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the government for a period of 25 years. At the time, she thought it would enable
American Indians to assimilate to European-American ways, as their best means of survival. The government also wanted to gain "surplus" land for sale to other Americans. The Dawes Act was accountable for the inevitable breakup of all Indigenous reservations. By 1932 the amount of land acquired was approximately 92,000,000 of the 138,000,000 acres Indigenous groups had owned in 1887. Fletcher's land allotment work has been viewed as an error in the administration policies of Native American peoples and their land. Fletcher herself may have even realized this error because she abandoned her political policy work to focus strictly on more ethnographical work after the turn of the century.
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of 1887. This act imposed a system of private land ownership on
Indigenous tribes. This was a big difference because traditionally these tribes had communal land ownership. Individual Indigenous peoples would be allotted up to 160 acres of land. This land was tax-free and was to be held in trust by
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in Santa Fe, New Mexico. From 1899 until 1916 Fletcher was on the editorial board of the
American Anthropologist, and she also made major contributions to many issues. Fletcher was a pioneer in the study of Native American music. She became fascinated by their music and dancing so she transcribed
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Fletcher taught school and later became a public lecturer to support herself, arguing that anthropologists and archaeologists were best at uncovering ancient history of humans. She also advocated for the education of Native
Americans "so that they could gain accoutrements of civilization."
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in 1905. One of her colleagues, Walter Hough, remembered
Fletcher as one who, "Mildly, peaceably, yet with great fortitude...did what she could to advance the cause of science". Her ashes are interred in the patio wall of the
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In addition to her research and writing, Fletcher worked in several special appointed positions during the late nineteenth century. In 1883 she was appointed special agent by the US to allot lands to the
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She was made assistant in ethnology at the
Peabody Museum in 1882, and in 1891 received the Thaw fellowship, which was created for her. Active in professional societies, she was elected president of the
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in Ohio and assisted in the efforts to raise funds to purchase the site in 1886. The site was donated to the Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society in 1900 and is a National Historic Landmark.
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Fletcher wrote about the experiences of her 1881 field trip in two journals. These journals included drawings of the plains, reservations, and many of her different campsites throughout eastern
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would seem rather insensible by contemporary anthropological standards, "Her writings reflect the attitudes regarding the movement of history and social evolution prevalent in her day".
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413:. She was a pioneer in the study of American Indian music, a field of research inaugurated by a paper she gave in 1893 before the Chicago Anthropological Conference. In 1898 at the
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The
Problems of the Unity or Plurality and the Probable Place of Origin of The American Aborigines. (A Symposium) Some Ethnological Aspects of the Problem. Am. Anthrop., 1912
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338:, an Omaha woman, to enable her studies at medical school. Graduating at the top of her class, LaFlesche became the first Native American woman doctor in the United States.
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started work with the Omaha, and decided to concentrate on the modern aspects of the tribe, because of the extensive work already done by Alice
Fletcher.
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in vain hopes of easing her father's illness with a better climate. Fletcher was born there in 1838. After her father died in 1839, the family moved to
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Not much is known about
Fletcher's parents; her father was a New York lawyer and her mother was from a prominent Boston family. Her parents moved to
523:. It is still considered to be the definitive work on the subject. Altogether she wrote 46 monographs on ethnology. In 1908 she led in founding the
425:, she read several essays upon the songs of the North American Indians. A number of Omaha Indians sang their native melodies. Out of this grew her
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on a mission from the commissioner of education. In 1887 she was appointed United States special agent in the allotment of lands among the
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an exhibit showing the progress of civilization among the Indians of North America in the quarter-century previous, and in 1886 visited the
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in Pennsylvania, where native children learned English, arithmetic, and skills designed to allow them to be integrated American citizens.
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hundreds of their songs. In 1898 she presented several essays on the subject of Native American songs at the Congress of Musicians in
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of 1887, which broke up reservations and distributed communal land in allotments for individual household ownership of land parcels.
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Alice Fletcher received numerous honors for the work she accomplished throughout her career. In 1890 she was awarded the
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Indian Games and Dances with Native Songs Arranged from American Indian Ceremonials and Sports. Boston, 1915
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The Religious Ceremony of the Four Winds as Observed by a Santee Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
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982:, National Museum of Natural History, Archives of the Smithsonian Institution, accessed 26 August 2011
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The Shadow or Ghost Lodge: A Ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
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Some of her recordings can be found in the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.
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Report of the Committee on the Preservation of Archaeologic Remains on Public Lands. AAAS, 1889
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Observations on the Laws and Privileges of the Gens in Indian Society. (abstract) AAAS, 1884
429:(1900), exploring a stage of development antecedent to that in which culture music appeared.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Concepts of Nature among the American Natives. (abstract) 19th Internat. Cong. Amer., 1917
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Tribal Structure: A Study of the Omaha and Cognate Tribes. Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909
1270:"Search results from Audio Recording, 1890 to 1899, Music, Collection, Fletcher, Alice C."
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Lands in Severalty to Indians; Illustrated by Experience with the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1885
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Sun Dance of the Ogallala Sioux. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883
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for stimulating her interest in American Indian culture and began working with him at the
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The Indian and Nature: The Basis of His Tribal Organization and Rites. The Red Man, 1916
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A sample of North American Indian traditional music that was collected by Alice Fletcher
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on their reservation as a representative of the Peabody Museum. She was accompanied by
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The Elk Mystery or Festival of the Ogallala Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
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Love Songs among the Omaha Indians. International Congress of Anthropologists, 1894
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The White Buffalo Festival of the Uncpapas. 16th Annual Report Peabody Museum, 1884
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Fellowship at Harvard, which granted her funding for ethnographic and reform work.
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Indian Education and Civilization. Special Report, U.S. Bureau of Education. 1888
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A Pawnee Ritual Used When Changing a Man's Name. American Anthropologist, 1899
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Brief History of the International Congress of Americanists. Am. Anthrop., 1913
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The Omaha Tribe. (With Francis La Flesche). 27th Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1911
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Historical Sketch of the Omaha Tribe of Indians in Nebraska. Washington, 1885
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The Wa-Wan, or Pipe Dance of the Omahas. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
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These times also marked the beginning of Fletcher's 40-year association with
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Register to the Papers of Alice Cunningham Fletcher and Francis La Flesche
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A Study of Omaha Indian Music. Arch. and Eth. Papers Peabody Museum, 1893
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Life among the Indians : first fieldwork among the Sioux and Omahas
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Observations upon the Usage, Symbolism and Influence of the Sacred Pipes
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In 1881, Fletcher made an unprecedented trip to live with and study the
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Indian Songs: Personal Studies of Indian Life. Century Magazine, 1894
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Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher
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Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of Alice Cunningham Fletcher
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Symbolic Earth Formations of the Winnebagoes. (abstract) AAAS, 1884
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Later Fletcher helped write, lobbied for and helped administer the
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Hal-thu-ska Society of the Omaha Tribe. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1892
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Fletcher and Chief Joseph at the Nez Percé Lapwai Reservation in
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Over her lifetime Alice Fletcher worked with and for the Omaha,
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Hewett and Friends : A Biography of Santa Fe's Vibrant Era
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The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony. 22nd Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1904
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in 1879 in his landmark civil rights trial. Also with them was
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The Study of Indian Music. National Academy of Science, 1915
218:. She studied the remnants of the Indian civilization in the
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1033:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 320, 378.
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Giving Thanks: A Pawnee Ceremony. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1900
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Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group. AAAS, 1897
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Hough, Walter (6 April 1923). "Alice Cunningham Fletcher".
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Frederick H. Martens (1959). "Fletcher, Alice Cunningham".
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Fletcher, Alice C. (Alice Cunningham), 1838-1923. (2013).
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The "Lazy Man" in Indian Lore. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1901
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On the Preservation of Archaeologic Monuments. AAAS, 1888
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Gentleman kneeling is an interpreter named James Stewart.
248:, an Omaha spokeswoman who had served as interpreter for
1292:'Farwell: String Quartet in A major, Op. 65 “The Hako”'
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Prayers Voiced in Ancient America. Art and Arch., 1920
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Nature and the Indian Tribe. Art and Archaeology, 1916
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Indian Story and Song from North America. Boston, 1900
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Hunting Customs of the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1895
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Phonetic Alphabet of the Winnebago Indians. AAAS, 1890
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1001:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
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A Birthday Wish from Native America. Washington, 1916
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Tribal Life among the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1896
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American ethnologist, anthropologist, social scientist
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Indian Songs and Music. Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1898
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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645:Indian Messiah. Journal. American Folk-Lore, 1892
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503:. Even though many of her writings regarding the
995:Joan Mark (1999). "Fletcher, Alice Cunningham".
315:and in 1905 as the first woman president of the
693:Star Cult among the Pawnee. Am. Anthrop., 1902
190:, New York City. Fletcher was enrolled in the
1196:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1171:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
754:"Ethnomusicological Research and Anthropology"
553:behind a bronze plaque with a quote from her.
544:in 1903 and the first woman president of the
283:tribes, in 1884 she prepared and sent to the
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1061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
696:Pawnee Star Lore. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1903
319:. She also served as vice-president of the
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1454:Works by or about Alice Cunningham Fletcher
666:Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1896
627:Of Friendship among the Omahas. AAAS, 1885
212:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
124:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1065:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
588:is named after Alice Cunningham Fletcher.
233:From 1881, Fletcher was involved with the
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1509:20th-century American non-fiction writers
1504:19th-century American non-fiction writers
1007:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1400196
648:Nez Perce Country. (abstract) AAAS, 1892
482:Alice Fletcher helped write and pass the
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427:Indian Story and Song from North America
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1167:"A Life of Science and Public Service"
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562:'s String Quartet in A major, Op. 65
542:Anthropological Society of Washington
313:Anthropological Society of Washington
128:Anthropological Society of Washington
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1080:Lee, Dorothy Sara; La Vigna, Maria.
1499:20th-century American women writers
1494:19th-century American women writers
770:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.000531
669:Indian Songs and Music. AAAS, 1896
332:Women's National Indian Association
323:, and was a longtime member of the
228:Archaeological Institute of America
1445:Works by Alice Cunningham Fletcher
274:Alice Fletcher at her writing desk
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857:"Camping With the Sioux:Foreword"
540:Fletcher became president of the
407:Indian Education and Civilization
1489:19th-century American historians
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1294:, NAXOS 8.559900 CD reviewed at
948:"Camping With the Sioux:Forward"
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887:Dictionary of American Biography
752:McLeod, Norma (1 October 1974).
396:Problems playing this file? See
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246:Susette "Bright Eyes" La Flesche
1111:MacLean, Maggie (26 May 2015).
154:15, 1838 – April
1534:Historians of Native Americans
1524:American women anthropologists
525:School of American Archaeology
325:Literary Society of Washington
136:School of American Archaeology
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1554:American women archaeologists
1338:10.1525/aa.1923.25.2.02a00080
1308:A Stranger in Her Native Land
758:Annual Review of Anthropology
711:Wakondagi. Am. Anthrop., 1912
226:, and became a member of the
1402:Resources in other libraries
1386:By Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1378:Resources in other libraries
1244:Chauvenet, Beatrice (1983).
423:Trans-Mississippi Exposition
405:In 1888, Fletcher published
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998:American National Biography
831:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
804:"Alice Cunningham Fletcher"
170:who studied and documented
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928:Fletcher, Alice Cunningham
409:, a special report of the
1544:American women historians
1430:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1418:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1397:Resources in your library
1373:Resources in your library
1359:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1117:History of American Women
546:American Folklore Society
491:Fieldwork among the Sioux
317:American Folklore Society
158:6, 1923) was an American
148:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
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132:American Folklore Society
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34:Alice Cunningham Fletcher
1549:American audio engineers
1514:Harvard University staff
1192:"Camping With the Sioux"
551:New Mexico Museum of Art
178:Early life and education
1326:American Anthropologist
1224:Encyclopædia Britannica
1013:(subscription required)
933:Encyclopædia Britannica
285:World Cotton Centennial
192:Brooklyn Female Academy
1296:MusicWeb International
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235:Carlisle Indian School
1564:Women audio engineers
1519:American ethnologists
432:Fletcher worked with
415:Congress of Musicians
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267:, beginning in 1890.
1420:at Wikimedia Commons
835:womenhistoryblog.com
576:Margaret Copley Thaw
434:Frederic Ward Putnam
330:Working through the
208:Frederic Ward Putnam
1273:Library of Congress
1086:Library of Congress
436:in his research on
411:Bureau of Education
224:Mississippi valleys
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978:2011-08-06 at the
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261:Francis La Flesche
216:Harvard University
206:Fletcher credited
1539:La Flesche family
1449:Project Gutenberg
1416:Media related to
1354:Library resources
1040:978-1-4619-4880-3
570:Awards and honors
462:, Chippewa, Oto,
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289:natives of Alaska
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104:Scientific career
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16:(Redirected from
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120:Institutions
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82:(1923-04-06)
1484:1923 deaths
1479:1838 births
421:during the
160:ethnologist
95:Nationality
1473:Categories
1434:Wikisource
1278:2019-06-04
1255:0890131368
953:6 February
862:6 February
841:6 February
783:20 January
740:References
586:Antarctica
398:media help
303:under the
58:1838-03-15
1229:8 January
1057:cite book
1049:865063080
778:0084-6570
484:Dawes Act
478:Dawes Act
472:Winnebago
464:Nez Percé
454:, Sioux,
443:In 1930,
343:Dawes Act
305:Dawes Act
301:Nez Perce
297:Winnebago
230:in 1879.
174:culture.
114:Ethnology
1091:26 April
976:Archived
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564:The Hako
497:Nebraska
474:tribes.
460:Cheyenne
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530:Omaha
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468:Ponca
419:Omaha
354:Idaho
281:Miwok
242:Sioux
1312:Link
1310:, 6
1250:ISBN
1231:2016
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1178:2016
1150:2016
1124:2016
1093:2019
1067:link
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