358:
495:) circulating around the time that al-Farghani wrote his treatise, al-Farghani notes in his treatise that he was not aware of any such documents, suggesting that his treatise was a purely original work. Al-Farghani's treatise on the astrolabe provides the mathematical basis for the construction of the astrolabe, along with tables containing thousands of data points enabling the construction of astrolabes that function at varying lines of longitude. Though a theoretical basis for the construction of an astrolabe is presented in this work, the treatise lacked specific methods for physical construction because the purpose of the treatise was not to give instructions for building an astrolabe, but rather to provide mathematical justification for the functionality of the astrolabe. The work
370:
327:, which was completed in the year 861. This instrument allowed the height of the Nile to be measured in the event of a flood. Also in Cairo, al-Farghani was tasked with building a canal, called al-Ja‘fari, by the two brothers Muhammad and Ahmad ibn Musa, who were themselves ordered by
471:
contains an additional section discussing
Ptolemy's 48 constellations, which was probably also written by al-Farghani, but is not found in other translations of the book. Drawing primarily from Anatoli's Hebrew translation, but also from John of Seville's previous Latin translation,
58:
1176:كتاب محمد بن كثير الفرغاني في الحركات السماوية وجوامع علم النجوم، بتفسير الشيخ الفاضل يعقوب غوليوس / Muhammedis Fil. Ketiri Ferganensis, qui vulgo Alfraganus dicitur, Elementa astronomica, Arabicè & Latinè. Cum notis ad res exoticas sive Orientales, quae in iis occurrunt
422:
contained these numerical corrections, the summary itself did not emphasize the mathematics of
Ptolemy's astronomical theory and was instead focused more on conveying the conceptual parts of the theory in an easily-understood manner. Al-Farghani's book was translated into
216:
court in
Baghdad, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century. Al-Farghani composed several works on astronomy and astronomical equipment that were widely distributed in Arabic and Latin and were influential to many scientists. His best known work,
348:
There is some debate about whether the two names for al-Farghani, Muhammad ibn Kath lr and Ahmad ibn
Muhammad ibn Kat, mentioned in historical sources refer to two different people, but most historians argue that both names describe just one al-Farghani.
331:
to oversee the construction of the canal. Reports indicate that al-Farghani made a critical mistake in the design of the canal, and had the entrance of the canal dug too deep for water to enter the rest of the canal without unusually high water levels.
491:, which is the oldest surviving document that details the theoretical construction and use of the tool. Although historical sources indicate that there were probably other documents regarding the theory of astrolabes (including one written by
336:
was enraged when he heard of the mistake, and so he sent Sanad ibn ‘Ali to assess the culpability of the brothers
Muhammad and Ahmad who contracted al-Fraghani to build it. Sanad ibn ‘Ali ultimately reported (deceitfully) to
357:
1213:
Yavuz Unat, El-Fergânî, Cevami İlm en-Nucûm ve Usûl el-Harekât es-Semâviyye, Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün
Hareketlerinin Esası, T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, Bilimin ve Felsefenin Doğulu Öncüleri Dizisi 14, Ankara
1220:
484:
published the Arabic text on the basis of a manuscript he had acquired in the Near East, accompanied by Golius' own Latin translation, the last recorded, and extensive notes and revisions.
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that there was no mistake in the design of the canal created by al-Farghani, which delayed any consequences long enough for the controversy to cease abruptly after the assassination of
1277:
3306:
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1611:
1185:, textual analysis, translation into Turkish, critical edition & facsimile by Yavuz Unat, edited by Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin, Harvard University 1998.
237:
as Roman miles). In addition to making substantial contributions to astronomy, al-Farghani also worked as an engineer, supervising construction projects on rivers in
1429:
3296:
1338:
1217:
Yavuz Unat, “Fergânî’nin ‘Astronominin Özeti ve Göğün
Hareketlerinin Esasları’ Adlı Astronomi Eseri”, DTCF Dergisi, Cilt 38, Sayı 1–2, Ankara 1998, s. 405–423.
986:"Al-Farghānī On the Astrolabe, Richard Lorch (Ed.), in: Boethius, Band 52, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (2005), viii + 447 pp. 80.00€, ISBN: 3-515-08713-3".
406:
that included the findings and revised values of earlier
Islamic astronomers. Among the revisions included in the book were corrections to calculations of the
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1404:
528:. This error caused him to underestimate the Earth's circumference, leading him to sail to North America while he believed that he was taking a shortcut to
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309:. Later he moved to Cairo, where he composed a treatise on the astrolabe around 856. There, he also supervised the construction of the large
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Al-Farghani was born sometime in the early 9th century, and his last name suggests that his birthplace was most likely in
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containing revised and more accurate experimental data. Christopher
Columbus used Al Farghani's calculations for his
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973:, in Arabic and Latin, year 1669, translation by Golius. Alfraganus is a medieval Latin spelling of Al-Farghani.
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Al-Farghani also wrote several documents about astronomical instruments. His most famous is his treatise on the
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Elements of
Chronology and Astronomy - Muhamedis Alfragani Arabis Chronologica et astronomica elementa
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in 861 that resulted in the canal remaining unfinished. Al-Farghani died in Egypt sometime after 861.
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660:, Vol. 2, ed. P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1978), 760.
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suggests that al-Farghani was also responsible for writing a book about the use and function of
369:
174:
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796:"Al-Farghānī on the 48 Ptolemaic Constellations: A Newly Discovered Text in Hebrew Translation"
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2012:
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1515:
899:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
302:
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2007:
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74:
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prior to 1175. These translations remained very popular in Europe until the time of
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1971:
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Al-Farghānī on the Astrolabe. Arabic text edited with translation and commentary
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used al-Farghani's estimate for the Earth's circumference as the basis for his
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1986:
1930:
1601:
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1510:
1394:
488:
310:
178:
135:
811:
624:
708:
Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards
17:
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length, together with a team of scientists under the patronage of the
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78:
1149:"Farghānī: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī"
381:
The most influential work produced by al-Farghani was his textbook
3157:
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424:
415:
368:
356:
284:
242:
238:
3152:
3127:
1247:
Book of generalities of astronomy and bases of celestial motions
1080:
710:. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.
529:
525:
260:
2657:
2043:
1297:
1259:
678:
2116:
443:'s knowledge of Ptolemaic astronomy, which is evident in his
1237:
Muḥammad al-Farghānī's Elements of Chronology and Astronomy
455:, seems to have been drawn from his reading of Alfraganus.
1242:
Kitāb jawāmi' 'ilm al-nujūm wa uṣūl al-ḥarakāt al-samāwīya
1120:"Farghānī, Abu'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Kathīr al-"
418:
of the Sun and the Moon. Though al-Farghani's summary of
191:
Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī
30:"Alfraganus" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see
609:"Ahmad al-Farghani and His "Compendium of Astronomy""
520:. However, Columbus mistook al-Farghani's 7091-foot
147:
3166:
3075:
2859:
2808:
2692:
2612:
2581:
2522:
2311:
2178:
2114:
2054:
2000:
1964:
1903:
1842:
1741:
1670:
1589:
1458:
1362:
1321:
480:in 1590. In the 17th century the Dutch orientalist
158:
141:
131:
121:
116:
106:
101:
85:
67:
41:
1178:, Amsterdam 1669; Reprint Frankfurt 1986 and 1997.
936:
856:
562:
696:The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy
212: – 870), was an astronomer in the
467:sometime from 1231 to 1235. This translation of
1049:Lorch, Richard; Kunitzsch, Paul (2013-04-01).
734:. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2007.
398:, written sometime between about 833 and 857.
396:Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions
223:Elements of astronomy on the celestial motions
2669:
1271:
1239:(an Arabic edition with Latin translation of
509:, though no copies exist in the present day.
8:
1240:
1153:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
859:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
476:translated yet another Latin translation of
386:
732:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2676:
2662:
2654:
2058:
2051:
2040:
1307:
1294:
1278:
1264:
1256:
694:, CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Henry Corbin,
56:
38:
3307:Mathematicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
3302:Astronomers of the medieval Islamic world
943:. Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P. p.
225:), was an extensive summary of Ptolemy's
199:أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني
50:أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني
1151:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
925:(London: Gall and Inglis, 1913), 233-34.
764:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
673:" The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. .
392:A Compendium of the Science of the Stars
1287:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
1077:Columbus’s Geographical Miscalculations
553:
542:List of Iranian scientists and scholars
402:was a descriptive summary of Ptolemy's
3297:Astronomers from the Abbasid Caliphate
2084:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
1430:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
2105:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
1019:
1017:
981:
979:
892:
890:
888:
847:
845:
762:Palmeri, JoAnn; Bolt, Marvin (2014).
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
7:
789:
787:
785:
783:
757:
755:
753:
751:
561:Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1970).
317:(in Old Cairo) at the behest of the
1155:. New York: Springer. p. 357.
698:, North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44
449:as well as other works such as the
387:
313:, called the New Nilometer, on the
198:
3312:9th-century Iranian mathematicians
1223:Al-Farghani and the “Short Degree”
1125:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
565:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
62:The statue of al-Farghani in Cairo
25:
569:. Scribner in New York. pp.
27:Abbasid astronomer (c. 800 – 870)
3317:9th-century Iranian astronomers
1809:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
1063:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_26973
923:Dante and the Early Astronomers
219:Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūmi
2298:Schema for horizontal sundials
1814:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
1339:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
658:The Cambridge History of Islam
383:Kitāb fī Jawāmiʿ ʿIlm al-Nujūm
361:Portrait of Alfraganus in the
1:
3292:Transoxanian Islamic scholars
1118:Sabra, Abdelhamid I. (1971).
1096:So, Who Did Discover America?
1055:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
607:Abdukhalimov, Bahrom (1999).
206:
2556:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
679:https://www.encyclopedia.com
233:(but mistakenly interpreted
2545:University of al-Qarawiyyin
1749:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
267:. He has been described as
154:, Treatise on the Astrolabe
148:
3338:
1789:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
1225:, 1992, Saudi Aramco World
1075:Douglas McCormick (2012),
994:(4): 433–434. 2007-11-01.
692:The Data Book of Astronomy
613:Journal of Islamic Studies
408:circumference of the Earth
221:(whose name translates to
29:
2630:Medieval European science
2061:
2050:
2039:
1890:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
1647:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
1310:
1306:
1293:
1183:The Elements of Astronomy
1128:. Vol. 4. New York:
459:was also translated into
275:. He was involved in the
184:
97:
55:
48:
1880:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
1774:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
1415:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
1000:10.1016/j.hm.2006.11.003
388:كتاب في جوامع علم النجوم
49:
3322:9th-century Arab people
3256:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
3236:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
1982:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
1956:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
1834:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
1754:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
1147:DeYoung, Gregg (2007).
1130:Charles Scribner's Sons
935:Scott, John A. (2004).
901:. Dordrecht: Springer.
897:Selin, Helaine (2008).
427:in the 12th century by
3186:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
3181:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
2867:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
2263:Navigational astrolabe
2018:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
1784:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1703:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
1652:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
1581:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
1241:
1174:Jacobus Golius (ed.),
828:10.2979/aleph.16.2.249
812:10.2979/aleph.16.2.249
766:. New York: Springer.
378:
366:
363:Compilatio astronomica
3083:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
2967:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
2795:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
2705:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
2599:Hellenistic astronomy
2570:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
2364:Deferent and epicycle
1764:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
1733:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
1375:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1198:Richard Lorch (ed.),
1104:, Volume 63, Issue 12
865:Yale University Press
794:Sela, Shlomo (2016).
512:In the 15th century,
431:in 1135 and later by
375:Ferghani lunar crater
372:
360:
3191:Abu Muslim Khorasani
2897:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
2887:Abu Layth Samarqandi
2785:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2760:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
2589:Babylonian astronomy
2404:Gravitational energy
1779:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1769:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
1450:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
1349:Mashallah ibn Athari
1334:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
1132:. pp. 541–545.
1024:Al-Farghani (2005).
988:Historia Mathematica
970:Elementa astronomica
625:10.1093/jis/10.2.142
514:Christopher Columbus
265:Farghana, Uzbekistan
251:is named after him.
163:Christopher Columbus
3287:People from Fergana
2530:Al-Azhar University
2349:Celestial mechanics
2139:Book of Fixed Stars
2098:The Book of Healing
2077:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
1819:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
1794:Zakariya al-Qazwini
1405:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
1400:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
1251:Library of Congress
1202:, Stuttgart, 2005,
939:Understanding Dante
690:Sir Patrick Moore,
377:is named after him.
245:. The lunar crater
167:Nicolaus Copernicus
102:Academic background
32:Alfraganus (crater)
3282:9th-century deaths
3176:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
3057:Tha'labi Nishapuri
2872:Abu Barakat Nasafi
2700:Abu Hatam Isfizari
2594:Egyptian astronomy
2535:House of Knowledge
2213:Astronomical clock
2023:Muhammad al-Rudani
1420:Banū Mūsā brothers
1370:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
1092:S. Frederick Starr
524:to be a 4856-foot
518:voyages to America
379:
367:
231:voyages to America
126:Islamic Golden Age
3269:
3268:
3231:Khalid ibn Barmak
3206:Ata-Malik Juvayni
3169:political figures
3076:Poets and artists
2932:Fatima Samarqandi
2836:Haji Bektash Veli
2715:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2625:Chinese astronomy
2620:Byzantine science
2494:Temporal finitism
2424:Islamic cosmology
2354:Celestial spheres
2174:
2173:
2066:Arabic star names
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
1895:Fathullah Shirazi
1829:Al-Ashraf Umar II
1541:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
1344:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
1162:978-0-387-31022-0
954:978-0-268-04451-0
908:978-1-4020-4425-0
773:978-1-4419-9917-7
741:978-0-684-31559-1
675:Encyclopedia.com.
433:Gerard of Cremona
188:
187:
152:) of the Almagest
16:(Redirected from
3329:
3261:Shihab al-Nasawi
3246:Tahir ibn Husayn
3118:Farrukhi Sistani
3093:Aruzi Samarqandi
2892:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
2860:Islamic scholars
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2635:Indian astronomy
2604:Indian astronomy
2572:
2565:
2558:
2479:Sublunary sphere
2469:Specific gravity
2369:Earth's rotation
2258:Mural instrument
2203:Armillary sphere
2126:Alfonsine tables
2091:Tabula Rogeriana
2071:Islamic calendar
2059:
2052:
2041:
1936:Sibt al-Maridini
1921:Jamshid al-Kashi
1642:Said al-Andalusi
1445:Thābit ibn Qurra
1380:Abu Said Gorgani
1354:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
1308:
1295:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1244:
1195:
1166:
1143:
1105:
1089:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1026:On the Astrolabe
1021:
1012:
1011:
983:
974:
965:
959:
958:
942:
932:
926:
919:
913:
912:
894:
883:
882:
862:
849:
840:
839:
791:
778:
777:
759:
746:
745:
728:
711:
705:
699:
688:
682:
667:
661:
651:
645:
644:
604:
585:
584:
568:
558:
498:Kitāb al-Fihrist
474:Jacob Christmann
390:
389:
211:
208:
201:) also known as
200:
151:
146:The compendium (
60:
39:
21:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3216:Abu Ali Bal'ami
3201:Ali-Shir Nava'i
3168:
3162:
3103:Attar Nishapuri
3071:
2952:Hakim Nishapuri
2882:Abu Hafs Nasafi
2855:
2804:
2720:Abu Zayd Balkhi
2688:
2682:
2652:
2639:
2608:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2540:House of Wisdom
2518:
2474:Spherical Earth
2307:
2238:Equatorial ring
2218:Celestial globe
2193:Analog computer
2170:
2165:Sullam al-sama'
2110:
2046:
2027:
1996:
1960:
1899:
1838:
1737:
1723:Jabir ibn Aflah
1666:
1597:Abu Nasr Mansur
1585:
1566:Abolfadl Harawi
1501:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
1454:
1358:
1329:Ahmad Nahavandi
1317:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1233:
1188:
1163:
1146:
1140:
1117:
1114:
1112:Further reading
1109:
1108:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1015:
985:
984:
977:
966:
962:
955:
934:
933:
929:
920:
916:
909:
896:
895:
886:
879:
851:
850:
843:
793:
792:
781:
774:
761:
760:
749:
742:
730:
729:
714:
706:
702:
689:
685:
668:
664:
652:
648:
606:
605:
588:
581:
560:
559:
555:
550:
538:
446:Divina Commedia
441:Dante Alighieri
429:John of Seville
355:
257:
209:
93:
90:
81:
72:
63:
51:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Ibn Khordadbeh
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3167:Historians and
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Hakim Tirmidhi
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Elliptic orbit
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Circular orbit
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2145:Toledan Tables
2142:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Yang Guangxian
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1662:Ali ibn Khalaf
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Kushyar Gilani
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Ali ibn Ridwan
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Haseb-i Tabari
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Sahl ibn Bishr
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1232:
1231:External links
1229:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1196:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1144:
1138:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1084:
1068:
1041:
1035:978-3515087131
1034:
1013:
975:
960:
953:
927:
914:
907:
884:
877:
841:
806:(2): 249–365.
779:
772:
747:
740:
712:
700:
683:
662:
646:
619:(2): 142–158.
586:
579:
552:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
537:
534:
410:, the Earth's
354:
351:
256:
253:
186:
185:
182:
181:
160:
156:
155:
143:
139:
138:
133:
132:Main interests
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
87:
83:
82:
75:Fergana valley
73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Yahya Barmaki
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Nizam al-Mulk
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Nasir Khusraw
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Mulla al-Qari
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Nasir Khusraw
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Hasib Marwazi
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:Observatories
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Triangulation
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Heliocentrism
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Shadow square
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:Zij-i Sultani
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:Zij-i Ilkhani
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Kadızade Rumi
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Ibn al-Shatir
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Ibn al‐Raqqam
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Ibn al-Kammad
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Ibn al-Saffar
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
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1101:History Today
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1051:"al-Farghānī"
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437:Regiomontanus
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334:Al-Mutawakkil
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329:al-Mutawakkil
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205:in the West (
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142:Notable works
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117:Academic work
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37:
33:
19:
3143:Rabia Balkhi
2809:Philosophers
2790:Omar Khayyam
2724:
2523:Institutions
2374:Eccentricity
2334:Astrophysics
2228:Compass rose
2163:
2156:
2149:
2137:
2130:
2115:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
1941:Ibn al-Majdi
1916:Abd al‐Wajid
1875:Al-Wabkanawi
1870:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
1759:Jamal ad-Din
1728:Omar Khayyam
1556:Al-ʻIjliyyah
1531:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
1516:Ibn al-A'lam
1435:Al-Khwarizmi
1384:
1249:") from the
1246:
1222:
1221:Paul Lunde,
1199:
1190:
1182:
1181:El-Fergânî,
1175:
1152:
1123:
1099:
1087:
1071:
1054:
1044:
1025:
991:
987:
969:
968:Alfraganus:
963:
938:
930:
922:
917:
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858:
803:
799:
763:
731:
707:
703:
695:
691:
686:
677:6 Dec. 2018
674:
671:Al-Farghani.
665:
657:
653:
649:
616:
612:
564:
556:
511:
503:Ibn al-Nadim
496:
493:al-Khwarizmi
486:
482:Jacob Golius
477:
468:
456:
450:
444:
399:
395:
391:
382:
380:
362:
347:
315:Rawda Island
293:meridian arc
258:
246:
235:Arabic miles
222:
218:
202:
190:
189:
145:
36:
3221:Gawhar Shad
3067:Zamakhshari
3047:Shaykh Tusi
2962:Ibn Mubarak
2851:Shahrastani
2509:Tusi couple
2499:Trepidation
2464:Salah times
2399:Geocentrism
2273:Planisphere
2253:Graph paper
2180:Instruments
2132:Huihui Lifa
2013:Ehmedê Xanî
1972:Al-Birjandi
1951:al-Kubunani
1708:Abu al-Salt
1657:Al-Isfizari
1617:Ibn al-Samh
1496:Abu al-Wafa
1481:al-Khojandi
1385:Al-Farghani
1300:Astronomers
1194:(in Latin).
1169:PDF version
1028:. Steiner.
522:Arabic mile
289:measurement
277:calculation
89:9th century
71:9th century
43:Al-Farghānī
3276:Categories
3098:Asadi Tusi
2992:Marghinani
2957:Ibn Hibban
2877:Abu Hanifa
2755:Ibn Hayyan
2730:Ali Qushji
2725:Alfraganus
2693:Scientists
2684:People of
2613:Influenced
2582:Influences
2454:Precession
2434:Multiverse
2339:Axial tilt
2319:Almucantar
2303:Triquetrum
2243:Equatorium
1992:Takiyüddin
1865:al-Battiwi
1860:Ibn Shuayb
1855:Al-Khalili
1698:Al-Khazini
1693:Al-Kharaqī
1688:Ibn Tufail
1678:Al-Bitruji
1612:Al-Zarqālī
1576:al-Majriti
1526:Al-Saghani
1521:Al-Nayrizi
1506:al-Battani
1425:Iranshahri
1410:Al-Marwazi
1314:by century
867:. p.
548:References
526:Roman mile
414:, and the
412:axial tilt
248:Alfraganus
210: 800
203:Alfraganus
171:Al-Jūzjānī
159:Influenced
107:Influences
18:Alfraganus
3052:Taftazani
3037:Sajawandi
2846:Sijistani
2775:Khwarizmi
2489:Supernova
2444:Obliquity
2429:Moonlight
2329:Astrology
2208:Astrolabe
1987:Piri Reis
1977:al-Khafri
1946:al-Wafa'i
1931:Ulugh Beg
1911:Ali Kuşçu
1885:al-Jadiri
1804:al-Abhari
1602:al-Biruni
1536:Ibn Yunus
1511:Al-Qabisi
1486:al-Khazin
1395:Al-Mahani
1008:0315-0860
836:171343050
820:1565-1525
633:0955-2340
489:astrolabe
311:Nilometer
303:al-Ma'mūn
179:Al-Qabisi
175:al-Bīrūnī
136:Astronomy
3123:Ferdowsi
3062:Tirmidhi
3042:Sarakhsi
3022:Qushayri
2997:Maturidi
2942:Ghaznawi
2826:Avicenna
2770:Khojandi
2740:Birjandi
2735:Avicenna
2710:Abu Wafa
2686:Khorasan
2563:Maragheh
2514:Universe
2484:Sunlight
2449:Parallax
2439:Muwaqqit
2379:Ecliptic
2312:Concepts
2278:Quadrant
2198:Aperture
1713:Averroes
1683:Avempace
1627:Avicenna
1561:Nastulus
1551:al-Sijzi
1476:Al-Adami
1390:Al-Kindi
1094:(2013),
855:(2010).
641:26198032
536:See also
507:sundials
478:Elements
469:Elements
457:Elements
452:Convivio
420:Almagest
404:Almagest
400:Elements
319:ʿAbbāsid
297:ʿAbbāsid
281:diameter
227:Almagest
3196:Gardizi
3133:Kashifi
3007:Muqatil
2987:Lamishi
2982:Kashifi
2972:Juwayni
2937:Ghazali
2922:Bukhari
2917:Bazdawi
2912:Bayhaqi
2907:Baghavi
2816:Algazel
2765:Khazini
2419:Inertia
2409:Gravity
2344:Azimuth
2293:Sundial
2283:Sextant
2233:Dioptra
2223:Compass
2188:Alidade
1799:al-Urdi
1622:Alhazen
1546:Ma Yize
1491:al-Qūhī
1466:al-Sufi
654:Science
571:541–545
416:apsides
307:Baghdad
291:of the
287:by the
283:of the
279:of the
273:Persian
214:Abbasid
149:jawāmiʿ
111:Ptolemy
3158:Sanā'ī
3148:Rudaki
3113:Daqiqi
3108:Behzad
3088:Anvari
3032:Sabuni
3017:Nasa'i
3012:Muslim
2977:Kasani
2927:Dabusi
2902:Ansari
2831:Farabi
2780:Nasawi
2745:Biruni
2394:Galaxy
2389:Equant
2324:Apogee
2268:Octant
2045:Topics
1206:
1159:
1136:
1032:
1006:
951:
905:
875:
834:
826:
818:
770:
738:
639:
631:
577:
461:Hebrew
365:, 1493
322:caliph
300:caliph
263:city,
195:Arabic
79:Sogdia
2821:Amiri
2800:Sijzi
2459:Qibla
2248:Globe
2055:Works
1214:2012.
832:S2CID
824:JSTOR
800:Aleph
637:JSTOR
425:Latin
394:) or
353:Works
285:Earth
243:Egypt
239:Cairo
92:Egypt
3211:Aufi
3153:Rumi
3128:Jami
3027:Razi
2001:17th
1965:16th
1904:15th
1843:14th
1742:13th
1671:12th
1590:11th
1459:10th
1204:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1081:IEEE
1030:ISBN
1004:ISSN
949:ISBN
903:ISBN
873:ISBN
816:ISSN
768:ISBN
736:ISBN
629:ISSN
575:ISBN
530:Asia
373:The
269:Arab
261:Quva
255:Life
86:Died
68:Born
2117:Zij
1471:Ibn
1363:9th
1322:8th
1059:doi
996:doi
808:doi
621:doi
501:by
463:by
305:in
271:or
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