics
5722:Associated conditions
5355:10.1375/bech.19.3.158
5235:. Psychosocial Press.
5137:10.1176/ajp.153.7.137
4584:Chiasmi International
4474:Biological Psychiatry
2753:Psychological Reports
2479:Cognition and Emotion
2314:Cognition and Emotion
1019:Somatization disorder
815:serotonin transporter
773:French psychoanalyst
642:personality disorders
545:Associated conditions
519:psychosomatic illness
391:personality disorders
6153:Fictional characters
5891:Associated syndromes
5507:McDougall J (1985).
5486:McDougall J (1989).
5131:(7 Suppl): 137–142.
5068:Violence and Victims
4959:10.3149/jmh.1002.184
3213:Frith U (May 2004).
1443:10.3149/jms.2003.179
1076:No Place for Autism?
809:homozygous long (L)
727:, which can lead to
682:functional dyspepsia
6030:Violence and autism
5826:Comorbid conditions
4560:, pp. 93, 103.
4431:Brain and Cognition
4318:, pp. 190–216.
4306:, pp. 216–248.
1888:(Suppl 3): S85–90.
1601:(1428): 1517–1522.
860:some scholars find
572:clinical depression
559:Asperger's syndrome
223:emotional blindness
149:10% (lifetime risk)
136:Clinical Psychology
33:Emotional blindness
6235:Personality traits
5939:Fragile X syndrome
5746:Autistic catatonia
5467:Krystal H (1988).
5007:10.1002/jclp.20324
4681:Neuropsychobiology
3349:Neuropsychobiology
3026:, pp. 246–47.
2376:10.1111/jopy.12563
2248:10.1037/pas0000169
2049:10.1111/jopy.12563
1733:2018-11-02 at the
1570:on 11 October 2016
792:facial expressions
760:neuropsychological
493:due to restricted
473:Signs and symptoms
436:empirical research
227:neuropsychological
6207:
6206:
6187:
6186:
6084:Diagnostic scales
5984:Williams syndrome
5909:Angelman syndrome
5791:Special interests
5756:Autistic meltdown
5696:Asperger syndrome
5550:978-0-521-45610-4
5522:978-0-946960-70-5
5499:978-0-393-70082-4
5478:978-0-88163-070-1
5441:10.1159/000287568
5049:, pp. 26–46.
4828:10.1159/000107565
4693:10.1159/000329554
4529:10.1159/000083166
4408:10.1159/000287057
4188:10.1159/000012263
4016:10.1159/000288884
3951:, pp. 162–5.
3447:10.1159/000287730
3361:10.1159/000076412
3002:, p. 169-70.
2553:10.1159/000288571
2432:10.1159/000511988
2003:10.1159/000511988
1917:10.1159/000089224
1511:978-0-7879-4984-6
1475:978-1-4833-8427-6
1415:978-0-321-88345-2
1404:Karren K (2014).
1360:978-0-12-822290-4
1285:10.1159/000287827
1113:10.1159/000286529
960:Psychology portal
866:behavior genetics
802:Molecular genetic
662:anxiety disorders
623:substance abusers
539:life satisfaction
243:personality trait
153:
152:
19:Medical condition
6252:
6245:1970s neologisms
6191:
6179:Sensory friendly
6115:Screening scales
5974:Timothy syndrome
5881:Verbal Dyspraxia
5844:Anxiety disorder
5776:Nonverbal autism
5751:Autistic masking
5741:Autistic burnout
5599:
5592:
5585:
5576:
5554:
5535:
5526:
5514:
5503:
5482:
5453:
5452:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5397:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5343:Behaviour Change
5338:
5332:
5331:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5155:
5149:
5148:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5104:
5065:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5000:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4898:Neuropsychologia
4889:
4883:
4882:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4402:(1–4): 148–155.
4391:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4364:
4340:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4145:(4): 1057–1061.
4130:
4124:
4123:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4065:. Archived from
4034:
4028:
4027:
4010:(3–4): 156–162.
3999:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3827:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3736:(9): 1228–1230.
3725:
3719:
3718:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3621:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3504:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3312:(8): 1143–1145.
3300:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3164:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:, p. 432–3.
2973:
2967:
2966:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2704:(8): 1774–1785.
2689:
2683:
2682:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2434:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2370:(6): 1162–1176.
2355:
2346:
2345:
2320:(5): 1125–1136.
2309:
2303:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2043:(6): 1162–1176.
2031:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1846:(1–2): 124–134.
1835:
1829:
1828:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1747:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1646:(4–5): 277–289.
1635:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1503:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1185:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1041:
962:
957:
956:
955:
752:right hemisphere
666:sexual disorders
613:, 45% to 50% in
607:anorexia nervosa
455:R. Michael Bagby
343:
337:
336:
331:
325:
324:
319:
313:
312:
298:John Case Nemiah
217:
213:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
119:
115:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
42:
22:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6230:Neuropsychology
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6188:
6183:
6174:Autism-friendly
6162:
6136:
6110:
6079:
6034:
5988:
5954:Noonan syndrome
5914:CHARGE syndrome
5885:
5820:
5786:Savant syndrome
5723:
5717:
5674:
5655:Pathophysiology
5608:
5603:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5538:
5529:
5523:
5506:
5500:
5485:
5479:
5466:
5462:
5460:Further reading
5457:
5456:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5027:
5026:
5022:
4998:10.1.1.499.8287
4982:
4981:
4974:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4603:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4572:, p. 93-4.
4568:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4049:(11): 858–859.
4036:
4035:
4031:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3825:10.1.1.533.7505
3808:
3807:
3803:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3470:J Trauma Stress
3467:
3466:
3462:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2788:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2033:
2032:
2019:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1791:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1735:Wayback Machine
1715:
1711:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1361:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
958:
953:
951:
948:
904:
879:
823:5-HT1A receptor
775:Joyce McDougall
756:corpus callosum
745:
717:sexual behavior
710:substance abuse
644:, particularly
547:
523:substance abuse
475:
370:
306:alpha privative
290:
251:mental disorder
247:medical symptom
221:), also called
215:
211:
163:
159:
125:
117:
113:
62:
58:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6258:
6256:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6212:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6194:Classification
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6170:
6168:
6167:Accommodations
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6025:TEACCH program
6022:
6020:Neurodiversity
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5996:
5994:
5993:Related issues
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5919:Cohen syndrome
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5691:Classic autism
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5660:Sex and gender
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5560:External links
5558:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5536:
5527:
5521:
5504:
5498:
5483:
5477:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5435:(3): 154–164.
5419:
5382:BMC Psychiatry
5368:
5349:(3): 158–171.
5333:
5289:
5238:
5223:
5204:(5): 793–810.
5185:
5150:
5115:
5074:(5): 935–952.
5051:
5039:
5020:
4991:(1): 109–117.
4972:
4953:(2): 184–195.
4933:
4884:
4865:(3): 349–360.
4849:
4822:(6): 369–375.
4806:
4777:(3): 721–727.
4757:
4714:
4671:
4616:
4614:, p. 161.
4612:McDougall 1985
4601:
4574:
4570:McDougall 1989
4562:
4558:McDougall 1989
4550:
4507:
4480:(9): 834–844.
4464:
4437:(2): 246–258.
4421:
4386:
4343:Oka T (2020).
4332:
4320:
4308:
4293:
4272:(6): 508–516.
4266:Psychosomatics
4252:
4225:(8): 490–494.
4209:
4166:
4125:
4098:(2): 170–174.
4082:
4043:Psychosomatics
4029:
3994:
3973:(2): 115–121.
3953:
3941:
3914:(2): 141–148.
3898:
3871:(7): 633–645.
3855:
3818:(5): 807–812.
3801:
3774:(3): 259–267.
3755:
3720:
3701:(3): 195–198.
3682:
3653:(3): 179–185.
3633:
3612:(3): 229–234.
3606:Psychosomatics
3592:
3573:(2): 219–222.
3554:
3513:(3): 406–417.
3487:
3460:
3441:(2): 122–126.
3425:
3398:(4): 361–367.
3382:
3339:
3295:
3266:(4): 573–576.
3246:
3225:(4): 672–686.
3202:
3175:(2): 229–235.
3156:
3107:
3086:(6): 523–529.
3080:Psychosomatics
3066:
3047:
3028:
3016:
3004:
3000:McDougall 1985
2992:
2990:, p. 246.
2980:
2968:
2933:
2921:
2894:
2882:
2873:
2852:(6): 432–447.
2832:
2797:
2739:
2684:
2637:
2591:(3): 396–412.
2566:
2547:(1–2): 34–41.
2531:
2485:(3): 449–487.
2462:
2425:(3): 145–155.
2405:
2347:
2304:
2277:(6): 649–659.
2261:
2242:(6): 627–638.
2226:
2209:
2168:
2118:
2100:
2070:
2017:
1996:(3): 145–155.
1973:
1954:(3): 239–243.
1938:
1895:
1865:
1830:
1819:(3): 413–434.
1800:
1739:
1709:
1688:(5): 385–392.
1682:Psychosomatics
1665:
1630:
1581:
1555:
1534:
1518:
1510:
1481:
1474:
1456:
1437:(3): 179–186.
1421:
1414:
1396:
1384:
1359:
1333:
1314:(2): 133–141.
1298:
1279:(1–4): 80–89.
1263:
1236:(3): 899–904.
1215:
1166:
1126:
1107:(2): 255–262.
1091:
1085:978-1915271815
1084:
1066:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Disaffectation
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
964:
963:
947:
944:
903:
900:
878:
875:
819:synaptic cleft
779:disaffectation
744:
741:
619:panic disorder
564:theory of mind
546:
543:
474:
471:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
415:
414:
411:
408:
369:
368:Classification
366:
289:
286:
270:cultural norms
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
133:
127:
126:
124:
123:
108:
55:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6257:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6040:Controversies
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5964:Rett syndrome
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Down syndrome
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:and phenomena
5720:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5595:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5227:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5116:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4072:on 2012-07-14
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3476:(1): 83–100.
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2931:, p. 37.
2930:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2892:, p. 38.
2891:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2224:, p. 29.
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2101:9780123869159
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
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1211:
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1199:
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1190:
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1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
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1009:Prosopagnosia
1007:
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945:
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931:
928:
927:Mentalisation
924:
919:
917:
911:
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899:
895:
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887:
883:
877:Relationships
876:
874:
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867:
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857:
855:
851:
850:catecholamine
847:
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839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
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808:
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799:
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788:
784:
783:phenomenology
780:
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748:
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584:hyperactivity
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569:
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560:
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536:
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515:psychotherapy
511:
508:
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492:
488:
484:
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472:
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468:
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460:
456:
453:Psychologist
451:
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367:
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362:alexithymiacs
359:
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318:
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302:Ancient Greek
299:
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52:Pronunciation
50:
45:
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5730:
5640:Heritability
5630:Epidemiology
5540:
5531:
5510:
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5381:
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5201:
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5166:(1): 41–62.
5163:
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5124:
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5107:. Retrieved
5071:
5067:
5054:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5023:
4988:
4984:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4901:
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4727:
4723:
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4687:(2): 76–82.
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4587:
4583:
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4523:(2): 81–92.
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4399:
4395:
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4328:Krystal 1988
4323:
4311:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4182:(2): 75–80.
4179:
4175:
4169:
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4139:Hypertension
4138:
4128:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4074:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4046:
4042:
4032:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3970:
3966:
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3944:
3911:
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3865:Brain Injury
3864:
3858:
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3804:
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3723:
3698:
3694:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3570:
3566:
3546:. Retrieved
3510:
3506:
3473:
3469:
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3438:
3434:
3428:
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3355:(2): 64–70.
3352:
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3222:
3218:
3172:
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3120:
3110:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3024:Krystal 1988
3019:
3007:
2995:
2988:Krystal 1988
2983:
2971:
2949:(1): 17–31.
2946:
2942:
2936:
2924:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2885:
2876:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2813:(1): 75–82.
2810:
2806:
2800:
2789:. Retrieved
2759:(1): 67–77.
2756:
2752:
2742:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2588:
2584:
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2534:
2523:. Retrieved
2482:
2478:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2367:
2363:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2185:
2181:
2171:
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2134:
2110:. Retrieved
2083:
2073:
2040:
2036:
1993:
1989:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1911:(1): 25–39.
1908:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1816:
1812:
1792:. Retrieved
1759:
1755:
1720:
1712:
1685:
1681:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1558:
1546:
1529:
1499:
1465:
1459:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1387:
1342:
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1301:
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1233:
1229:
1193:
1187:
1147:(1): 23–32.
1144:
1140:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1075:
1069:
1058:. Retrieved
1049:
1039:
936:chronic pain
932:
920:
912:
908:
905:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
862:twin studies
858:
834:polymorphism
800:
796:
786:
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749:
746:
737:
706:binge eating
702:
698:fibromyalgia
670:hypertension
639:
604:
588:
548:
527:
512:
504:
476:
452:
448:
433:
416:
402:
399:
371:
361:
358:alexithymics
357:
348:
346:
293:
291:
281:
259:
222:
155:
154:
6058:MMR vaccine
5796:Infodumping
5771:Monotropism
5766:Late talker
5731:Alexithymia
5635:Epigenetics
4904:: 142–148.
4730:: 274–279.
4636:: 232–238.
3127:: 215–220.
2910:: 107–115.
2141:: 341–352.
2086:: 227–256.
1728:icd.who.int
1726:. Genova –
1196:: 341–352.
658:schizotypal
591:Vietnam War
495:imagination
440:daydreaming
349:alexithymia
294:alexithymia
274:masculinity
266:subclinical
156:Alexithymia
30:Other names
25:Alexithymia
6214:Categories
6068:Thiomersal
5811:Echopraxia
5761:Hyperlexia
5492:. Norton.
5388:(1): 185.
5109:2023-06-05
5036:: 351–365.
4590:: 139–55.
4076:2006-12-17
3548:2023-06-05
2791:2007-08-10
2657:: 110138.
2631:2023-06-19
2525:2023-06-19
2188:: 112375.
2112:2021-05-01
1882:Rev Neurol
1794:2021-05-01
1574:11 October
1060:2023-05-22
1044:Serani D.
1031:References
790:nonverbal
723:(ANS) and
535:depression
444:aphantasia
442:; compare
393:, such as
235:attachment
140:Psychiatry
6225:Cognition
6073:Chelation
5806:Echolalia
5679:Diagnoses
5670:Therapies
5625:Diagnosis
5306:: 33–46.
5218:144438014
5180:144200365
4993:CiteSeerX
4967:1532-6306
4666:255081636
4650:0165-0327
3820:CiteSeerX
3535:254378167
2868:0005-0067
2718:0149-7634
2679:224870754
2671:0191-8869
2621:251132219
2605:0022-3891
2515:232430204
2499:0269-9931
2457:227946625
2441:0033-3190
2400:218984376
2384:0022-3506
2342:143728880
2334:0269-9931
2204:0191-8869
2163:148867428
2155:0191-8869
2065:218984376
1784:149815915
1776:0191-8869
1762:: 32–44.
1516:pp. 40–59
1451:147645682
1210:148867428
902:Treatment
827:serotonin
733:anhedonic
654:dependent
617:, 34% in
609:, 56% in
599:Holocaust
551:co-occurs
507:dysphoria
491:fantasies
354:impassive
292:The term
288:Etymology
146:Frequency
131:Specialty
5861:Epilepsy
5801:Stimming
5414:29890960
5363:42495760
5328:58594332
5320:30605861
5284:24312069
5100:Archived
5088:28810935
5015:17016830
4928:26801227
4836:17917473
4801:26996573
4744:25247748
4709:26543708
4701:22222552
4658:36566943
4545:37677853
4537:15741757
4502:10963766
4459:29419777
4381:32999684
4288:15546828
4247:12385601
4204:46763537
4161:10205248
4120:22350032
4112:16151475
3989:16575427
3936:15019411
3928:23021894
3893:13877968
3885:12119081
3850:22630865
3842:16204442
3796:34126700
3788:19548166
3677:20046363
3628:11351111
3539:Archived
3527:25008189
3420:20228527
3412:23864438
3377:45311366
3369:14981336
3334:28686022
3326:17080269
3290:16755385
3241:15056300
3189:15162941
3151:27253723
3102:18071100
3044:: 25–37.
2827:10088984
2785:Archived
2781:39620868
2773:10575975
2734:33945541
2726:23886515
2625:Archived
2613:35900047
2519:Archived
2507:33787442
2449:33285546
2392:32463926
2291:27217088
2256:26168310
2106:Archived
2057:32463926
2012:33285546
1933:28825301
1925:16361872
1890:Archived
1788:Archived
1731:Archived
1719:(2022).
1704:11015624
1660:16206913
1625:10467743
1379:34389125
1328:22273734
1258:32358430
1250:23245426
1054:Archived
946:See also
854:dopamine
807:5-HTTLPR
714:perverse
686:migraine
678:diabetes
650:avoidant
646:schizoid
629:such as
568:etiology
479:feelings
377:and the
278:feminine
231:emotions
6220:Agnosia
6158:Schools
5645:History
5449:7178397
5405:5996479
5275:3832802
5258:: 861.
5145:8659637
5096:5016730
4919:4752907
4879:9014000
4844:5879112
4792:4800363
4752:7545489
4494:9347133
4451:9220088
4372:7520027
4239:1856712
4196:9556198
4063:6505131
4024:8066152
3980:1413961
3750:2386256
3715:7648842
3668:2796028
3587:8401555
3455:6878595
3281:2092499
3142:4962768
3063:: 1–10.
2561:1584897
2299:2734992
1968:8045115
1860:2231235
1616:1690171
1370:8456171
1293:6514973
1161:8126686
1121:4770536
729:somatic
611:bulimia
576:anxiety
531:anxiety
499:logical
483:arousal
383:symptom
308:prefix
225:, is a
5650:Memory
5620:Causes
5606:Autism
5570:Curlie
5547:
5519:
5496:
5475:
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2161:
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2055:
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1256:
1248:
1208:
1159:
1119:
1082:
842:Rs4680
831:Rs6295
811:allele
787:infans
743:Causes
694:asthma
631:stroke
487:dreams
379:ICD-11
341:thȳmós
218:-mee-ə
120:-mee-ə
107:
6141:Lists
5359:S2CID
5324:S2CID
5214:S2CID
5176:S2CID
5103:(PDF)
5092:S2CID
5064:(PDF)
4840:S2CID
4748:S2CID
4705:S2CID
4662:S2CID
4541:S2CID
4498:S2CID
4455:S2CID
4243:S2CID
4200:S2CID
4116:S2CID
4070:(PDF)
3932:S2CID
3889:S2CID
3846:S2CID
3792:S2CID
3542:(PDF)
3531:S2CID
3503:(PDF)
3416:S2CID
3373:S2CID
3330:S2CID
3193:S2CID
2777:S2CID
2730:S2CID
2675:S2CID
2617:S2CID
2511:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2396:S2CID
2338:S2CID
2295:S2CID
2159:S2CID
2061:S2CID
1929:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1548:Duden
1447:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1206:S2CID
1184:(PDF)
764:brain
593:with
375:DSM-5
335:θῡμός
329:léxis
323:λέξις
249:, or
214:-sih-
116:-sih-
5613:Main
5545:ISBN
5517:ISBN
5494:ISBN
5473:ISBN
5445:PMID
5410:PMID
5316:PMID
5280:PMID
5141:PMID
5084:PMID
5011:PMID
4963:ISSN
4924:PMID
4875:PMID
4832:PMID
4797:PMID
4740:PMID
4697:PMID
4654:PMID
4646:ISSN
4533:PMID
4490:PMID
4447:PMID
4412:PMID
4377:PMID
4284:PMID
4235:PMID
4192:PMID
4157:PMID
4108:PMID
4059:PMID
4020:PMID
3985:PMID
3924:PMID
3881:PMID
3838:PMID
3784:PMID
3746:PMID
3711:PMID
3673:PMID
3624:PMID
3583:PMID
3523:PMID
3451:PMID
3408:PMID
3365:PMID
3322:PMID
3286:PMID
3237:PMID
3185:PMID
3147:PMID
3098:PMID
2959:PMID
2864:ISSN
2823:PMID
2769:PMID
2722:PMID
2714:ISSN
2667:ISSN
2609:PMID
2601:ISSN
2557:PMID
2503:PMID
2495:ISSN
2445:PMID
2437:ISSN
2388:PMID
2380:ISSN
2330:ISSN
2287:PMID
2252:PMID
2200:ISSN
2151:ISSN
2096:ISBN
2053:PMID
2008:PMID
1964:PMID
1921:PMID
1856:PMID
1772:ISSN
1700:PMID
1656:PMID
1621:PMID
1576:2016
1506:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1375:PMID
1355:ISBN
1324:PMID
1289:PMID
1246:PMID
1157:PMID
1117:PMID
1080:ISBN
680:and
664:and
656:and
580:ADHD
461:and
237:and
5568:at
5437:doi
5400:PMC
5390:doi
5351:doi
5308:doi
5270:PMC
5260:doi
5206:doi
5168:doi
5133:doi
5129:153
5076:doi
5003:doi
4955:doi
4914:PMC
4906:doi
4867:doi
4824:doi
4787:PMC
4779:doi
4732:doi
4689:doi
4638:doi
4634:324
4592:doi
4525:doi
4482:doi
4439:doi
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4367:PMC
4357:doi
4274:doi
4227:doi
4223:179
4184:doi
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4051:doi
4012:doi
3975:PMC
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3776:doi
3738:doi
3734:147
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3663:PMC
3655:doi
3614:doi
3575:doi
3515:doi
3478:doi
3443:doi
3400:doi
3357:doi
3314:doi
3276:PMC
3268:doi
3227:doi
3177:doi
3137:PMC
3129:doi
3088:doi
2951:doi
2912:doi
2854:doi
2815:doi
2761:doi
2706:doi
2659:doi
2655:166
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2322:doi
2279:doi
2244:doi
2190:doi
2186:215
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1956:doi
1913:doi
1848:doi
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1764:doi
1760:132
1690:doi
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1599:266
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1365:PMC
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574:or
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360:or
272:of
216:THY
212:LEK
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