1990s post-Soviet aliyah - Knowledge (XXG)

682:, a major transit point for immigration to Israel, some 83% chose to go to the United States. In October 1989, the US government stopped treating Soviet Jews as refugees, as another country, Israel, was willing to accept them unconditionally. However, granting refugee status to Soviet Jews persisted in some form, as the Lautenberg Amendment to the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act (Section 599D) required the executive branch to establish refugee processing categories for Jews, Evangelical Christians, Ukrainian Catholics, and Ukrainian Orthodox Church members and give members of these categories an enhanced opportunity to qualify for refugee status. In 1990, 185,227 Soviet immigrants arrived in Israel (out of about 228,400 Jews who left the Soviet Union that year). Approximately 148,000 more Soviet immigrants arrived in Israel in 1991. Immigration to Israel dropped off significantly from then on but remained steady between 1992 and 1995. In 1992, 65,093 Soviet immigrants arrived in Israel, followed by 66,145 in 1993, 68,079 in 1994, and 64,848 in 1995. From then on, Soviet immigration dipped below 60,000 per year for the next few years, though a spike occurred in 1999 when 66,848 immigrants arrived in Israel. This decline continued into the 2000s. In 2000 50,817 immigrants arrived followed by 33,601 in 2001, and after that immigration to Israel from the former Soviet Union declined to less than 20,000 per year. 2375:

economist Shlomo Maoz said about the Russian aliyah: "The Russians saved Israel, big time. The aliyah improved our situation almost on every parameter". According to Maoz, the infusion of almost a million new consumers allowed hundreds of companies across a wide range of industries to increase their market by up to 20%, and this increase in consumption greatly increased imports and exports. The emerging Israeli high-tech industry was greatly boosted by highly educated Russian immigrants, together with skilled IDF veterans. In addition, Maoz credited the Russian immigrants, who tended to be more ambitious and highly educated than native Israelis, with indirectly boosting native Israelis' productivity by causing more of them to work harder and pursue higher education in order to compete. Economist Yosef Zeira acknowledged that Russian immigrants had a positive effect on the Israeli economy and credited them for ending a recession that came as a result of the

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poverty, while 10% were in the wealthiest third of society. The Soviet immigrants integrated into the Israeli economy, which during the 1990s was experiencing a boom that doubled the country's GDP per capita and caused the unemployment rate to decline despite the massive increase in the labor force the immigration brought on. By 2010, only 38% of Soviet immigrants were in the poorest third of society, and 27% were in the wealthiest third. In 2012, the average salary of an immigrant from the former Soviet Union was comparable to that of a native-born Israeli Jew, meaning that the economic gap between the Soviet immigrants and the rest of Israeli Jewish society had essentially closed.

1497: 1379: 2379:, but claimed that Israel's high-tech success was mainly due to subsidies from the IDF. According to Zeira, though the Russian aliyah had a positive effect on the economy, "Israel would still be a Western country with a prospering industrial sector, with them or without them." The overall contribution and potential of the immigrants that have contributed to the State of Israel and to Israeli society as scientists, doctors, academics, in technology, research and the arts were of key importance to the overall culture and economy of Israel. 1319: 51: 1281:

Russian voters and to the right-wings seculars, the National Union party turns mainly to the religious national public and to the public of the settlers. This assumption became clear after "Yisrael Beiteinu" gained alone 11 mandates and became the second largest right-wing party after the Likud, which received only 12 mandates, while most of the mandates it received arrived of course from the target audience of the party – the immigrants from the Russian Federation.

1375:, although 55% expressed some level of religious belief. Their rate of intermarriage and cohabitation with non-Jewish partners was also found to be higher, with 10% of them married to or cohabiting with a partner who was a non-Jew, as compared to 2% among all Israeli Jews. However, the children of the immigrants are considerably more religious than their parents, with only 60% identifying as secular, 70% expressing some religious belief, and 14% being Haredi. 1020: 1111: 794:, then Israel's Minister for Housing Construction, initiated several programs to encourage the construction of new residential buildings, which partly included the concession of different planning procedures. When those resources were inadequate to the growing immigration wave, and many immigrants remained lacking a roof, within two years about 430 caravan sites were set up across Israel, comprising 27,000 caravans. The largest caravan site was founded in 1513:

in 1990 around 96% of the immigrants were Jews and only 4% were non-Jewish family members. However, in 2000, the proportion was: Jews according to halakha – 47%, non-Jewish spouses of Jews – 14%, children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother – 17%, non-Jewish spouses of children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother – 6%, grandchildren with one Jewish grandparent – 14% and non-Jewish spouses of grandchildren with one Jewish grandparent – 2%.

918: 1220:. Although most of the Soviet immigrants supported the liberal policies in the subjects of religion and state, because this immigration wave was secular in its majority, they avoided support for the Israeli left-wing parties which consisted of similar positions, as a result of them being in favor of compromise with the Palestinians, and their association of left-wing with Soviet 877: 863:

surrounding culture while conserving their original culture. These strategic choices were different from those of the previous immigration waves, which commonly chose either to assimilate, rejecting the originating culture and welcoming the absorbing culture, or to intertwine. The immigrants' Israeli-born children, however, have completely assimilated into Israeli society.

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effects the massive immigration wave would have. The two central reasons for the fear which were related to this immigration wave were the fear of that there may be a percentage of religious and cultural non-Jews amongst the immigrants, and the apprehension that the new immigrants would take jobs away from the veteran population.

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said the immigration wave helped the Israeli universities, where one of every four staff members is now a Russian-speaker. At the same time, prime minister Netanyahu said the Soviet Jews have now "integrated into the life of the country and have become a principal and important element in all aspects

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such as apartments usually belonged to the state, and emigrants had to cede those assets in the majority of cases. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the establishment of capitalism in Russia and other former Soviet republics, those laws were canceled. On July 1, 1991, a change in Soviet law came

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At the start of the mass immigration, almost all those immigrating from the former USSR were considered Jews by Halakha. The proportion of those who were not considered Jewish by Orthodox interpretations of Halakha among the immigrants consistently rose throughout the immigration wave. For example,

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Yisrael Beiteinu parted from the National Union party. The logic that stood behind this decision was that in spite of the similarities between the positions of "Yisrael Beiteinu" and National Union party, the two parties have two separate target audiences: while Yisrael Beiteinu turns mainly to the

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The absorption laws changed with time. The basic government grants given to each immigrant changed rapidly from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. Most of the immigrants initially located on the periphery and later dispersed to the "Russian" neighborhoods. There were cities, mainly in the medium and

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primarily affected immigrants of lower socio-economic status, while those from higher socio-economic levels, who had the resources to resist these efforts, moved to residential areas of their own choice instead, mostly in Gush Dan. (Additional cities to which many of the immigrants moved (willingly

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When they arrived in Israel, many Soviet immigrants, including highly educated and skilled professionals, initially took menial and semi-skilled jobs and lived in poverty. In 1992, 56% of Soviet immigrants were in the poorest third of the Israeli population, either poor or at risk of falling into

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their names, but most kept their Russian ones. However, Russian parents largely gave their children Hebrew first names, and the trend steadily rose throughout the 1990s into the 2000s. Many children of Russian immigrants have been given Biblical first names which are recognized as Israeli but are

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courses are offered to every immigrant, many Russian immigrants prefer to speak Russian. As of 1995, only 51% of them were proficient in Hebrew, while 39% could not read Hebrew or had poor Hebrew literacy, and 26% could barely speak or could not speak Hebrew at all. Some 48% spoke only Russian at

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Another additional reason for negative attitudes is connected to the general characteristic of a migratory society, the inhospitable attitude of the veteran group towards the population of immigrants. In this respect, negative stereotypical rumors started to spread about the new immigrants. This

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perception (which was strong until the 1980s) brought more tolerance from the Israeli society to the attempts of the Russian immigrants to preserve their culture. In tandem, many of the immigrants saw themselves as delegates of Russian culture, and they considered it superior to Israel's largely

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party, which gained a great popularity among ex-Soviet immigrants, as in spite of its left-wing tendency, the Shinui party was not identified with the left. A study done in the 90s, asked Russian immigrants to choose their favorite party political program, with the party name being deleted. Not

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At first the reaction of Israeli society to the Jewish Soviet Union immigration wave was very positive, and the common phrase "with every immigrant, our strength rises" was used amongst the locals. This positive attitude changed with time as a result of fears in parts of Israeli society to the

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Of the immigrants who arrived between 1989 and 1990, 60% were college-educated, then twice the number of college-educated Israelis. From 1990 to 1993, 57,000 engineers and 12,000 doctors immigrated from the former Soviet Union to Israel. By contrast, there were only 30,000 engineers and 15,000

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which were set up to provide employment for the thousands of the scientists and the engineers which came through this immigration wave. This immigration wave has also been credited with boosting Israel's economy, and helping grow the country's famous high-tech industry in particular. Israeli

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Some of the immigrants chose to stick to the strategy of dissimilation, keeping the originating culture and rejecting the absorbing culture. Other groups of immigrants (the political leadership and younger people) chose to stick with the strategy of intertwining, involving themselves in the

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was helped in his election campaign by the distribution of a Russian-language book lauding him as an Israeli war hero. Many political commentators claimed after the elections, that this book had a decisive effect in the victory of Barak in the elections. Likewise, the popularity of

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told ourselves, have been educated for 70 years in an internationalist spirit. They have just overthrown a cruel dictatorial system, so they must be avid democrats. Many of them are not Jews, but only relatives (sometimes remote) of Jews. So here we have hundreds of thousands of

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activities in the fields of education, science and technology, literature, music, theater, etc. Russian immigrants are much more likely to go to the theater or to classic music concerts than Israel-born people, and in literature the Russian aliyah introduced the

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In response to growing international pressure, the Soviets began allowing Jews to emigrate in limited numbers annually starting in 1968, officially for "family reunification". Initially, most went to Israel, but after 1976, the majority began immigrating to the

1485:. In 1988, a year before the immigration wave began, 58% of married Jewish men and 47% of married Jewish women in the Soviet Union had a non-Jewish spouse. Some 26%, or 240,000, of the immigrants had no Jewish mother, and were thus not considered Jewish by 858:

Many of the new immigrants found that their former education was not recognized by many Israeli employers, though it was recognized by institutions of higher education. Many had to work in jobs which did not match their expertise, or undergo retraining.

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As the wave of emigration began, Soviet Jews who wanted to emigrate left the Soviet Union for various European countries and began gathering at transit points, from which they were flown to Israel, and the Israeli government ordered the national airline

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The immigrants integrated relatively successfully in the Israeli economy, and they are characterized as having a higher rate of participation in the work market. The Israeli high tech field went through a small revolution with inculcation of several

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also common in other countries. While the immigrants themselves did not completely integrate into Israeli culture and hold on to part of their Russian identity, their children are entirely integrated into Israeli society, according to a 2011 study.

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This culture is characterized to a great extent by the combination of characteristic elements from the Soviet Union and Israel. This mixture created a new secular culture which speaks both Hebrew and Russian, and which puts a great emphasis on

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and therefore have reduced rights), and therefore compensating by "aligning themselves with the Jewish majority against the Palestinians in the territories and by doing that, making themselves feel like they belong", according to former

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The secular character of this immigration wave and their attempts to preserve their eating habits caused in the mid-1990s the opening of stores selling merchandise which was prevalent in the USSR, notably non-kosher meat such as

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and demonstrating for their right to leave. This was accompanied by a worldwide campaign calling on the Soviet government to allow Jews to emigrate. The ban on Jewish immigration to Israel was lifted in 1971, leading to the

721:. Direct flights were resumed in August 1991. In December 1991, the Soviet Union itself collapsed. Eventually, every city in the former Soviet Union with a large Jewish population became a staging point for direct flights. 1184:

During the 1990s the voting of the immigrants in the elections was characterized by consistently being against the present authority. In reality, the immigrants had a considerable part in the falls of the governments of

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After that period, the immigrants dissipated throughout Israel. But this immigration wave exhibited a phenomenon common to previous Israeli immigration waves: the efforts of the state to transfer the immigrants to the

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newspapers appeared, and with the development of the multichannel television in Israel during the 1990s, many Russian channels started being rebroadcast in Israel. And in November 2002, a new Israeli-Russian channel,

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party. Many see the fall of the party of the immigrants as a positive sign to the intertwining in the Israeli society and to the fact that they do not need their own party anymore. The founder and leader of the

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In the aftermath of breakup of the Soviet Union, a series of wars erupted in areas of the former Soviet Union, and Jewish refugees from these war-torn areas were evacuated to Israel with the help of the

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about 1/3rd of the 1990s immigrants got their former education recognized in Israel as higher education. But less than half of the literate population of workers works in the field of their expertise.

1154:" party, Natan Sharansky, said after the elections that the reason for the fall of his party was actually in its success to obtain its objectives of intertwining the immigrants in the Israeli society. 2432:

their customs with their new lives in Israel. Much of the criticism towards this wave was related to their cultural distinction, which included many negative stereotypes regarding Israeli society.

672: 1360:, emerged. Seven Russian newspapers were also established. However, by 2012 Israeli-Russian media was declining, as the children of Soviet immigrants rely far less on it than their parents do. 1477:

qualifies anyone who has a Jewish grandparent, or is married to a Jew. As a result of this discrepancy, the immigration wave included people who were not considered Jews by the Israeli

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inhospitable attitude intensified also because—in contrast with the previous immigration waves to Israel—many of the immigrants from this wave kept their culture and language, without

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in Israel, and caused many confrontations. In most of the cases, the different sides reached a compromise and the pork stores were moved to the industrial regions of the cities.

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into effect under which emigrants would no longer have to forfeit their Soviet citizenship. From then, emigrants who left the Soviet Union and its successor states after the

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Direct flights from the Soviet Union to Israel carrying immigrants took place in January and February 1990. The first direct flight, which carried 125 immigrants, departed

3311: 652: 2984: 1348:" realism genre into Israeli literature, as opposed to "dry" realism. The Russian immigrants brought the battle reconstruction hobby into Israel, founding a few clubs. 1368:

home, 6% at work, and 32% with friends, while 8% spoke only Hebrew at home, 32% at work, and 9% with friends. The rest spoke in an amalgamation of Russian and Hebrew.

608:, were often branded traitors, fired from their jobs, and subject to public harassment. Those who received exit visas lost their Soviet citizenship and had to pay an 538:, but were still eligible for Israeli citizenship due to patrilineal Jewish descent or through marriage to a Jew. While most of the immigration wave was made up of 2435:

Since that time, the immigrants have succeeded in blending into Israeli society in different fields, and contribute greatly to Israel. In 2009, Science Minister

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The immigrants were overwhelmingly secular. A 2016 poll found that 81% self-identified as secular, as compared to 49% among all Israeli Jews, and only 4% were

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journalist Assia Istoshina. Ironically, the Israeli left-wing initially thought the Soviet immigrants would give a boost to their political parties and their

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These things have been linked to the immigrants having internalized the perception that they are "less Jewish" than the rest (especially given that many not

3053: 1489:, or Jewish religious law, which says a Jew is someone whose mother is Jewish or formally converted to Judaism. This may cause problems with their future 637:. In total, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas between 1970 and 1988, of whom 165,000 immigrated to Israel and 126,000 to the United States. 1449: 1173:

based upon the view that they do not support the right of Jews to maintain a Jewish state in the Middle East. This party gained a relative success in the

3342: 769: 3362: 935: 890: 506:, which allows Jews and their non-Jewish spouses to relocate to Israel and acquire Israeli citizenship. Another 325,000 and 219,000 immigrated to the 414: 2690: 3312:"Netanyahu: 20 years after Iron Curtain collapsed, it's clear Russian-speaking aliya 'rescued the State of Israel' | JPost | Israel News" 3187: 2593: 2449: 575: 499: 273: 213: 1335:

Levantine culture. These parallel trends, combined with the separate immigrant neighborhoods, helped create a distinct Russian-Israeli culture.

1481:, such as children of a Jewish father and non-Jewish mother, grandchildren of Jews, or non-Jewish spouses of Jews, who were eligible under the 247: 2402: 3100: 3347: 3137: 1496: 208: 163: 144: 1165:(“Israel is our home”), as a competitor of Yisrael BaAliyah. Yisrael Beiteinu focused on the national issues and took a hard line towards 1096: 3357: 2391: 1125:

The demand to gain political power which would comply with their unique needs caused a growth of "Russian parties" – in which the party

827:.) Thus the immigration wave had a clear ethnic aspect: while the majority of the immigrants originating from the European areas of the 745:

were evacuated to Israel in a rescue operation conducted by the Israeli government and Jewish Agency lasting several months. During the

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decided to lift restrictions on emigration. That same year, 71,000 Soviet Jews emigrated, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel. In

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were able to keep their assets, and those from successor states which allowed dual citizenship were able to retain their citizenship.

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The abruptness and extensiveness of this immigration wave brought about an immediate severe shortage of housing in Israel, in the

450: 1520:, 30% of Ukrainian olim, 93.7% of USA olim and 56% of the overall immigration were considered Jewish during these recent years. 961: 2702: 1208:, a big part of the Soviet immigrants tended towards the right-wing of the political spectrum in their opinions concerning the 622: 464: 404: 3027: 3352: 939: 263: 242: 198: 92: 3289: 730: 690:

to put every available plane at the disposal of the immigrants. Some Soviet immigrants also came by sea on chartered ships.

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described the Russian immigrants as having "helped shift Israel to the right – to the disadvantage of peace possibilities".

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of life". At the same speech, he called the Russian aliyah "one of the greatest miracles that happened to the state".

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According to a leaked document from the Population and Immigration Authority, between 2016 and 2021, 34.3% of Russian

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on January 1, 1990. On February 22, 1990, the Soviet government suspended the direct flights. Soviet Foreign Minister

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among ex-Soviet immigrants had much to do with his extravagant militaristic record and his tough, aggressive image.

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Individual citizens of the Soviet Union who wanted to emigrate had to obtain exit visas. Many who sought exit visas

3290:"Netanyahu: 20 years after Iron Curtain collapsed, it's clear Russian-speaking aliya 'rescued the State of Israel'" 2547: 2466: 1378: 333: 1209: 928: 2459: 1478: 1470: 1430: 1078:, internationalist and non-nationalist new citizens, just what we need. They would add a positive element to the 594: 579: 535: 488: 220: 1322:

Elderly ex-Soviet immigrant in 2000, posing with WW2 medals, piano, extensive book and painting collection with

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Zvika Klien. (16 November 2022). "72% 2020 olim from former Soviet countries weren’t Jewish by Israeli law".

2741: 1241: 1178: 634: 562:: in 2012, the average salary of Israelis originating from the post-Soviet aliyah was comparable to that of 2530: 790:

area in particular, and a corresponding drastic rise in the prices of residential apartments. As a result,

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of immigration. They were more traditional and brought their culture, food, and music to Israel.

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Sabatello, E. F. (1992). "Estimates of demand for abortion among Soviet immigrants in Israel".

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moved to the center of Israel, most of the immigrants who moved to the periphery were from the

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and their relatives left the country. About 979,000, or 61%, were received by Israel under the

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knowing what party the program belongs to, most immigrants chose the program of the left-wing

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shakes hands with new Russian immigrants on their flight from Russia to Israel. 27 April 1994.

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lower socio-economic levels, in which immigrants constituted over 50% of all the residents.

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The gap between the right-wing positions of the majority of this public as opposed to its

1205: 1130: 1110: 589: 436: 102: 75: 34: 3054:"Study: Children of Soviet immigrants fully assimilated into Israeli society Israel News" 546:

also made aliyah from the Soviet Union's Asian territories during this time, such as the

2985:"Israeli Jews from the former Soviet Union are more secular, less religiously observant" 2691:

Crisis in the Kremlin; Rush of Soviet Jews to Israel Rises As Fears of Moscow Chaos Grow

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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also immigrated in great numbers to Israel during the collapse of the USSR following a

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had ordered the direct flights stopped following a speech by Israeli Prime Minister

3116: 3031: 1458: 1414: 1340: 1257: 1230: 1190: 1170: 1166: 852: 832: 820: 791: 660: 543: 472: 424: 348: 178: 168: 153: 305: 2858:"20 שנה לעלייה הרוסית של שנות ה-90: המיליון ששינה את המזרח התיכון – עיון – הארץ" 2785: 2429: 1454: 1391: 1357: 1331: 1323: 1286: 1095: 917: 816: 710: 617: 585: 2607:"Soviet Refugees - Processing and Admittance to the United States has Improved" 2580: 2806: 2606: 1403: 1294: 1225: 1198: 1177:, in which they won four mandates and later united with the right wing party " 1087: 803: 495:, most of whom were Jews who had been denied permission to leave the country. 467:

in 1991 and for just over a decade thereafter, a particularly large number of

183: 130: 2454: 1462: 1221: 795: 706: 605: 492: 2677: 1273:(who were then surprised once told about the left-wing party's platform). 491:, which began after the Soviet government lifted the ban on the country's 2909:"אל תחפשו פה דוסטויבסקי: 20 שנה לעלייה הרוסית של שנות ה-90 – עיון – הארץ" 2407: 1330:

The weakening of the Zionist ethos coupled with the disappearance of the

836: 787: 738: 734: 601: 135: 2669: 1486: 1345: 1312: 1181:" which gained 7 mandates in the 15th Knesset and in the 16th Knesset. 774: 750: 511: 285: 97: 2908: 1517: 1387: 1383: 1270: 1261: 824: 812: 758: 694: 679: 480: 399: 389: 188: 42: 2661: 2960:"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew – Israel News, Ynetnews" 633:, which had a policy of treating Soviet Jews as refugees under the 1505: 1501: 1495: 1377: 1317: 1146: 808: 768: 687: 604:. Those who tried to escape the USSR, and did not succeed, called 358: 278: 3007:"Immigrant Tide Gives Israel A Russian Accent – Chicago Tribune" 1457:

for 1000 ex-Soviet boys orgnanized by the Gutnick Centre at the

1399: 1246: 1161:(who immigrated with his parents in 1978) established the party 468: 1013: 911: 870: 1106:, whose support base consists of Russian-speaking immigrants. 3188:"Aliya from the USSR / Commonwealth of Independent States" 3131:"Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation" 713:, a predominantly Russian immigrant neighborhood over the 2807:"Israel: Background and Relations with the United States" 773:

Soviet immigrant children in the Caravan neighborhood of

2934:"mynet אשדוד – גברים בשריונות יקרים וחרבות שהשחיזו בבית" 2531:

Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation

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it only gained two mandates and was integrated into the

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Migration of Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel

2624:"Total Immigration to Israel, from Former Soviet Union" 2562:

Gradstein, Linda/The Media Line (December 18, 2012). "

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welcomes new Russian immigrants upon their arrival at

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The million Russians that changed Israel to its core

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http://www.haaretz.com/st/c/prod/eng/25yrs_russ_img/

717:, hinting that Soviet immigrants would be housed in 525: 519: 2612:. U.S. Government Accountability Office. July 1991. 2581:"Refworld | Jews from the Former Soviet Union" 2564:

Racial discrimination rife in Israel’s labor market

1469:Orthodox interpretations of Halakha recognize only 942:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 851:Many of the immigrants integrated into the Israeli 753:, Jews fleeing the war area went to cities such as 2728:Israel Reportedly Evacuates All Jews From Chechnya 1212:, and held hawkish positions in the issues of the 1141:its power descended by one mandate whereas in the 737:were evacuated and resettled in Israel. Jews from 3163:"ynet "אלמלא הרוסים היינו 20 שנה אחורה" – כלכלה" 530:from the former Soviet Union did not have their 3073:Della Pergola, Sergio, and Reinharz, Shulamit: 1283: 1068: 483:, while a sizable amount immigrated to various 3190:. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Archived from 1529:Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union 588:in 1967, many Soviet Jews began applying for 487:. This wave of Jewish migration followed the 444: 8: 2558: 2556: 1351:Due to demand from the new immigrants, many 1253:, progressive ideas within Israeli society. 1129:gained most popularity in the leadership of 2830: 2828: 2826: 2495: 2493: 1409:The majority of the Jewish immigrants were 905:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3089:; Sergio DellaPergola (31 December 2011). 1133:. The party gained a great success in the 451: 437: 29: 3095:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 101–. 3009:. Articles.chicagotribune.com. 2000-08-19 2883:"8 סיפורי הצלחה של העלייה הרוסית – גלובס" 1056:Learn how and when to remove this message 1002:Learn how and when to remove this message 498:Between 1989 and 2006, about 1.6 million 415:Demographic history of Palestine (region) 410:History of the Jews in the Land of Israel 18:Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1990s 2703:Soviets confirm no direct Israel flights 2401: 1983: 1532: 1448: 1109: 1094: 761:, from where they were flown to Israel. 651: 639: 2693:– The New York Times – 22 December 1990 2477: 2450:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union 576:History of the Jews in the Soviet Union 479:. The majority of these emigrants made 381: 325: 255: 143: 115: 88:Jews who remained in the Land of Israel 57: 41: 2775: 2773: 2742:"Jewish Life Slowly Dying in Abkhazia" 2570:. Retrieved 2015-10-08 from jpost.com. 2526: 2524: 3092:Jewish Intermarriage Around the World 3075:Jewish Intermarriage Around the World 798:, consisting of 2,308 housing units. 7: 1980:Evolution among the Israeli populace 1551:Jews according to Halakha in Israel 1285:The organization to which I belong, 940:adding citations to reliable sources 2740:Maxim Edwards (30 September 2012). 2410:veterans in Jerusalem meeting with 2392:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 1390:dedicated to Liberman and the late 1082:that is Israel. Or so we thought. 516:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 3310:Rettig, Haviv (7 September 2009). 3161:גולדשטיין, תני (5 February 2010). 3052:Blumenfeld, Revital (2011-12-26). 829:Commonwealth of Independent States 364:Ministry of Aliyah and Integration 25: 3343:Jewish Russian and Soviet history 3265:"The Israeli Economy - 1990-2000" 2730:– Spokesman.com – 10 January 1995 2487:25 years since the Russian aliyah 1445:Halakhic definition of Jewishness 1264:party, a significant secular and 886:This section has multiple issues. 514:, respectively. According to the 3363:Russian-Jewish culture in Israel 2517:from the original on 2013-11-05. 1137:and received 7 mandates. In the 1018: 916: 875: 49: 2856:צור-גלוזמן, מאשה (2012-05-23). 927:needs additional citations for 894:or discuss these issues on the 709:neighborhood and settlement of 465:dissolution of the Soviet Union 463:In the years leading up to the 3214:"The debilitating brain drain" 3030:. Peopleil.org. Archived from 2958:Druckman, Yaron (1995-06-20). 2365:Economic integration in Israel 733:, all Jews who wished to flee 542:, a significant proportion of 264:Revival of the Hebrew language 93:Homeland for the Jewish people 1: 2936:. Mynet.co.il. Archived from 2780:Avnery, Uri (27 April 2013). 1311:, Yisrael Beiteinu gained 15 3269:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 2835:Hugh Naylor (23 June 2012). 2628:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 1260:positions was filled by the 1214:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 420:Historical Jewish population 3119:Retrieved 16 November 2022. 2383:doctors in Israel in 1989. 1315:members, its highest ever. 526: 520: 274:Hebraization of place names 3384: 3358:Russian diaspora in Israel 2650:Studies in Family Planning 2548:Israel Democracy Institute 2467:Russian language in Israel 1224:. Therefore, for example, 951:"1990s post-Soviet aliyah" 843:Absorption characteristics 782:Geographical dissemination 573: 334:World Zionist Organization 2881:לן, שלומית (2005-05-15). 2460:1970s Soviet Union aliyah 2398:Impact on Israeli society 1309:Israeli elections of 2009 1027:This section needs to be 595:1970s Soviet Union aliyah 580:1970s Soviet Union aliyah 3238:JTA (28 December 2017). 2907:קרפ, עלית (2013-01-03). 1157:In 1999, the politician 673:Soviet General Secretary 623:fall of the Soviet Union 564:born-and-raised Israelis 344:Jewish Agency for Israel 269:Hebraization of surnames 3348:Israel–Russia relations 1382:World War II museum in 635:Jackson-Vanik amendment 3117:Jerusalem Post website 2705:– The Prescott Courier 2420: 1509: 1473:descent. However, the 1466: 1394: 1327: 1300: 1204:With the start of the 1122: 1107: 1084: 807:and unwillingly) were 778: 668: 649: 145:Aliyah in modern times 3353:Immigration to Israel 2405: 1999:Total Fertility Rate 1500:Hebrew classes at an 1499: 1452: 1381: 1321: 1210:Arab–Israeli conflict 1115:Palestinian Authority 1113: 1098: 772: 655: 643: 477:post-Soviet countries 374:Am Yisrael Foundation 221:from the Soviet Union 194:from Muslim countries 1080:demographic cocktail 936:improve this article 765:Absorption in Israel 339:Jewish National Fund 2782:"The Russians Came" 2372:business incubators 1417:groups such as the 747:War of Transnistria 719:Israeli settlements 699:Eduard Shevardnadze 536:halakhic definition 489:1970s Soviet aliyah 471:emigrated from the 354:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 71:Gathering of Israel 3218:The Jerusalem Post 2568:The Jerusalem Post 2437:Daniel Hershkowitz 2421: 2412:Benjamin Netanyahu 1510: 1491:marriage in Israel 1467: 1395: 1328: 1195:Benjamin Netanyahu 1179:The National Union 1123: 1108: 835:Republics and the 779: 669: 665:Ben Gurion Airport 650: 618:real estate assets 534:recognized by the 248:from Latin America 164:during World War I 3102:978-1-4128-1544-4 3087:Shulamit Reinharz 2716:Israel: A History 2714:Gilbert, Martin: 2510:. February 2012. 2390:According to the 2360: 2359: 1975: 1974: 1326:in the background 1278:elections of 2006 1238:considered Jewish 1218:counter-terrorism 1175:elections of 1999 1171:Palestinian Arabs 1159:Avigdor Lieberman 1143:elections of 2003 1139:elections of 1999 1135:elections of 1996 1100:Avigdor Lieberman 1072: 1070:These people, we 1066: 1065: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1012: 1011: 1004: 986: 909: 743:First Chechen War 676:Mikhail Gorbachev 485:Western countries 461: 460: 117:Pre-Modern Aliyah 16:(Redirected from 3375: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3136:. 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1540: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1446: 1443: 1411:Ashkenazi Jews 1304: 1301: 1291: 1258:anti-religious 1187:Yitzhak Shamir 1119:Ghassan Khatib 1067: 1064: 1063: 1046: 1045: 1026: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1009: 924: 922: 915: 910: 884: 883: 881: 874: 868: 865: 844: 841: 783: 780: 766: 763: 703:Yitzhak Shamir 667:. 10 May 1995. 584:Following the 571: 568: 540:Ashkenazi Jews 459: 458: 456: 455: 448: 441: 433: 430: 429: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 384: 383: 382:Related topics 379: 378: 377: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 328: 327: 323: 322: 321: 320: 315: 310: 309: 308: 303: 293: 288: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 258: 257: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 229: 228: 218: 217: 216: 211: 206: 201: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 148: 147: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 128: 126:Return to Zion 120: 119: 113: 112: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 84: 83: 73: 68: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3380: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 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2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2533:– Mark Tolts. 2532: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2419:, 9 May 2017. 2418: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 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During the 728: 727:Jewish Agency 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 683: 681: 677: 674: 666: 662: 658: 657:Jewish Agency 654: 647: 646:Yitzhak Rabin 642: 638: 636: 632: 631:United States 626: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 591: 587: 581: 577: 569: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556:Bukharan Jews 553: 552:Georgian Jews 549: 548:Mountain Jews 545: 541: 537: 533: 528: 522: 517: 513: 509: 508:United States 505: 504:Law of Return 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 454: 449: 447: 442: 440: 435: 434: 432: 431: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 330: 329: 326:Organizations 324: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 291:Youth village 289: 287: 284: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 238:from Ethiopia 236: 234: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 146: 142: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 122: 121: 118: 114: 109: 108:Law of Return 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 66:Promised Land 64: 63: 62: 61: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 3316:. 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