414:
to the dangers of death and annihilation, irrespective of the fact that such abolition will annihilate the freedom of thought and belief. Here we see today how the Muslim citizens of
Damascus forced the Jews living among them to sign a document pledging not to send food to their fellow, ill-fated Jews in Palestine. The Jewish situation in Palestine is clear, tangible evidence of the importance of the religious issue to Arab Muslims toward all who do not belong to Islam. Those good Jews who came to Arab Muslims with peace and civilization, and spread on the land of Palestine gold and positive well-being, have no sign of harm on anyone and did not take anything by force. However, Muslims have declared a "Holy War" against them, and did not hesitate to slaughter their children and wives, despite the French and English presence in Palestine and Syria. Therefore, a black fate awaits Jews and other minorities if the Mandate is cancelled, and the unification of Syrian Muslims with Palestinian ones. This unification is the supreme goal of Arabic Muslims.
53:
418:
and the French
Socialist Party would accept granting Syrian independence, which in application would mean enslaving the Alawite people and exposing minorities to the risk of death and annihilation. The Syrian request to include the Alawite people in Syria is impossible for you to accept, or agree upon, because of your noble principles, if they supported freedom of thought. would not agree with stifling the freedom of other people in order to force them to join.
430:. So, the Alawite people, whom we represent, are gathered as signatories to this memorandum. They are crying out and asking the French government and the French Socialist Party to ensure their rights and independence within their small sphere, and putting this between the hands of the French and Socialist leaders. are loyal friends who have given great services to the French, threatened by death and annihilation.
410:. The presence of a parliament and a constitutional government do not create individual freedom. Parliamentary rule is fake; it has no value. Under its skin, in fact, there hides a system dominated by intolerance of religious minorities. Do the French leaders want to empower Muslims against the Alawite people to throw them into the arms of misery?
413:
The spirit of hatred and fanaticism embedded in the hearts of the Arab
Muslims against everything that is non-Muslim has been perpetually nurtured by the Islamic religion. There is no hope that the situation will ever change. Therefore, the abolition of the mandate will expose the minorities in Syria
417:
We appreciate the noble feeling you carry in your defense of the Syrian people, as well as the desire to achieve independence. But, at this time, Syria is still far from the noble goal for which it aims, as it is still subject to a feudal, religious spirit. We do not think that the French government
393:
The
Alawite people refuse to be attached to the Muslim Syria, because Islam is considered the country's official religion. In the Islamic religion, the Alawite people are considered infidels. So we draw your attention to what awaits the Alawites of a scary and horrible fate, if they are forced to be
421:
You might see that it is possible to secure the rights of the
Alawite minority with provisions of a treaty, but we assure you that treaties have no value in the Islamic mentality in Syria. As such, we saw this previously in the treaty between England and Iraq, which prevented Iraqis from massacring
345:
Ali was known for protecting the weak and in the 1920s had assisted refugees fleeing the former province of Aleppo when France gave parts of it to Turkey. He was one of the few literate
Alawites in his village and the only man in the village to subscribe to a newspaper. For his accomplishments, Ali
453:
The letter praises the Jews in
Palestine and includes them among the groups that are persecuted by the Muslims. It is possible that this aspect of the letter was not sincere but was intended to curry favor with Léon Blum, the French Prime Minister to whom it was addressed, who was a Jew.
389:
The
Alawite people who have kept their independency year after year, with jealousy and large sacrifices from their souls. They are people of different religious beliefs, traditions, and history than the Sunni Muslim people, never subjected to the rule of the interior
397:
Granting Syria's independence and abolishing the
Mandate would be a strong example of socialist principles in Syria, but that absolute independency means control of some Muslim families over the Alawite people in
384:
On the occasion of the ongoing negotiations between France and Syria, it is an honor for us, we the
Alawites leaders in Syria, to draw your attention and your party's attention to the following points:
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357:. They had three sons and two daughters. His second wife Na'isa was twenty years younger than him. She was the daughter of Uthman Abbud from the village of
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132:
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361:, about 12 kilometres further up the mountain. They had a daughter and five sons. The fourth child, Hafez, was born on 6 October 1930.
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Ali married three times and over three decades had eleven children. His first wife, Sa'ada, was from the district of
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The signator might be Ali al-Assad or his father Sulayman, as the letter was signed with the name of Sulayman Assad.
824:"Les Alaouites et le Parti socialiste français. Une longue histoire d'amour … de haine, et maintenant de revanche"
302:; 1875 – 1963) was a Syrian farmer and tribal leader who was the father of former Syrian President
377:
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a part of Syria when the Mandate ends, and when laws derived from religion will be in a position to be applied.
67:
61:
78:
370:
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Ali ibn Sulayman al-Wahsh was the son of Sulayman ibn Ahmed ibn Ibrahim ibn Sulayman al-Wahsh. The
579:
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Ali ibn Sulayman al-Assad was one of the signatories of a supposed letter "No. 3547" addressed to
580:"وثيقة تكشف عمالة جد الأسد : طلب ابقاء الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا .. شاهد صور ونص الوثيقة"
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Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary
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on 15 June 1936, which implored the French not to abandon Syria. However, historian
744:"The Asad Petition of 1936: Bashar's Grandfather Was Pro-Unionist By Stefan Winter"
805:
373:
457:
On 31 August 2012, the permanent representative of France to the United Nations
350:("the Lion") by his fellow Alawites, and made the nickname his surname in 1927.
31:
403:
294:
689:"فراس الأسد ينشر هوية جده والد حافظ الأسد.. تحمل مفاجأة أخفاها النظام (صورة)"
354:
650:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996
339:
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427:
399:
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149:
35:
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argues that this letter is a forgery. The disputed letter states:
762:"Suleiman Assad's 1926 memo denounces Sunni "hatred, intolerance""
688:
162:
882:
The Asad Petition of 1936: Bashar’s Grandfather Was Pro-Unionist
46:
434:
Aziz Agha al-Hawash, Mahmud Agha Jadid, Mohammad Bek Junaid,
653:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 41. Archived from
916:
Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium
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mentioned the letter in response to the Syrian diplomat
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27:
Syrian farmer, tribal leader, and religious authority
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871:The Merchant of Syria: A History of Survival
624:Minorities and the State in the Arab World
601:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 52.
130:
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97:Learn how and when to remove this message
60:This article includes a list of general
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895:Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East
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306:and grandfather of current president
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899:. University of California Press.
884:, in: Syria Comment, 14 June 2016.
66:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
779:ROBERT F. WORTH (19 June 2013).
51:
972:People from Latakia Governorate
781:"The Price of Loyalty in Syria"
937:. Twenty-First Century Books.
830:(in French). 8 September 2013.
586:(in Arabic). 1 September 2012.
1:
742:Winter, Stefan (June 2016).
695:(in Arabic). 6 August 2019.
622:Bengio, Offra, ed. (1998).
338:. They were members of the
993:
873:. Oxford University Press.
444:Mohammad Suleiman Al-Ahmad
29:
933:Zahler, Kathy A. (2009).
143:Ali ibn Suleyman al-Wahsh
129:
120:
647:Jessup, John E. (1998).
330:town in the mountainous
182:Farmer and tribal leader
121:
914:Alianak, Sonia (2007).
891:Seale, Patrick (1990).
597:Reich, Bernard (1990).
81:more precise citations.
451:
869:Darke, Diana (2018).
842:"Looking at Alawites"
408:mountains of Nusayrih
371:French Prime Minister
18:Ali Sulayman al-Assad
846:The Levantine Review
768:. 28 November 2013.
678:, pp. 127–128.
365:Political influence
785:The New York Times
657:on 10 October 2017
272:Sulayman ibn Ahmed
935:The Assads' Syria
633:978-1-55587-647-0
608:978-0-313-26213-5
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174:1963 (aged 87–88)
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123:عَلِيّ الْأَسَّد
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68:inline citations
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314:Personal life
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863:Bibliography
849:. Retrieved
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818:
812:(in Arabic).
809:
800:
788:. Retrieved
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766:Syria:direct
765:
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748:Joshualandis
747:
737:
725:
720:, p. 5.
713:
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676:Alianak 2007
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:the original
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549:Alianak 2007
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459:Gérard Araud
456:
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368:
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317:
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291:Ali al-Assad
290:
289:
196:Na'sa Salish
115:Ali al-Assad
108:
93:
84:
65:
39:
967:1963 deaths
962:1875 births
851:8 September
693:eldorar.com
564:Zahler 2009
346:was called
210:With Sa'ada
79:introducing
32:Arabic name
956:Categories
828:dreuz.info
730:Seale 1990
718:Seale 1990
706:Darke 2018
534:References
404:Iskenderun
235:With Na'sa
62:references
810:twimg.com
661:29 August
424:Assyrians
374:Léon Blum
322:lived in
279:Relatives
269:Parent(s)
87:July 2014
469:See also
432:—
426:and the
406:and the
348:al-Assad
340:Kalbiyya
300:al-Wahsh
243:Muhammad
204:Children
41:al-Assad
30:In this
790:2 March
428:Yazidis
400:Cilicia
390:cities.
359:Qutilba
342:tribe.
334:of the
328:Alawite
324:Qardaha
227:Isma'il
224:Husayba
221:Ibrahim
187:Spouses
150:Qardaha
75:improve
36:surname
941:
922:
903:
630:
605:
509:Arabic
494:Arabic
355:Haffeh
260:Rifaat
246:Bahjat
240:Bahija
64:, but
34:, the
513:الوحش
481:Notes
326:, an
255:Jamil
250:Hafez
218:Ahmed
163:Syria
161:(now
939:ISBN
920:ISBN
901:ISBN
853:2015
792:2015
663:2017
628:ISBN
603:ISBN
442:and
422:the
215:Hala
171:Died
146:1875
139:Born
38:is
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