33:
293:
could not pay the army's salaries regularly. As a result, increasing pressure was put on the Caliph by members of the court and the military to act. Finally, in early June 924 al-Muqtadir had Ali and his son arrested. Al-Muqtadir retained much sympathy for the man who had been his mentor, and whose intelligence and ability he respected, but when the former vizier and his son were brought before the Caliph to stand trial, Ali lost whatever goodwill he retained by his insolent attitude. Ali and al-Muhassin were promptly executed on 18 July 924.
132:
268:, an ambitious man, but already over eighty years old and utterly unfamiliar with administrative affairs. During his vizierate, real power was exercised by his deputy, who was none other than Ali ibn Isa. Ali remained imprisoned in the caliphal palace throughout the period, being released only after Ibn al-Abbas's dismissal in 923 and was re-appointed to the vizierate for a third and final time on 7 August.
207:. The death of al-Muktafi in 908 left the issue of the succession open, and the vizier al-Abbas sought the advice of the most important bureaucrats on the choice of a successor. Following Ali's advice, the senior bureaucrats opted for al-Muktafi's 13-year-old brother Ja'far, who was seen as week, pliable, and easy to be manipulated by the senior officials. The choice of
313:). As a courtier, he exercised power in the style of a "grand seigneur" (Kennedy), having an affinity for luxury and dispensing extravagant largesse on his followers to enhance his own image. At the same time, his primary loyalty was not to the state or the caliph, but to the advancement and enrichment of himself and his followers, which formed almost a
292:
pilgrims in April/May the next year. Unable to stop nor to effectively respond to these attacks, Ali's popularity among the populace plummeted, leading to riots in
Baghdad. At the same time, his brutality caused resentment among the bureaucracy and the financial straits of the Caliphate meant that he
178:
The Ibn al-Furat brothers and their supporters came to form one of the two major groups that would dominate the
Abbasid bureaucracy over the next decades, the Banu'l-Furat or Furatids. Their main rivals were another group of secretarial families, the Banu'l-Jarrah or Jarrahids, headed by Muhammad ibn
308:
Ali ibn al-Furat was a complex personality. Well-educated and highly cultured, he was very intelligent and remarkably eloquent. He distinguished himself as an extremely able fiscal administrator, "committed to the reform of abuse and the raising of state revenues without oppression" (Hugh
Kennedy)
271:
Ali's last tenure, from August 923 to June 924 is unanimously condemned by Arab historians as a dark period, the "year of destruction". Instead of treating his deposed rivals with clemency, as he had during his previous two tenures, Ali, assisted by his son al-Muhassin, seized the opportunity to
187:
families and employed
Christians in the bureaucracy, in addition to maintaining closer ties with the military, while the Banu'l-Furat tried to impose firm civilian control of the army and (not quite openly) favoured Shi'ism. The rivalry between the two groups was intense but mostly restrained as
183:, who replaced the Banu'l-Furat as heads of the fiscal departments in 899. The two groups represented simply different factions in a struggle for office and power, but there are indications of "ideological" differences as well: many of the Banu'l-Jarrah families hailed from converted
222:
His first tenure as vizier was one of near absolute authority, with only a small group of palace officials, the caliph's mother and some court eunuchs, providing some checks to his authority, and this only from a distance. Among the successes of the period were the recovery of
215:, "a sinister development" and inaugurated one "of the most disastrous reigns in the whole of Abbasid history a quarter of a century in which all of the work of predecessors would be undone". Following the abortive coup by the supporters of
272:
avenge himself on anyone who had wronged him, and liberally employed violence to extort large sums from those appointed to office under Hamid. To further bolster his own position, he sent the powerful Mu'nis al-Muzaffar to semi-exile in
115:. After a second tenure in 917–918 he was imprisoned by his successor, and was released in 923, becoming vizier for the third and last time soon after. His brutality towards his rivals during his third tenure, coupled with
321:
Caliphate. Furthermore, despite combating corruption in others, he was not above breaking the law for his own profit and was "to an extent ruthless and unscrupulous when it came to furthering his own interests" (Kennedy).
260:-ruled provinces in north-western Iran. Ali tried to intercede on Yusuf's behalf, but to no avail: he was dismissed in November 918, and Yusuf was defeated and taken prisoner to Baghdad by the Abbasid commander-in-chief,
135:
Map showing the
Abbasid Caliphate after al-Mu'tadid's campaigns of consolidation, ca. 900: areas under direct Abbasid control in dark green, areas under loose Abbasid suzerainty, but under autonomous governors, in light
192:, which forced deposed officials to return the money they had embezzled; in effect, however, it practically forced officials to embezzle while on office so as to be able to provide the requisite sums during the
88:. Ali emerged into prominence as an able fiscal administrator and deputy to his older brother Ahmad. Eventually he came to lead one of the two major and rival court factions during al-Muqtadir's caliphate, the
252:. He was re-appointed to the vizierate on 3 June 917, succeeding his old rival Ali ibn Isa, but his second tenure was troubled by the rebellion of Yusuf, who had begun withholding the tribute to
1008:
998:
1018:
1013:
188:
their fortunes shifted repeatedly, but torture and the forced confiscation of a deposed official's possessions were commonplace under the old-established system known as
144:
already in the early 9th century, but it was his father
Muhammad ibn Musa who first occupied an important administrative post. Ali began his career alongside his brother
175:(r. 892–902) in 892, he was released and entrusted once more with the fiscal department of the Sawad, and later of all the land tax departments, with Ali as his deputy.
103:
He played an important role in the selection of al-Muqtadir as caliph in 908, going on to serve as vizier in 908–912, during which time he succeeded in re-incorporating
167:
to both al-Mu'tamid and al-Muwaffaq in 885, brought them into the administration as fiscal experts and entrusted them with the department of land revenue of the
248:
Soon, however, Ali began to abuse his power and embezzle large sums from the treasury, which led to his dismissal and arrest on 21 July 912. He was replaced by
993:
867:
852:
740:
661:
204:
888:
249:
1003:
983:
776:
716:
145:
978:
32:
844:
Crisis and
Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32)
245:. Grateful for the settlement, Yusuf henceforth considered Ali his protector, and even included his name in his coinage.
936:
905:
874:
811:
768:
708:
116:
81:
988:
690:
654:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
798:
236:
44:
898:
285:
180:
97:
261:
160:
93:
297:
973:
968:
950:
281:
929:
919:
732:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
276:. The government's authority was further undermined by the sudden and dramatic resurgence of the
265:
940:
909:
878:
848:
829:
786:
772:
754:
736:
712:
678:
657:
649:
310:
216:
171:. Following Ibn Bulbul's dismissal, Ahmad was imprisoned for a while, but at the accession of
77:
694:
821:
750:
300:
managed to regain high office after 927, even serving as vizier briefly in 932 and in 937.
199:
The two brothers continued to serve as heads of the fiscal departments in the caliphate of
758:
726:
698:
212:
69:
89:
203:(r. 902–908). After his brother's death in 904, Ali became the chief aide to the vizier
806:
802:
645:
172:
149:
123:, caused his deposition and execution, along with his son al-Muhassin, on 18 July 924.
672:
131:
962:
825:
794:
228:
224:
108:
104:
790:
314:
842:
841:
van Berkel, Maaike; El Cheikh, Nadia Maria; Kennedy, Hugh; Osti, Letizia (2013).
762:
730:
702:
232:
208:
153:
112:
85:
59:
17:
547:
545:
309:
and able to "solve rapidly what appeared to be the most complicated problems" (
764:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
704:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
496:
494:
492:
200:
157:
120:
36:
833:
277:
184:
682:
257:
253:
141:
92:, the other being the group of officials around the commander-in-chief
55:
241:
219:
on 17 December, on 19 December 908 Ali was himself appointed vizier.
164:
40:
317:"secret politicoreligious party" (Sourdel) within the heart of the
318:
273:
168:
130:
107:
into the Caliphate and to restore a measure of authority over the
31:
289:
66:
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Furat
602:
551:
536:
524:
500:
444:
239:, in exchange for a—rather modest—annual tribute of 120,000
656:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359.
613:
611:
562:
560:
356:
354:
76:; 855 – 18 July 924) was a senior official of the
455:
453:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
336:
334:
674:
The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’
58:, the vizier Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, and Caliph
227:, and the recognition of Abbasid suzerainty by the
1009:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
999:10th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
1019:10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
1014:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
8:
648:(2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In
211:(r. 908–932) was, in the words of historian
140:Ali's family had been of some prominence at
861:
812:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
820:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 767–768.
677:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
296:Of the mighty Banu'l-Furat, Ali's nephew
512:
483:
471:
629:
617:
590:
578:
566:
459:
420:
384:
372:
360:
330:
755:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
432:
408:
396:
152:(reigned 870–892) and the regency of
27:Abbasid vizier and official (855–924)
7:
735:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
286:destruction of the returning caravan
889:Muhammad ibn Ubayd Allah al-Khaqani
250:Muhammad ibn Ubayd Allah al-Khaqani
156:. Both were protégés of the fellow
73:
868:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
205:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
54:901–928) citing the heir apparent
25:
994:Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
826:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0322
74:أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن الفرات
49:
883:19 December 908 – 21 July 912
264:, in 919. Ali's successor was
1:
914:3 June 917 – 17 November 918
148:during the late caliphate of
695:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
945:7 August 923 – 15 June 924
256:and has seized a number of
1035:
769:Cambridge University Press
709:Cambridge University Press
80:who served three times as
1004:10th-century Shia Muslims
947:
934:
926:
916:
903:
895:
885:
872:
864:
984:10th-century Arab people
399:, pp. 333–334, 350.
304:Character and assessment
979:9th-century Arab people
671:Bowen, Harold (1928).
603:van Berkel et al. 2013
552:van Berkel et al. 2013
537:van Berkel et al. 2013
525:van Berkel et al. 2013
501:van Berkel et al. 2013
445:van Berkel et al. 2013
163:, who, after becoming
137:
62:
899:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
181:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
179:Dawud and his nephew
134:
98:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
35:
771:. pp. 198–249.
387:, pp. 175, 180.
951:Abdallah al-Khaqani
711:. pp. 90–135.
593:, pp. 767–768.
581:, pp. 191–192.
423:, pp. 185–186.
375:, pp. 174–175.
237:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
45:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
930:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
920:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
650:Robinson, Chase F.
605:, pp. xi, 72.
266:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
262:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
161:Isma'il ibn Bulbul
138:
94:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
63:
957:
956:
948:Succeeded by
941:Abbasid Caliphate
917:Succeeded by
910:Abbasid Caliphate
886:Succeeded by
879:Abbasid Caliphate
854:978-90-04-25271-4
847:. Leiden: BRILL.
742:978-0-582-40525-7
663:978-0-521-83823-8
527:, pp. 74–75.
311:Dominique Sourdel
280:threat, with the
117:military failures
78:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
1026:
927:Preceded by
896:Preceded by
865:Preceded by
862:
858:
837:
782:
759:Frye, Richard N.
746:
722:
699:Frye, Richard N.
686:
667:
633:
627:
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364:
358:
75:
53:
51:
21:
18:Ali ibn al-Furat
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
959:
958:
953:
944:
932:
922:
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901:
891:
882:
870:
855:
840:
785:
779:
749:
743:
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719:
689:
670:
664:
646:Bonner, Michael
644:
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451:
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395:
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383:
379:
371:
367:
359:
332:
328:
306:
284:in 923 and the
213:Hugh N. Kennedy
129:
96:and the vizier
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
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996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
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961:
960:
955:
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949:
946:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
915:
902:
897:
893:
892:
887:
884:
871:
866:
860:
859:
853:
838:
791:"Ibn al-Furāt"
783:
777:
747:
741:
723:
717:
691:Bosworth, C.E.
687:
668:
662:
640:
637:
635:
634:
632:, p. 186.
622:
620:, p. 768.
607:
595:
583:
571:
569:, p. 191.
556:
541:
529:
517:
515:, p. 231.
505:
488:
486:, p. 230.
476:
474:, p. 123.
464:
462:, p. 190.
449:
437:
435:, p. 349.
425:
413:
411:, p. 334.
401:
389:
377:
365:
363:, p. 767.
329:
327:
324:
305:
302:
217:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
128:
125:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1031:
1020:
1017:
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943:
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845:
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831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
813:
808:
804:
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799:Ménage, V. L.
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:0-521-20093-8
774:
770:
767:. Cambridge:
766:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
738:
734:
733:
728:
727:Kennedy, Hugh
724:
720:
718:0-521-20093-8
714:
710:
707:. Cambridge:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
669:
665:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
638:
631:
626:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
554:, p. 72.
553:
548:
546:
542:
539:, p. xi.
538:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
513:Madelung 1975
509:
506:
502:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
484:Madelung 1975
480:
477:
473:
472:Bosworth 1975
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
447:, p. ix.
446:
441:
438:
434:
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
405:
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283:
282:Sack of Basra
279:
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147:
143:
133:
126:
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122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:under Caliph
83:
79:
71:
67:
61:
57:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
989:Banu'l-Furat
935:
904:
873:
843:
817:
810:
763:
751:Madelung, W.
731:
703:
673:
653:
630:Kennedy 2004
625:
618:Sourdel 1971
598:
591:Sourdel 1971
586:
579:Kennedy 2004
574:
567:Kennedy 2004
532:
520:
508:
503:, p. x.
479:
467:
460:Kennedy 2004
440:
428:
421:Kennedy 2004
416:
404:
392:
385:Kennedy 2004
380:
373:Kennedy 2004
368:
361:Sourdel 1971
315:Twelver Shia
307:
295:
270:
247:
240:
221:
198:
193:
189:
177:
139:
119:against the
102:
90:Banu'l-Furat
65:
64:
29:
816:Volume III:
807:Schacht, J.
803:Pellat, Ch.
787:Sourdel, D.
433:Bonner 2010
409:Bonner 2010
397:Bonner 2010
233:Adharbayjan
209:al-Muqtadir
173:al-Mu'tadid
154:al-Muwaffaq
150:al-Mu'tamid
113:Adharbayjan
86:al-Muqtadir
60:al-Muqtadir
56:Abu'l-Abbas
974:924 deaths
969:855 births
963:Categories
326:References
201:al-Muktafi
121:Qarmatians
37:Gold dinar
834:495469525
795:Lewis, B.
278:Qarmatian
231:ruler of
196:inquest.
185:Nestorian
809:(eds.).
789:(1971).
753:(1975).
729:(2004).
693:(1975).
194:muṣādara
190:muṣādara
939:of the
908:of the
877:of the
761:(ed.).
701:(ed.).
652:(ed.).
639:Sources
298:al-Fadl
258:Samanid
254:Baghdad
242:dirhams
158:Shi'ite
142:Baghdad
52:
39:of the
937:Vizier
906:Vizier
875:Vizier
851:
832:
818:H–Iram
805:&
775:
739:
715:
683:386849
681:
660:
165:vizier
109:Sajids
82:vizier
70:Arabic
793:. In
757:. In
697:. In
319:Sunni
274:Raqqa
229:Sajid
169:Sawad
146:Ahmad
136:green
43:amir
41:Sajid
849:ISBN
830:OCLC
773:ISBN
737:ISBN
713:ISBN
679:OCLC
658:ISBN
290:Hajj
225:Fars
127:Life
105:Fars
822:doi
288:of
111:of
965::
828:.
814:.
801:;
797:;
610:^
559:^
544:^
491:^
452:^
333:^
235:,
100:.
72::
50:r.
857:.
836:.
824::
781:.
745:.
721:.
685:.
666:.
68:(
47:(
20:)
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