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increase in efficiency which allowed firms to expand into several functional areas at a time. For example, railroad companies used to primarily fulfill the need of transportation by laying down tracks in specific regions of the country. Once inventions such as the assembly line, steam power, and the telegraph emerged, the supply for railroads finally met its demand and the industry boomed financially as operations were optimized. This led to a surge in both horizontal and vertical integration as railroad companies were granted the ability to expand both on a financial and operational level. Instead of a need that revolved around goods and services from the consumer's end, there was a massive need for coordination and systemization from the corporation's end now that the complexity of these larger firms began to increase. The "managerial class" in
America emerged as firms learned to coordinate the increasingly complex and interdependent system. According to Steven Usselman, this ability to achieve efficiency through coordination explained the high levels of concentration in modern American industry. In a similar fashion to laissez-faire, businesses saw a need and sought to fulfill it, thus creating the modern corporation. While this ended up driving many "mom-and-pop" storefronts to bankruptcy, it ultimately grew the economy of the United States by creating greater wealth and opportunity for millions of Americans today. Chandler has never argued that the management evolution brought the storm of multifunctional corporations to existence (that was technology); however, it did open the floodgates as it optimized the integrations that were necessary in order for America to grow.
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404:(1977). When he wrote it, the American business world was under the assumption that the economy followed a laissez-faire model, meaning the market was controlled by larger economic forces and did not require governmental intervention but that businesses and consumers would operate out of self-interest. Whenever there was a need, Adam Smith believed that an entrepreneur would both identify this need and seek to fulfill it at a price reasonable to the consumer. While some business professionals interpreted Smith's logic to understand the economy from a wholistic point of view, many others understood it quite literally as they saw it as a need for several entrepreneurs to create businesses of their own in order to fulfill different needs presented by the market. This ultimately prompted the beginning of the small business era which consisted of a multitude of "mom-and-pop" shops opening up nationwide, each meeting a different need presented by society.
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technological advances such as the internet and cloud networking, corporations have the capacity to expand even further into regions and areas unknown, thus concentrating the economy more than before. As a result of
Chandler's findings, we are in a much better situation now that we possess knowledge and documentation of what used to be the business realm, in order to predict what is yet to come.
437:
424:
In sociology, prior to
Chandler's research, some sociologists assumed there were no differences between governmental, corporate, and non-profit organizations. Chandler's focus on corporations clearly demonstrated that there were differences, and this thesis has influenced organizational sociologists'
420:
Much like
Chandler himself, historians such as Wallace Williams and Milorad Novicevic are noticing another case of evolution that is taking place in modern business America, (refs required) one that is founded upon a need for systemization that results in globalization. Due to recent information
407:
Instead of replacing this economic analysis, Chandler sought to extend it -- arguing that managerial firms evolved to take advantage of productive techniques available after the rail network was in place. As a result of the 2nd
Industrial Revolution, technology was causing business processes to
416:
Alfred
Chandler has drawn many fans over the past century due to his accomplished work that eventually led to the genesis of the topic of business history. Along with the thousands of business historians that would not be employed without his work, there are several critics who seek to extend
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work since the late 1970s. It also motivated sociologists to investigate and critique
Chandler's work more closely, turning up instances in which Chandler assumed American corporations acted for reasons of efficiency, when they actually operated in a context of politics or conflict.
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15. Novicevic, M. M., Buckley, M. R., Clayton, R. W., Moeller, M., & Williams, W. A. (2009). Commemorating chandler through the lens of his revisionists. Journal of
Management History, 15(3), 313-322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/17511340910964162
344:(1971). Chandler and Salsbury explained how the inventory crises of 1920-21 at both companies prompted radical structural change that resulted in the pioneering reformation of both companies that later would be identify them as America's first
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W. Acar, R.J Keating, K.E. Aupperle, W.W. Hall & R.A. Engdahl: “Peering at the Past
Century's Corporate Strategy Through the Looking Glass of Time-Series Analysis: Extrapolating from Chandler's Classic Mid-Century American Firms?”
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K.E. Aupperle, W. Acar & D. Mukherjee: “Revisiting the Fit-Performance Thesis Half a
Century Later: A Historical Financial Analysis of Chandler's Own Matched and Mismatched Firms.”
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11. Hatten, Kenneth J., Schendel, Dan E., and Cooper, Arnold C., 1978, A strategic model of the U.S. brewing industry: 1952-1971, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 594.
200:, who wrote extensively about the scale and the management structures of modern corporations. His works redefined business and economic history of industrialization. He received the
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8. Galambos, Louis (2012). "Technology, Political Economy, and Professionalization: Central Themes of the Organizational Synthesis". Business History Review. 57 (4): 471–493.
230:. "Du Pont" was apparently a family name given to his grandfather because his great-grandmother was raised by the Du Pont family, and there are other connections as well.
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6. Bedeian, Arthur G.; Wren, Daniel A. (Winter 2001). "Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century" (PDF). Organizational Dynamics. 29 (3): 221–225.
279:, as a basis for his Ph.D. thesis. Chandler began looking at large-scale enterprises in the early 1950s when he assisted a team of researchers that supported
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691:. The American Interest. Retrieved August 1, 2015, from https://www.the-american-interest.com/2015/08/01/alfred-chandlers-second-industrial-revolution/
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10. Schendel, Dan E., and Hofer, Charles W., 1979, Strategic management. A new view of business policy and planning, Little Brown, Boston, p. 9.
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12. Huff, Anne Sigismund, and Reger, Rhonda Kay, 1987, A review of strategic process research, Journal of Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 211.
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This emphasis on the importance of a cadre of managers to organize and run large corporations was expanded into a "managerial revolution" in
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in 1940. After World War II, he returned to Harvard, finished his M.A. in 1946, and earned his doctorate in 1952 under the direction of
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14. Neil Fligstein, "Chandler and the Sociology of Organizations," Business History Review, Summer 2008, Vol. 82 Issue 2, pp 241-250
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9.Thomas K. McCraw, "Alfred Chandler: His Vision and Achievement," Business History Review, Summer 2008, Vol. 82 Issue 2, pp 207-226
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7. Steven W. Usselman, "Still Visible: Alfred D. Chandler's The Visible Hand," Technology and Culture 47, no. 3 (2006), 584-596.
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The distribution created by the railroad was one of the many contributing factors into Chandler's Second Industrial Revolution.
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4. Carol May, "Alfred du Pont Chandler Jr.," Edmund's Community Courier (Edmund Chandler Family Association), March 2, 2010.
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Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries
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Chandler, with Stephen Salsbury, his co-author, provided a detailed study of re-organisation of top-level management at
322:. The book was voted the eleventh most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the
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John, Richard R. "Elaborations, Revisions, Dissents: Alfred D. Chandler Jr.'s, The Visible Hand After Twenty Years."
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A Nation Transformed by Information: How Information Has Shaped the United States from Colonial Times to the Present
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Chandler, Alfred D. "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States"
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13. McKiernan, Peter, 1997, Strategy past; strategy futures, Long Range Planning, vol. 30, no. 5, p. 792
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3. "How technology and capitalism shaped America after the civil war". The Economist. 24 August 2017.
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Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries
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The Coming of Managerial Capitalism: A Casebook on the History of American Economic Institutions
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Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise
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Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry. Sources and Readings
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Laird, Pamela Walker. "Alfred D. Chandler Jr. and the Landscape of Marketing History."
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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise
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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise
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Alfred P. Sloan, with the assistance of John McDonald and Catherine Smith, 1964,
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The Essential Alfred Chandler: Essays Toward a Historical Theory of Big Business
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Chandler, Alfred D. "The railroads: pioneers in modern corporate management"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=The_Visible_Hand&oldid=1179890651
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Chandler, Alfred D. "The beginnings of 'big business' in American industry"
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Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the Industrial Enterprise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/search/?title=Invisible_hand&oldid=1170390675
192:(September 15, 1918 – May 9, 2007) was a professor of business history at
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16. Mathews, D. (2000). The Visible Hand? Economics of Alfred Chandler.
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5. "Alfred Chandler". The Economist. 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
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Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
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2. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
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Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the Modern Industrial Corporation
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John, Richard R. "Turner, Beard, Chandler: Progressive Historians."
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269:, a leading analyst of the railroad industry, the publisher of the
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818:"How technology and capitalism shaped America after the civil war"
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Chandler's arguments, and some who would rather than replace it.
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218:. He has been called "the doyen of American business historians".
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Sicilia, David B. "Cochran's Legacy: A Cultural Path Not Taken."
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The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
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Chandler, Alfred D. "What is a firm?: A historical perspective"
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The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
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The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
207:
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
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at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.
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Chandler, Alfred D. "The emergence of managerial capitalism"
953:"Alfred D. Chandler Jr., a Business Historian, Dies at 88"
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Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Richard S. Tedlow, eds. 1985,
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Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and James W. Cortada, eds. 2000,
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Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Stephen Salsbury, 1962/1998,
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886:"Most Influential Management Books of the 20th Century"
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Thomas K. McCraw, ed. (Harvard Business School Press).
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Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
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Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
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Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Herman Daems, eds. 1980,
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Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Stephen Salsbury, 1971,
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and the making of the Modern Industrial Corporation
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1018:Additional papers of the Poor family, 1778-2008.
561:(The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
533:(The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
402:: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
689:Alfred Chandler's Second Industrial Revolution
1437:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1397:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
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359:. He pursued that book's themes further in
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1030:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
1014:, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
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397:Chandler's most highly regarded work was
265:Chandler used the papers of his ancestor
30:For the Australian newspaper editor, see
980:Works by or about Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
1402:People from New Castle County, Delaware
774:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
761:
678:Essays in Economic and Business History
283:'s production of his long delayed book
377:Big Business and the Wealth of Nations
337:in their biography of its instigator,
212:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
162:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
482:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., 1962/1998,
291:(1962) examined the organization of
210:(1977). He was a member of both the
1427:20th-century American Episcopalians
293:E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
226:Chandler was the great-grandson of
1412:Pulitzer Prize for History winners
1367:20th-century American male writers
840:Edmund Chandler Family Association
592:Chandler, Alfred Dupont Jr. 1988,
489:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. ed. 1964,
25:
1432:American male non-fiction writers
682:Coastal Georgia Community College
1392:Johns Hopkins University faculty
1362:20th-century American historians
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951:Martin, Douglas (May 12, 2007).
651:JSTOR 3114810. S2CID 145329211.
435:
355:(1977), for which he received a
1387:Historians of the United States
1382:Harvard Business School faculty
838:," Edmund's Community Courier (
1417:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni
1002:Poor family Papers, 1791-1921.
996:Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. papers
749:Journal of Management Studies,
585:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 2005,
578:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 2001,
557:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 1990,
527:Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 1977,
517:(Harper & Row Publishers).
493:(Harcourt, Brace & World).
216:American Philosophical Society
1:
905:10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5
726:Business and Economic History
635:10.1016/S0090-2616(01)00022-5
314:developed in response to the
1372:American economic historians
741:10.1080/00076791.2013.790369
603:My Years with General Motors
456:Second Industrial Revolution
285:My Years with General Motors
836:Alfred du Pont Chandler Jr.
589:(Harvard University Press).
582:(Harvard University Press).
540:(Harvard University Press).
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575:(Oxford University Press).
363:, (1990) and co-edited an
297:Standard Oil of New Jersey
202:Pulitzer Prize for History
190:Alfred DuPont Chandler Jr.
130:Pulitzer Prize for History
29:
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1092:(completed and edited by
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751:(2003) 40 (5): 1225-1254.
719:Journal of Macromarketing
367:on the same themes, with
287:(1964). Chandler's book
272:American Railroad Journal
183:
136:
1422:Tower Hill School alumni
770:"Alfred Dupont Chandler"
566:European Economic Review
251:Johns Hopkins University
233:Chandler graduated from
198:Johns Hopkins University
166:Johns Hopkins University
893:Organizational Dynamics
712:Business History Review
704:71#2 (1997): 151-200.
702:Business History Review
684:. https://doi.org/2000
545:Business History Review
522:Business History Review
498:Business History Review
477:Business History Review
255:Harvard Business School
235:Phillips Exeter Academy
194:Harvard Business School
1407:Bancroft Prize winners
1377:Harvard College alumni
1202:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1102:Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
714:82.02 (2008): 227-240.
394:
305:Sears, Roebuck and Co.
41:Alfred D. Chandler Jr.
32:Alfred Thomas Chandler
721:20#2 (2000): 167-173.
605:(Doubleday & Co.)
568:36#2 (1992): 483-492.
547:58#4 (1984): 473-503.
524:46#2 (1972): 141-181.
392:
324:Academy of Management
277:Standard & Poor's
1226:Doris Kearns Goodwin
990:Archives and records
798:search.amphilsoc.org
794:"APS Member History"
500:39#1 (1965): 16-40.
1158:Walter A. McDougall
1110:Don E. Fehrenbacher
1094:Don E. Fehrenbacher
1021:Schlesinger Library
1005:Schlesinger Library
275:, and a founder of
253:before arriving at
1182:James M. McPherson
1126:Lawrence A. Cremin
1026:2012-05-09 at the
1010:2012-05-09 at the
957:The New York Times
878:Bedeian, Arthur G.
687:17. F. A. (n.d.).
479:33#1 (1959): 1-31.
395:
158:Harvard University
102:Harvard University
57:September 15, 1918
27:American historian
18:Alfred D. Chandler
1339:
1338:
1210:Mark E. Neely Jr.
853:"Alfred Chandler"
842:), March 2, 2010.
824:. 24 August 2017.
340:Pierre S. Du Pont
320:business strategy
267:Henry Varnum Poor
228:Henry Varnum Poor
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138:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1118:Leon Litwack
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975:by Max Olson
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960:. Retrieved
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916:. Retrieved
909:the original
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859:. 2007-05-17
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312:organization
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261:Publications
237:in 1936 and
232:
225:
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189:
188:
154:Institutions
137:
81:(2007-05-09)
1357:2007 deaths
1352:1918 births
1234:Alan Taylor
1082:Paul Horgan
1071:(1976–2000)
971:Summary of
316:corporation
79:May 9, 2007
1346:Categories
1142:Rhys Isaac
918:2012-05-05
863:2011-09-19
803:2022-05-23
779:2022-05-23
756:References
610:References
309:managerial
61:Guyencourt
53:1918-09-15
1330:2001–2025
1323:1976–2000
1316:1951–1975
1309:1926–1950
1302:1917–1925
412:Influence
365:anthology
257:in 1970.
1184: /
1096:) (1977)
1024:Archived
1008:Archived
962:March 6,
735:(2013),
502:in JSTOR
429:See also
379:(1997).
214:and the
65:Delaware
1069:History
982:at the
331:Du Pont
127:(1978)
1272:(2000)
1264:(1999)
1252:(1998)
1244:(1997)
1236:(1996)
1228:(1995)
1220:(1993)
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1144:(1983)
1136:(1982)
1128:(1981)
1120:(1980)
1112:(1979)
1104:(1978)
1084:(1976)
706:online
303:, and
247:M.I.T.
144:Fields
132:(1978)
121:Awards
912:(PDF)
889:(PDF)
1260:and
1067:for
964:2019
371:and
333:and
249:and
204:for
196:and
76:Died
47:Born
901:doi
737:doi
645:doi
631:doi
318:'s
114:PhD
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