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In 1913, Evans relocated to
Washington, D.C., where the USDA had finished building a new wing. The Bureau of Animal Industry tried to block women from joining them, but Evans was unwittingly admitted through a loophole. She found the Dairy Division more welcoming than the larger Bureau. While there,
237:
meant to help them inspire their students to love science and nature. After receiving a scholarship, she wanted to continue her studies in science. Cornell offered bacteriology for free tuition in order to encourage students to pursue the still-new science. While at
Cornell, Evans worked as a
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After being retired for sixteen years, Evans returned to writing about brucellosis. With the advent of disability insurance, the literature began suggesting malingering as a cause for failing to recover from brucellosis, so Evans encouraged further study into the disease.
270:, and worked there for three years. She worked on refining the process of manufacturing cheese and butter for improved flavor and investigating the sources of bacterial contamination in milk products. She was the first woman scientist to hold a permanent position as a
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In 1966, Evans protested against the disclaimer of communist affiliation on the
Medicare application, claiming that it violated her right to free speech. In January 1967, the Department of Justice agreed that it was unconstitutional and did not enforce the provision.
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Because of a hypersensitivity to brucellar antigen, Evans paused her work with brucellae. In 1936, she resumed her work, but did not handle living cultures. In this study, the team surveyed three cities looking for evidence of brucellar infection and the cause.
312:, known to cause miscarriages in animals. She discovered that the microbe thrived in infected cows as well as animals that appeared healthy. The reports hypothesized that since the bacteria was found in cow's milk, a threat to human health was likely.
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After graduating, Evans became a teacher. In her memoirs, she wrote that she became a teacher because it was the only profession open to women, but she found it boring. After four years of teaching, she took a free course for rural teachers at
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Evans officially retired in 1945 but continued working in the field. Following her retirement, she became a popular speaker, especially with women's groups. She gave lectures to women about career development and pursuing scientific careers.
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1182:"Enemella gen. nov., Enemella evansiae sp. nov., Enemella dayhoffiae sp. nov. and Parenemella sanctibonifatiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel taxa assignable to the family Propionibacteriaceae and derived from human clinical samples"
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in 1918. She was met with skepticism, particularly because she was a woman and did not have a Ph.D. After publishing, Evans decided to let the issue rest, knowing that her findings would be tested and verified with time.
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bacteriologist and as a civil servant, was protected by law. Each year, Evans took one undergraduate university course, learning German in order to read research reports (prior to World War I, Germany led bacteriology).
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spread throughout the shanties and tents they lived in, Evans changed her focus again. Her studies of streptococci continued throughout many years of her work. She observed and published about the nascent stage of
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and his team confirmed Evans's observation of cow's milk as a source of human brucellosis. Outbreaks in 1922 inspired Evans's continued research, which included studying blood samples and infecting a heifer with
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229:, where she played on a women's basketball team. Basketball was a new sport open to women, and viewers were shocked by the unladylike sport. At one game, a doctor refused to treat Evans' dislocated finger.
349:
came to
Washington, D.C., she was asked to change her research's focus to the flu. Early in her work studying the flu, she was infected, and was confined to bed for a month. When soldiers returned from
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Evans had a stroke at the age of 94 and died on
September 5, 1975, in Alexandria, Virginia. Her tombstone reads, "The gentle hunter, having pursued and tamed her quarry, crossed over to a new home".
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asked if she would wish to continue her studies, offering her the school's chemistry fellowship. Due to the financial strain of her studies, she decided to enter the workforce instead.
1180:
Bernard, Kathryn A.; Burdz, Tamara; Pacheco, Ana Luisa; Wiebe, Deborah; Patel, Nisha B.; Lawson, Paul A.; Domingo, Marc-Christian; Longtin, Jean; Bernier, Anne-MarieYR 2020 (2020).
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214:, Wales, where Evans's paternal grandparents had emigrated from in 1831. Between the ages of five and six, Evans was taught at home by her parents and then attended a
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was confirmed as the disease that caused what was then known as undulant fever and Malta fever. In 1928, in recognition of her achievement, the
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housekeeper and did clerical work in the alumni library, earning her the nickname "the grind." Evans earned a B.S. in bacteriology from
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in humans. She warned that raw milk should be pasteurized to protect people from various diseases. She reported her findings to the
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remained an outspoken critic of Evans's discovery. In 1925, after learning that Smith had raised doubt about her findings in the
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in
October 1922, a then-incurable disease that impaired her health for twenty years. Initially, Evans was diagnosed with
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elected Evans as their president, making her the first woman to hold the position. Evans's findings led to the
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of milk in 1930. As a result, the incidence of brucellosis in the United States was significantly reduced.
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to see if it would be infected. Despite her colleagues' skepticism, Evans's work was repeatedly confirmed.
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due to the lack of recognition of brucellosis. However, in 1928, doctors found lesions from which
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Evans decided to investigate this; she wondered whether the disease in cows could be the cause of
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924:"Alice Evans" Education & Resources. National Women's History Museum, December 15, 2005. Web.
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734:. Louise S. Grinstein, Carol A. Biermann, Rose K. Rose. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 1997.
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210:, to William Howell, a farmer and surveyor, and Anne B. Evans, a teacher. Neath was named after
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and its relationship to fresh, unpasteurized milk. Her investigation focused on the organism
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246:, where she earned her M.S. the following year. At the end of her studies, her professor
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was cultivated while performing unrelated surgery on Evans, confirming her diagnosis.
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345:, which was "one of the dread diseases of World War I." In October 1918, when the
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University of
Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
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in 1909, and was the first woman to receive a bacteriology scholarship from the
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Kropinski AM, Turner D, Tolstoy I, Moraru C, Adriaenssens EM, Mahony J (2022).
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of milk in the US in 1930. Evans was the first woman president elected by the
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Albin O. Kuhn
Library & Gallery, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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Albin O. Kuhn
Library & Gallery, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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182:(undulant fever or Malta fever) in both cattle and humans, which led to the
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in Neath, where she earned outstanding grades. In 1886, Evans survived
1310:
Women in the
Biological Sciences : A Biobibliographic Sourcebook
1011:
731:
Women in the biological sciences : a biobibliographic sourcebook
686:
507:
Honorary president, Inter-American Committee on Brucellosis, 1945–57
1026:"Meet Alice Catherine Evans... She's Why Our Milk Is Safe To Drink"
4317:
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
434:
258:
Evans was offered a federal position at the Dairy Division of the
211:
197:
1186:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
899:. National Institutes of Health Office of History. Archived from
786:
Hidden from History: The Lives of Eight American Women Scientists
3451:
3268:
2940:
2445:
1770:
1601:
1410:
1371:
820:"Alice Catherine Evans: The Shoulders Upon Which So Many Stand"
206:
Evans was born the younger of two children on a farm in Neath,
818:
Findlay, Lorraine A. (May 1, 2018), Whitaker; Barton (eds.),
633:
Stevens, Marianne Fedunkiw (1999). "Evans, Alice Catherine".
291:. When Thom left the Dairy Division, Evans was sent to the
156:(January 29, 1881 – September 5, 1975) was an American
639:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
432:, which she focused on until her retirement in 1945.
225:
She attended the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute in
826:, American Society of Microbiology, pp. 75–85,
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3813:
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3479:
Presidents of the American Society for Microbiology
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1421:
1138:"ASM Alice C. Evans Award for Advancement of Women"
503:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
126:
104:
80:
61:
39:
23:
1338:, Women of the Hall, National Women's Hall of Fame
1307:
483:Awarded honorary doctoral degree in medicine from
883:
881:
879:
877:
443:Evans donated a collection of her papers to the
363:twenty-three years before Winston R. Maxted and
987:"Alice Evans | American scientist | Britannica"
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861:
859:
857:
779:
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775:
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1260:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3463:
1383:
299:so she could replace Thom as the mycologist.
8:
1314:. Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated.
963:Prominent Women of the 20th Century Volume 2
490:Awarded honorary doctorates of science from
1236:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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646:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1300503
644:
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521:, American Society for Microbiology, 1983
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1103:
1101:
965:. New York: Gale Research. p. 332.
587:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
566:
485:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
428:In 1939, Evans turned her attention to
302:Evans became interested in the disease
264:United States Department of Agriculture
4332:20th-century American women scientists
1229:
755:
323:in 1917 and published her work in the
628:
626:
7:
1113:American Women of Science Since 1900
813:
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168:in milk and cheese. She proved that
1056:"Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975)"
671:"Alice Catherine Evans (1881–1975)"
583:"Alice C. Evans: breaking barriers"
478:Society of American Bacteriologists
415:Society of American Bacteriologists
335:United States Public Health Service
321:Society of American Bacteriologists
202:Alice C. Evans, in graduation dress
188:Society of American Bacteriologists
16:American microbiologist (1881–1975)
937:Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia
14:
1550:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1142:American Society for Microbiology
1082:. January 9, 1928. Archived from
1012:"Alice C. Evans Papers 1923–1975"
788:. Greensboro, NC: Avisson Press.
512:American Society for Microbiology
160:. She became a researcher at the
4342:20th-century American biologists
4312:American people of Welsh descent
1356:"Alice Catharine Evans (Part 2)"
1343:"Alice Catharine Evans (Part 1)"
1287:. National Institutes of Health.
341:in April 1918 to study epidemic
87:Susquehanna Collegiate Institute
2620:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1032:. March 4, 2014. Archived from
1014:. National Library of Medicine.
675:Journal of Public Health Policy
492:University of Wisconsin–Madison
244:University of Wisconsin–Madison
96:University of Wisconsin–Madison
4337:American women microbiologists
2299:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
1306:Rose, Rose K. (July 1, 1997).
669:Parascandola, John L. (2001).
476:First female president of the
326:Journal of Infectious Diseases
162:U.S. Department of Agriculture
134:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
3994:Aaron Frederick Rasmussen Jr.
1400:National Women's Hall of Fame
1160:National Women's Hall of Fame
1060:National Institutes of Health
526:National Women's Hall of Fame
222:, as did her brother Morgan.
208:Bradford County, Pennsylvania
3953:Robert George Everitt Murray
3762:Rebecca Craighill Lancefield
3571:Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
2646:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
1290:Burns, Virginia Law (1993).
934:Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002).
555:Timeline of women in science
445:National Library of Medicine
367:published similar findings.
266:. She accepted the offer in
2829:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
2233:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1074:"Medicine: Bacteriologists"
636:American National Biography
279:she worked with B.H. Rawl,
4368:
2385:Katharine Dexter McCormick
1683:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
1364:(slides with 6 references)
1110:Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011).
535:was named after her, 2020
139:U.S. Public Health Service
4307:Cornell University alumni
3839:Cornelis Bernard van Niel
3493:William Thompson Sedgwick
3275:
3264:
2947:
2936:
2452:
2441:
2243:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1777:
1766:
1608:
1597:
1417:
1406:
1116:. ABC-CLIO. p. 381.
832:10.1128/9781555819545.ch9
451:Post-retirement and death
388:National Research Council
260:Bureau of Animal Industry
147:
119:
30:
4352:American bacteriologists
4327:American microbiologists
3738:Arthur Trautwein Henrici
3619:Francis Charles Harrison
2474:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
2284:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
2057:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
544:is named after her, 2022
194:Early life and education
4054:Barbara Hotham Iglewski
3798:William McDowell Hammon
3702:William Mansfield Clark
3589:Thomas Jonathan Burrill
3577:Charles Edward Marshall
2964:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
2854:Catherine Filene Shouse
2707:Patricia Roberts Harris
2345:Mary Steichen Calderone
2213:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
2082:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
1886:Martha Wright Griffiths
1283:Evans, Alice C (1963).
581:Colwell, R. R. (1999).
430:Hemolytic streptococcus
285:William Mansfield Clark
164:where she investigated
4185:Clifford Wayne Houston
4072:Joan Wennstrom Bennett
4030:Robert Pierce Williams
4018:Frederick C. Neidhardt
3988:Harlyn Odell Halvorson
3982:Helen Riaboff Whiteley
3821:Walter James Nungester
3756:Selman Abraham Waksman
3637:Arthur Parker Hitchens
3583:David Hendricks Bergey
2910:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
2405:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2269:Frances Xavier Cabrini
2183:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
1961:Ellen Swallow Richards
1931:Constance Baker Motley
1581:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1514:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1199:10.1099/ijsem.0.004461
1030:Women You Should Know®
762:: CS1 maint: others (
440:
203:
4000:Edwin Herman Lennette
3941:Robert Edward Hungate
3929:Dennis Wallace Watson
3923:Salvador Edward Luria
3911:Riley Dee Housewright
3869:Philip Rarick Edwards
3851:Charles Arthur Stuart
3845:Halvor Orin Halvorson
3750:Oswald Theodore Avery
3708:Milton Joseph Rosenau
3672:Alice Catherine Evans
3643:Norman MacLeod Harris
3631:Edwin George Hastings
3613:Charles Krumwiede Jr.
3601:Robert Earle Buchanan
3595:Leo Frederick Rettger
3559:Frederic Poole Gorham
3517:Frederick George Novy
3424:Anna Wessels Williams
3111:Carlotta Walls LaNier
2844:Elisabeth KĂĽbler-Ross
2702:Martha Matilda Harper
2666:Mary Engle Pennington
2504:Frances Oldham Kelsey
2289:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
2042:Jane Cunningham Croly
1971:Katherine Siva Saubel
1866:Marian Wright Edelman
1789:Margaret Bourke-White
1714:Harriet Beecher Stowe
961:Saari, Peggy (1996).
897:NIH Office of History
824:Women in Microbiology
517:Establishment of the
438:
293:University of Chicago
216:one-room school house
201:
178:) caused the disease
154:Alice Catherine Evans
25:Alice Catherine Evans
4173:Stanley Robert Maloy
4078:Richard Lane Crowell
4060:Alice Shih-Hou Huang
4024:John Charles Sherris
3947:Morris Frank Shaffer
3935:Edwin Michael Foster
3917:William Bowen Sarles
3893:Robert Lyman Starkey
3875:Charles Albert Evans
3857:Perry William Wilson
3726:James Morgan Sherman
3720:Thomas Milton Rivers
3714:Karl Friedrich Meyer
3684:Stanhope Bayne-Jones
3666:Robert Stanley Breed
3607:Samuel Cate Prescott
3565:William Hallock Park
3547:Joseph James Kinyoun
3505:Herbert William Conn
3121:Mary Harriman Rumsey
2959:St. Katharine Drexel
2803:Mary Burnett Talbert
2798:Blanche Stuart Scott
2783:Mother Marianne Cope
2763:Ruth Fulton Benedict
2722:Mildred Robbins Leet
2420:Angelina Grimké Weld
2294:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2264:Charlotte Anne Bunch
1841:Antoinette Blackwell
1820:Gertrude Belle Elion
1750:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1519:Helen Brooke Taussig
1509:Margaret Chase Smith
1294:. Enterprise Press.
1036:on December 17, 2019
906:on December 15, 2017
519:Alice C. Evans Award
439:Alice C. Evans, 1945
254:Work and discoveries
73:Alexandria, Virginia
3959:Linzy Leon Campbell
3732:Paul Franklin Clark
3541:Harry Luman Russell
3499:William Henry Welch
3338:Rebecca S. Halstead
3312:Mary Church Terrell
2999:Barbara A. Mikulski
2727:Patsy Takemoto Mink
2712:Stephanie L. Kwolek
2651:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2625:Emily Howell Warner
2570:Dorothy H. Andersen
2544:Annie Dodge Wauneka
2539:Mary Edwards Walker
2464:Faye Glenn Abdellah
2395:Edith Nourse Rogers
2375:Shirley Ann Jackson
2350:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
2228:Sandra Day O'Connor
2208:Matilda Joslyn Gage
1804:Florence B. Seibert
1641:Carrie Chapman Catt
1571:Juliette Gordon Low
1454:Elizabeth Blackwell
1449:Mary McLeod Bethune
377:Brucella melitensis
339:Hygienic Laboratory
108:Demonstrating that
54:Neath, Pennsylvania
4149:Abigail A. Salyers
4096:David Schlessinger
4042:Moselio Schaechter
4036:Rita Rossi Colwell
3786:Thomas Francis Jr.
3690:James Howard Brown
3625:Lore Alford Rogers
3553:Veranus Alva Moore
3523:Edwin Oakes Jordan
3297:Barbara Rose Johns
3248:Flossie Wong-Staal
3223:Nicole Malachowski
3152:Lorraine Hansberry
3096:Marcia Greenberger
3050:Mary Joseph Rogers
2989:Coretta Scott King
2974:Abby Kelley Foster
2890:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
2778:Rita Rossi Colwell
2554:Frances E. Willard
2390:Rozanne L. Ridgway
2340:Lydia Moss Bradley
2325:Madeleine Albright
2218:Nannerl O. Keohane
2188:Anne Dallas Dudley
2117:Betty Bone Schiess
2087:Susette La Flesche
2072:Zora Neale Hurston
2067:Helen LaKelly Hunt
1991:Madam C. J. Walker
1906:Mary Putnam Jacobi
1856:Jacqueline Cochran
1836:Ethel Percy Andrus
1704:Barbara McClintock
1086:on October 1, 2013
991:www.britannica.com
784:Zach, Kim (2002).
524:Inducted into the
480:, elected in 1928
441:
281:Lore Alford Rogers
268:Madison, Wisconsin
240:Cornell University
235:Cornell University
204:
91:Cornell University
4284:
4283:
4227:Jeffery F. Miller
4215:Jeffery F. Miller
4191:Alison D. O'Brien
3899:John Roger Porter
3887:John Edward Blair
3529:Erwin Frink Smith
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3399:Kimberlé Crenshaw
3394:Elouise P. Cobell
3358:Katherine Johnson
3328:Octavia E. Butler
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3167:Clare Boothe Luce
2979:Helen Murray Free
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2793:Patricia A. Locke
2758:Florence E. Allen
2742:Sheila E. Widnall
2687:Linda G. Alvarado
2671:Mercy Otis Warren
2630:Victoria Woodhull
2615:Barbara Holdridge
2610:Beatrice A. Hicks
2585:Lydia Maria Child
2499:Leontine T. Kelly
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2259:Louisa May Alcott
2173:Mary Breckinridge
2052:Geraldine Ferraro
2037:Annie Jump Cannon
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1499:Eleanor Roosevelt
1398:Inductees to the
1300:978-0-9604726-5-9
1192:(11): 5676–5685.
1123:978-1-59884-158-9
972:978-0-78760-646-6
841:978-1-55581-953-8
741:978-1-4294-7614-0
541:Aliceevansviridae
538:The viral family
533:Enemella evansiae
510:Honorary member,
471:Awards and honors
365:Richard M. Krause
333:Evans joined the
151:
150:
121:Scientific career
65:September 5, 1975
4359:
4179:Diane E. Griffin
4108:Kenneth I. Berns
3965:Philipp Gerhardt
3833:Gail Monroe Dack
3792:Harold Joel Conn
3696:Edwin Broun Fred
3472:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3277:
3266:
3233:Louise Slaughter
3157:Victoria Jackson
3116:Philippa Marrack
3101:Barbara Iglewski
3009:Kathrine Switzer
3004:Donna E. Shalala
2949:
2938:
2895:Allie B. Latimer
2875:Louise Bourgeois
2849:Judith L. Pipher
2656:Katharine Graham
2600:Marian de Forest
2519:Anna Howard Shaw
2469:Emma Smith DeVoe
2454:
2443:
2355:Joan Ganz Cooney
2279:Oveta Culp Hobby
2274:Mary A. Hallaren
2137:Sarah Winnemucca
2006:Gloria Yerkovich
2001:Rosalyn S. Yalow
1956:Jeannette Rankin
1936:Georgia O'Keeffe
1891:Fannie Lou Hamer
1851:Shirley Chisholm
1799:Billie Jean King
1779:
1768:
1730:Gwendolyn Brooks
1610:
1599:
1439:Susan B. Anthony
1419:
1408:
1392:
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958:
952:
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931:
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922:
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915:
913:
911:
905:
894:
888:Evans, Alice C.
885:
852:
851:
850:
848:
815:
800:
799:
781:
768:
767:
761:
753:
726:
715:
714:
666:
651:
650:
648:
630:
621:
620:
610:
578:
392:William H. Welch
309:Bacillus abortus
175:Brucella abortus
170:Bacillus abortus
110:Bacillus abortus
68:
50:January 29, 1881
49:
47:
35:
21:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4347:Bacteriologists
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4239:Lynn W. Enquist
4233:Timothy Donohue
4209:David C. Hooper
4161:Thomas E. Shenk
4131:
3970:
3809:
3648:
3481:
3476:
3446:
3433:
3429:Serena Williams
3372:
3316:
3302:Henrietta Lacks
3292:Barbara Hillary
3287:Aretha Franklin
3271:
3252:
3238:Sonia Sotomayor
3191:
3130:
3081:Tenley Albright
3069:
3055:Bernice Sandler
3013:
2994:Lilly Ledbetter
2969:Loretta C. Ford
2943:
2924:
2863:
2859:Henrietta Szold
2819:Eleanor K. Baum
2807:
2773:Hillary Clinton
2746:
2697:Gertrude Ederle
2692:Donna de Varona
2675:
2634:
2580:Rosalynn Carter
2558:
2534:Wilma L. Vaught
2489:Crystal Eastman
2484:Sylvia A. Earle
2448:
2429:
2425:Chien-Shiung Wu
2400:Felice Schwartz
2370:Julia Ward Howe
2313:
2304:Maria Tallchief
2247:
2203:Margaret Fuller
2198:Ella Fitzgerald
2193:Mary Baker Eddy
2146:
2102:Antonia Novello
2077:Anne Hutchinson
2010:
1951:Esther Peterson
1926:Wilma Mankiller
1846:Emily Blackwell
1824:
1808:
1773:
1754:
1718:
1692:
1671:
1650:
1646:Frances Perkins
1629:
1625:Sojourner Truth
1620:Margaret Sanger
1604:
1585:
1554:
1528:
1474:Emily Dickinson
1434:Marian Anderson
1413:
1402:
1396:
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1341:
1332:
1322:
1305:
1280:
1278:Further reading
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81:Alma mater
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4260:
4254:
4248:
4245:Susan E. Sharp
4242:
4236:
4230:
4229:(Mar-Dec 2014)
4224:
4223:(Jan-Feb 2014)
4218:
4212:
4206:
4203:Bonnie Bassler
4200:
4197:Roberto Kolter
4194:
4188:
4182:
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4164:
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4146:
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4114:Stanley Falkow
4111:
4105:
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4087:
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4069:
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4057:
4051:
4048:Jean Brenchley
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4015:
4009:
4006:Willis A. Wood
4003:
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3881:Herald Rea Cox
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3815:
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3808:
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3783:
3777:
3771:
3768:Ira L. Baldwin
3765:
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3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
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3678:Ludvig Hektoen
3675:
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3511:Theobald Smith
3508:
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3409:Judith Plaskow
3406:
3404:Peggy McIntosh
3401:
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3368:Michelle Obama
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3199:
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3169:
3164:
3162:Sherry Lansing
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Temple Grandin
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
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3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Jean Kilbourne
3103:
3098:
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3075:
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3068:
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3062:
3057:
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3030:Ina May Gaskin
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
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3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:Billie Holiday
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2717:Dorothea Lange
2714:
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2195:
2190:
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2180:
2178:Eileen Collins
2175:
2170:
2168:Amelia Bloomer
2165:
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2158:Virginia Apgar
2154:
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2148:
2147:
2145:
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2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Nettie Stevens
2124:
2122:Muriel Siebert
2119:
2114:
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2107:Linda Richards
2104:
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2092:Louise McManus
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2016:
2012:
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1981:Helen Stephens
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1976:Gloria Steinem
1973:
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1504:Florence Sabin
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1330:External links
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681:(1): 105–111.
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496:Wilson College
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419:pasteurization
396:undulant fever
384:Theobald Smith
317:undulant fever
255:
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248:Elmer McCollum
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184:pasteurization
158:microbiologist
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4294:
4292:
4276:
4275:Colleen Kraft
4273:
4270:
4269:Steven Finkel
4267:
4264:
4263:Victor DiRita
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4221:Jo Handelsman
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
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4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4126:Julian Davies
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:Carol A. Nacy
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4084:John Ingraham
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:Walter Dowdle
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4012:Albert Balows
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
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3812:
3805:
3804:Barnett Cohen
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:James Craigie
3778:
3775:
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3545:
3542:
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3536:
3535:James Carroll
3533:
3530:
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3500:
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3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:Patricia Bath
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Emily Howland
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Toni Morrison
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3249:
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3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Gloria Allred
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Aimee Mullins
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Matilda Cuomo
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:Eleanor Smeal
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Martha Graham
3089:
3087:
3086:Nancy Brinker
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Anna Schwartz
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2921:
2920:Kate Stoneman
2918:
2916:
2915:Susan Solomon
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Winona LaDuke
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:Betty Bumpers
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Anne Sullivan
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
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2693:
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2688:
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2672:
2669:
2667:
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2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Althea Gibson
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
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2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
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2542:
2540:
2537:
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2532:
2530:
2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
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2482:
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2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
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2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Florence Wald
2413:
2411:
2410:Beverly Sills
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Shannon Lucid
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
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2338:
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2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2309:Edith Wharton
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
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2267:
2265:
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2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Pat Schroeder
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
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2211:
2209:
2206:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
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2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Oprah Winfrey
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Wilma Rudolph
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
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2090:
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2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Myra Bradwell
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Elaine Roulet
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
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1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
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1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1879:
1877:
1876:Betty Friedan
1874:
1872:
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1701:
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1684:
1681:
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1668:
1667:Lucretia Mott
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
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1642:
1639:
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1600:
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1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Margaret Mead
1543:
1541:
1540:Abigail Adams
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Rachel Carson
1462:
1460:
1459:Pearl S. Buck
1457:
1455:
1452:
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1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
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1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:9780313291807
1317:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Gentle Hunter
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1157:
1156:"Alice Evans"
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
992:
988:
982:
979:
974:
968:
964:
957:
954:
949:
947:9781576073926
943:
939:
938:
930:
927:
921:
918:
902:
898:
891:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
854:
843:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
797:
791:
787:
780:
778:
776:
774:
770:
765:
759:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
732:
725:
723:
721:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
665:
663:
661:
659:
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647:
642:
638:
637:
629:
627:
623:
618:
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
571:
567:
560:
556:
553:
552:
548:
543:
542:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
461:
457:
450:
448:
446:
437:
433:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:However, Dr.
380:
378:
373:
372:Karl F. Meyer
370:In 1920, Dr.
368:
366:
362:
357:
356:Streptococcus
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
328:
327:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
230:
228:
223:
221:
220:scarlet fever
217:
213:
209:
200:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
140:
137:
135:
132:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
86:
85:
83:
79:
74:
64:
60:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4251:Peggy Cotter
4167:James Tiedje
4155:Ronald Atlas
4136:2001–present
4090:Gail Cassell
3905:Orville Wyss
3744:Charles Thom
3671:
3660:Hans Zinsser
3414:Loretta Ross
3389:Ruby Bridges
3333:Judy Chicago
3228:Rose O'Neill
3208:Angela Davis
3187:Alice Waters
3182:Janet Rowley
3177:Carol Mutter
3065:Emma Willard
3045:Nancy Pelosi
3040:Kate Millett
2905:Ruth Patrick
2900:Emma Lazarus
2885:Karen DeCrow
2880:Mildred Cohn
2575:Lucille Ball
2549:Eudora Welty
2524:Sophia Smith
2509:Kate Mullany
2365:Sarah Grimké
2330:Maya Angelou
2163:Ann Bancroft
2142:Fanny Wright
2062:Grace Hopper
1986:Lillian Wald
1941:Annie Oakley
1921:Mary Mahoney
1870:
1745:Mary Risteau
1735:Willa Cather
1688:Bessie Smith
1566:Dorothea Dix
1494:Helen Keller
1469:Mary Cassatt
1444:Clara Barton
1359:
1346:
1309:
1291:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1246:
1232:cite journal
1189:
1185:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1112:
1090:November 26,
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1029:
1020:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
990:
981:
962:
956:
940:. ABC-CLIO.
936:
929:
920:
910:December 14,
908:. Retrieved
901:the original
896:
845:, retrieved
823:
785:
730:
678:
674:
634:
590:
586:
539:
532:
466:
462:
458:
454:
442:
427:
423:
410:
409:Eventually,
408:
403:
400:Neurasthenia
381:
376:
369:
332:
324:
314:
307:
301:
289:Charles Thom
277:
257:
231:
224:
205:
173:
169:
166:bacteriology
153:
152:
127:Institutions
120:
109:
67:(1975-09-05)
18:
4302:1975 deaths
4297:1881 births
4257:Robin Patel
4143:Martha Howe
4120:Stuart Levy
3863:Harry Eagle
3774:Stuart Mudd
3419:Sandy Stone
3363:Indra Nooyi
3035:Julie Krone
2834:Swanee Hunt
2824:Julia Child
2788:Maya Y. Lin
2661:Bertha Holt
2595:Dorothy Day
2529:Ida Tarbell
2494:Jeanne Holm
2223:Maggie Kuhn
2022:Bella Abzug
1911:Mae Jemison
1881:Ella Grasso
1871:Alice Evans
1861:Ruth Colvin
1489:Helen Hayes
1429:Jane Addams
1336:Alice Evans
1253:"2022.001B"
1165:January 25,
352:World War I
347:Spanish flu
304:brucellosis
180:brucellosis
114:brucellosis
4291:Categories
3827:René Dubos
3218:Jane Fonda
3213:Sarah Deer
3025:Betty Ford
2514:Janet Reno
2360:Gerty Cori
2335:Nellie Bly
2027:Ella Baker
1946:Rosa Parks
1740:Sally Ride
1709:Lucy Stone
1576:Alice Paul
1040:October 6,
795:1888105542
561:References
531:Bacterium
343:meningitis
46:1881-01-29
3975:1976–2000
3814:1951–1975
3653:1926–1950
3486:1900–1925
3348:Joy Harjo
3270:2020–2029
2942:2010–2019
2732:Sacagawea
2479:Mary Dyer
2447:2000–2009
1916:Mary Lyon
1772:1990–1999
1603:1980–1989
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1208:1466-5034
996:March 25,
890:"Memoirs"
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758:cite book
750:154687896
599:0044-0086
447:in 1969.
295:to study
3343:Mia Hamm
1351:(slides)
1216:32931407
703:11382087
617:11049166
549:See also
501:Fellow,
411:Brucella
404:Brucella
297:mycology
172:(called
1285:Memoirs
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711:5145727
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608:2579030
262:at the
227:Towanda
112:caused
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904:(PDF)
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691:JSTOR
361:phage
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