565:
103:
244:
61:
632:
601:
589:
577:
42:
617:
557:
with flat crowns and cusps with parallel ridges. The coloration is an intense dark blue above and white below; the white does not extend to above the pectoral fins. The color rapidly fades to gray after death. The dark pigment above the pectoral fins, the rounded pectoral fin tips, and the absence of
858:
The pelagic thresher has never been implicated in an attack on humans; it has small jaws and teeth for its size and tends to flee from divers. This shark is taken by commercial fisheries in the central
Pacific and western Indian Oceans, as well as off California and Mexico. Abundant off northeastern
358:
later concluded was probably of a common thresher. Several authors, including Gohar and Mazhar (1964, Red Sea), Kato, Springer and Wagner (1967, Eastern
Pacific), Fourmanoir and Laboute (1976, New Caledonia), Johnson (1978, Tahiti), and Faughnan (1980, Hawaiian Islands) have published illustrations
552:
are very small, numbering 21–22 rows on each side with a symphysial (central) row in the upper jaw and 21 on each side without a symphysial row in the lower jaw. Five to 11 rows of posterior teeth are present. The teeth are smooth-edged, with oblique cusps and lateral cusplets on the outside
841:
red muscles, responsible for generating heat in the common thresher, are positioned in two lateral strips just beneath the skin rather than at the core of the body. A rete system is present around the pelagic thresher's brain and eyes, albeit less developed than in the bigeye thresher, which may
792:
and feed on egg capsules produced by the mother. Each capsule measures about 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 12 mm (0.5 in) across, and contains 20–30 ova. Early-stage embryos have specialized teeth for opening the capsules, while later-stage embryos have their teeth hidden and
809:
at 2.8–2.9 m (9.2–9.5 ft) long and eight to nine years old, while males mature at 2.7–2.8 m (8.9–9.2 ft) long and seven to eight years old. The oldest confirmed ages for females and males are 16 and 14 years, respectively. Extrapolating the growth curves to the
636:
523:
The pelagic thresher is the smallest of the thresher sharks, typically 3 m (10 ft) in length and 69.5 kg (153.3 lb) in weight, and usually not exceeding 3.3 m (10.8 ft) and 88.4 kg (194.9 lb). Males and females attain known maximum lengths of 3.5 m
634:
804:
The growth rate of pelagic threshers slows with age: 9 cm/year for ages 0–1, 8 cm/year for ages 2–3, 6 cm/year for ages 5–6, 4 cm/year for ages 7–10, 3 cm/year for ages 10–12, and 2 cm/year for ages 13 and greater. Females reach
524:(11.5 ft) and 3.8 m (12.5 ft), respectively. A record of 5 m (16.4 ft) is dubious and may have resulted from confusion with other thresher species. This species has a fusiform body (wide in the middle and tapered at the ends) and a very slender upper
635:
622:
621:
618:
623:
851:
620:
715:
Little information is available on the feeding ecology of the pelagic thresher. Its very slender tail and fine dentition suggest an exclusive diet of small, pelagic prey. Analysis of stomach contents reveals that pelagic threshers feed mainly on
707:), during which they exhibit characteristic behaviors to facilitate the cleaning interaction. These visits occur more frequently early in the morning, and may be why these normally oceanic sharks are sometimes encountered in shallow water.
547:
The head is narrow with a short, conical snout and a distinctive "pinched" profile when viewed from below. The eyes are very large in juveniles and decrease in relative size with age. No furrows occur at the corners of the mouth. The
1996:
350:. He illustrated one of the three specimens in his paper, "On the two species of the thresher shark from Formosan waters", published in August 1935. Nakamura also separately illustrated and described a
633:
938:
Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019).
2251:
619:
810:
largest known individuals suggests that females may have a lifespan exceeding 28 years, and males 17 years. A single female produces about 40 young over her entire life.
801:). Young pelagic threshers are born unusually large, up to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) long or 43% the length of the mother, which likely reduces predation on the newborns.
564:
748:
prey into a compact mass, before striking them sharply with the upper lobe of their tails to stun them. Because of this behavior, pelagic threshers are often hooked on
2061:
863:, it comprises over 12% (about 3,100 fish, 220 metric tons) of the annual Taiwanese shark landings. The meat is sold for human consumption, the skin is made into
327:
2100:
318:, feeding on unfertilized eggs produced by the mother. The young are born unusually large, up to 43% the length of the mother. Pelagic threshers are valued by
793:
swallow the capsules whole, their teeth not becoming functional again until just after birth. No evidence of sibling cannibalism has been found as in the
404:
Due to confusion with the common thresher, the distribution of the pelagic thresher may be wider than is currently known. It ranges extensively in the
2231:
302:
The diet of the pelagic thresher consists mainly of small midwater fishes, which are stunned with whip-like strikes of its tail. Along with all other
487:, occurring from the surface to a depth of at least 150 m (492 ft). However, it occasionally comes close to shore in regions with a narrow
2035:
2074:
644:
The pelagic thresher is an active, strong swimmer and has been known to leap clear of the water (five times in a row on one documented occasion).
2126:
1438:
1154:
spp.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences". M.Sc. thesis. Moss
Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University.
1344:
Sepulveda, C.A.; Wegner, N.C.; Bernal, D. & Graham, J.B. (2005). "The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family
Alopiidae)".
895:
2009:
2241:
1135:
1028:
1305:
Liu, K.M.; Chen, C.T.; Liao, T.H. & Joung, S.J. (February 1999). "Age, Growth, and
Reproduction of the Pelagic Thresher Shark,
2188:
1193:
65:
2246:
1962:
2079:
295:), even in professional publications, but can be distinguished by the dark, rather than white, color over the bases of its
1970:
1944:
1104:
233:
2105:
299:. The smallest of the three thresher species, the pelagic thresher typically measures 3 m (10 ft) long.
1431:
697:
102:
732:. Therefore, little competition occurs between the pelagic thresher and other large oceanic piscivores such as
2206:
744:, which tend to feed near the surface. As in other threshers, pelagic threshers may swim in circles to drive
830:
379:
366:
analysis conducted by Blaise Eitner in 1995 showed that the closest relative of the pelagic thresher is the
1884:
1169:
745:
1922:
1975:
1813:
780:
is uncertain, but has been suggested to be less than one year as in the common thresher. The developing
600:
588:
217:
2157:
2193:
1931:
1424:
1251:
1240:"Composition of piscine prey in the diet of large pelagic fish in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean"
576:
962:
287:, usually far from shore, but occasionally entering coastal habitats. It is often confused with the
1636:
480:
within the eastern and western
Pacific pelagic thresher populations, but little flow between them.
50:
2236:
1840:
1645:
1326:
1065:
838:
331:
319:
97:
1228:) on Monad shoal, Malapascua Island, Cebu, Philippines. MSc Thesis, University of Wales, Bangor.
2066:
2139:
1983:
1822:
1612:
1361:
1131:
1024:
806:
684:
488:
473:
465:
2180:
2144:
2092:
1850:
1789:
1404:
1379:
Weng, K.C. & Block, B.A. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of the bigeye thresher shark (
1353:
1318:
1259:
1057:
957:
794:
777:
749:
729:
457:
355:
890:
Though rarely caught, pelagic threshers are also valued by sport fishers and are listed as
243:
2113:
1936:
1859:
1715:
1538:
1529:
1021:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
879:
of the pelagic thresher can comprise 10% of its weight, and is used in the manufacture of
872:
773:
554:
512:
367:
288:
1949:
1255:
691:, pelagic threshers have been observed regularly visiting cleaning stations occupied by
1770:
1733:
1511:
1485:
1479:
903:
868:
721:
386:
346:
Hiroshi
Nakamura on the basis of three large specimens, none of which was designated a
272:
268:
194:
184:
154:
144:
1048:(Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with Evidence for the Existence of an Unrecognized Species".
939:
275:; this group of sharks is characterized by the greatly elongated upper lobes of their
2225:
2087:
1696:
1575:
1264:
1239:
1189:
948:
823:
765:
649:
449:
347:
343:
323:
307:
284:
70:
2001:
1752:
1669:
1556:
850:
827:
819:
692:
672:
529:
484:
409:
405:
296:
280:
1988:
1279:
Otake, T. & Mizue, K. (1981). "Direct
Evidence for Oophagy in Thresher Shark,
2170:
17:
2048:
1916:
1743:
1603:
1448:
1416:
899:
884:
761:
741:
717:
703:
688:
549:
417:
393:
303:
174:
41:
1907:
1804:
1780:
1706:
1566:
1473:
834:
725:
537:
533:
525:
504:
492:
461:
276:
2014:
1410:
818:
Anatomical examination indicates that the pelagic thresher is unlikely to be
1678:
1501:
919:
891:
880:
500:
477:
445:
279:. The pelagic thresher occurs in the tropical and subtropical waters of the
114:
1365:
984:
648:
of the pelagic thresher include larger fishes (including other sharks) and
2118:
570:
Pelagic threshers can be identified by the color above their pectoral fins
2022:
1901:
1593:
1467:
1461:
1202:
1023:. Vol. 2. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 81–83.
911:
837:
from being dissipated into the water, inside its trunk. Furthermore, its
785:
733:
657:
653:
645:
541:
496:
433:
363:
134:
1385:
Fishery
Bulletin – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2201:
2040:
2027:
1330:
1069:
915:
907:
906:
records are from California. Pelagic threshers are frequently taken as
864:
789:
676:
469:
421:
413:
315:
1357:
540:, and is of comparable size to the pelvic fins. The second dorsal and
2053:
1957:
1627:
1056:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 562–571.
860:
781:
769:
508:
453:
311:
124:
1878:
1405:
Species Description of Alopias pelagicus at www.shark-references.com
1322:
1061:
1317:(1). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 68–74.
788:
until they are 12 cm (4.7 in) long, after which they are
322:
for their meat, skin, liver oil, and fins, and are also pursued by
2165:
2152:
1660:
1491:
876:
849:
768:. It gives birth to two pups at a time (rarely just one), one per
630:
615:
441:
437:
429:
375:
351:
164:
87:
81:
2131:
737:
425:
1882:
1420:
1238:
Moteki, M.; Arai, M.; Tsuchiya, K. & Okamoto, H. (2001).
1150:
Trejo, T. (2005). "Global phylogeography of thresher sharks (
558:
labial furrows separate this shark from the common thresher.
1216:
Oiver, S. (2005). The behaviour of pelagic thresher sharks (
1130:. London: University of California Press. pp. 101–102.
468:. The North Pacific population shifts northward during warm
854:
Pelagic threshers are often caught as bycatch on longlines.
776:, most adult females are pregnant throughout the year; the
359:
of "common threshers" that were in fact pelagic threshers.
842:
serve to buffer those organs against temperature changes.
532:
are long and straight with broad, rounded tips. The first
342:
The pelagic thresher was originally described by Japanese
310:
and usually gives birth to litters of two. The developing
914:
meant for other species such as tuna, and also rarely in
1044:
Eitner, B.J. (Aug 18, 1995). "Systematics of the Genus
627:
A male pelagic thresher being attended by cleaner fish
553:
margins. The body is covered with very small, smooth
640:
A pelagic thresher using tail slaps to hunt sardines
1891:
1848:
1839:
1802:
1778:
1769:
1741:
1732:
1704:
1695:
1658:
1625:
1601:
1592:
1564:
1555:
1509:
1500:
499:in the Red Sea and the Gulf of California, and off
1383:), a species possessing orbital retia mirabilia".
528:lobe nearly as long as the rest of the shark. The
963:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161597A68607857.en
2252:Taxa named by Hiroshi Nakamura (ichthyologist)
328:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1432:
1300:
1298:
8:
483:The pelagic thresher primarily inhabits the
536:is placed halfway between the pectoral and
1879:
1845:
1775:
1738:
1701:
1598:
1561:
1506:
1439:
1425:
1417:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
242:
59:
40:
31:
1263:
1128:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
961:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1099:
507:. It has also been known to enter large
1121:
1119:
1117:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
930:
898:. The largest overall records are from
560:
822:like the common thresher; it lacks a
7:
2207:B938C9C8-B3D4-4EBE-8E2E-FA2F2DB1FF4F
2158:ECA59D85-221A-2065-9024-EFE01AD32FED
1177:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
949:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
896:International Game Fish Association
1109:Florida Museum of Natural History.
25:
1170:Biology of the Pelagic Thresher (
2232:IUCN Red List endangered species
1265:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00362.x
1220:) in relation to cleaning fish (
599:
587:
575:
563:
392:, meaning "of the sea". Another
306:, the pelagic thresher exhibits
101:
1346:Journal of Experimental Biology
1285:Japanese Journal of Ichthyology
1179:Retrieved on December 22, 2008.
1111:Retrieved on December 22, 2008.
1309:in the Northwestern Pacific".
887:, and high-grade machine oil.
408:, with scattered records from
1:
491:, and has been observed near
867:, and the fins are used for
683:, which infest the skin. At
671:, which inhabit the shark's
656:of this species include the
396:is the smalltooth thresher.
2268:
764:, the pelagic thresher is
1456:
1019:Compagno, L.J.V. (2002).
728:, all inhabitants of the
374:), with which it forms a
330:assessed this species as
250:
241:
223:
216:
98:Scientific classification
96:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2242:Marine fish of Nicaragua
1206:. December 2008 version.
1192:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
400:Distribution and habitat
251:Geographic range (blue)
1814:Smalltooth sand tiger (
831:countercurrent exchange
2247:Fish described in 1935
956:: e.T161597A68607857.
855:
661:Litobothrium amplifica
641:
628:
338:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1637:Shortfin mako shark (
1413:on Sealife Collection
1381:Alopias superciliosus
853:
833:system that prevents
760:Like the rest of the
639:
626:
1646:Longfin mako shark (
1352:(Pt 22): 4255–4261.
1222:Labroides dimidiatus
1126:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
985:"Appendices | CITES"
910:on longlines and in
698:Labroides dimidiatus
476:has shown extensive
320:commercial fisheries
1823:Bigeye sand tiger (
1613:Great white shark (
1256:2001FisSc..67.1063M
784:are sustained by a
612:Biology and ecology
472:years. Analysis of
51:Conservation status
1841:Pseudocarchariidae
1790:Sand tiger shark (
1521:Pelagic thresher (
856:
846:Human interactions
772:. With no defined
642:
629:
267:) is a species of
2217:
2216:
2140:Open Tree of Life
2002:alopias-pelagicus
1963:alopias-pelagicus
1950:Alopias_pelagicus
1937:Alopias_pelagicus
1923:Alopias pelagicus
1893:Alopias pelagicus
1885:Taxon identifiers
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1860:Crocodile shark (
1835:
1834:
1765:
1764:
1728:
1727:
1716:Megamouth shark (
1691:
1690:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1550:
1539:Common thresher (
1530:Bigeye thresher (
1358:10.1242/jeb.01898
1307:Alopias pelagicus
1281:Alopias pelagicus
1244:Fisheries Science
1218:Alopias pelagicus
1196:Alopias pelagicus
1172:Alopias pelagicus
942:Alopias pelagicus
799:Carcharias taurus
704:Thalassoma lunare
685:Malapascua Island
637:
624:
489:continental shelf
474:mitochondrial DNA
466:Galapagos Islands
264:Alopias pelagicus
255:
254:
227:Alopias pelagicus
209:A. pelagicus
91:
74:
35:Pelagic thresher
18:Alopias pelagicus
16:(Redirected from
2259:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2135:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1880:
1851:Pseudocarcharias
1846:
1776:
1739:
1702:
1599:
1562:
1532:A. superciliosus
1507:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1418:
1411:Pelagic thresher
1393:
1392:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1250:(6): 1063–1074.
1235:
1229:
1226:Thalasoma lunare
1214:
1208:
1207:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1112:
1105:Pelagic Thresher
1101:
1074:
1073:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1016:
999:
998:
996:
995:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
965:
935:
814:Thermoregulation
795:sand tiger shark
778:gestation period
752:by their tails.
730:mesopelagic zone
638:
625:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:dermal denticles
458:Hawaiian Islands
380:specific epithet
372:A. superciliosus
356:Leonard Compagno
259:pelagic thresher
246:
229:
106:
105:
85:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
27:Species of shark
21:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2213:
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2200:
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2117:
2114:Observation.org
2112:
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2078:
2073:
2065:
2060:
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2047:
2039:
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2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1887:
1877:
1868:
1831:
1798:
1761:
1724:
1687:
1654:
1621:
1584:
1576:Basking shark (
1547:
1496:
1452:
1445:
1401:
1396:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1323:10.2307/1447386
1304:
1303:
1296:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1215:
1211:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1102:
1077:
1062:10.2307/1446753
1043:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1002:
993:
991:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
937:
936:
932:
928:
848:
816:
774:breeding season
762:mackerel sharks
758:
713:
693:cleaner wrasses
675:intestine, and
631:
616:
614:
607:
604:
595:
592:
583:
580:
571:
568:
521:
513:Tuamotu Islands
444:, northwestern
440:, southeastern
402:
368:bigeye thresher
340:
304:mackerel sharks
289:common thresher
237:
231:
225:
212:
100:
92:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2185:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1913:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1873:
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1829:
1820:
1810:
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1800:
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1786:
1784:
1773:
1771:Odontaspididae
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:Goblin shark (
1749:
1747:
1736:
1734:Mitsukurinidae
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1670:Salmon shark (
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1631:
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1486:Elasmobranchii
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1449:mackerel shark
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1399:External links
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766:ovoviviparous
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679:of the genus
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345:
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218:Binomial name
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163:
161:Subdivision:
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78:
72:
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56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2219:
1892:
1862:P. kamoharai
1861:
1849:
1824:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1754:
1742:
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1626:
1614:
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1577:
1565:
1557:Cetorhinidae
1540:
1531:
1523:A. pelagicus
1522:
1520:
1510:
1490:Subdivision
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1349:
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1339:
1314:
1310:
1306:
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1103:Seitz, J.C.
1053:
1049:
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1039:
1020:
992:. Retrieved
988:
979:
967:. Retrieved
953:
947:
941:
933:
904:light tackle
902:, while the
889:
885:health foods
873:squalene oil
857:
828:blood vessel
817:
803:
798:
759:
756:Life history
718:barracudinas
714:
702:
696:
680:
673:spiral valve
668:
664:
660:
643:
546:
522:
495:dropoffs or
482:
410:South Africa
406:Indo-Pacific
403:
389:
385:is from the
382:
371:
361:
341:
301:
292:
263:
262:
258:
256:
226:
224:
208:
207:
195:
29:
2049:iNaturalist
1917:Wikispecies
1825:O. noronhai
1744:Mitsukurina
1718:M. pelagios
1679:Porbeagle (
1672:L. ditropis
1604:Carcharodon
1541:A. vulpinus
969:19 November
900:New Zealand
820:warm-bodied
722:lightfishes
689:Philippines
538:pelvic fins
519:Description
418:Arabian Sea
394:common name
293:A. vulpinus
277:caudal fins
234:H. Nakamura
175:Lamniformes
84:Appendix II
2226:Categories
1805:Odontaspis
1781:Carcharias
1755:M. owstoni
1707:Megachasma
1578:C. maximus
1567:Cetorhinus
1474:Vertebrata
1472:Subphylum
1409:Photos of
994:2022-01-14
926:References
734:billfishes
669:L. nickoli
665:L. daileyi
544:are tiny.
534:dorsal fin
526:caudal fin
505:Micronesia
493:coral reef
485:open ocean
464:, and the
462:California
432:, and off
424:, between
416:, and the
332:endangered
151:Subclass:
66:Endangered
2237:Alopiidae
1792:C. taurus
1648:I. paucus
1502:Alopiidae
1484:Subclass
989:cites.org
912:driftnets
892:game fish
881:cosmetics
790:oophagous
750:longlines
746:schooling
658:tapeworms
654:parasites
646:Predators
542:anal fins
501:Indonesia
497:seamounts
478:gene flow
456:, to the
446:Australia
383:pelagicus
334:in 2019.
316:oophagous
273:Alopiidae
271:, family
203:Species:
185:Alopiidae
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
2166:Species+
2067:10838022
2023:FishBase
1908:Q1274522
1902:Wikidata
1816:O. ferox
1681:L. nasus
1594:Lamnidae
1492:Selachii
1468:Chordata
1462:Animalia
1460:Kingdom
1366:16272248
1203:FishBase
916:gillnets
807:maturity
786:yolk sac
726:escolars
677:copepods
652:. Known
434:Pakistan
390:pelagios
364:allozyme
181:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2202:ZooBank
2041:2420809
1512:Alopias
1466:Phylum
1451:species
1447:Extant
1331:1447386
1252:Bibcode
1152:Alopias
1070:1446753
1046:Alopias
908:bycatch
894:by the
875:in the
865:leather
839:aerobic
782:embryos
711:Feeding
687:in the
511:in the
509:lagoons
470:El Nino
422:Somalia
414:Red Sea
354:, that
312:embryos
196:Alopias
191:Genus:
171:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
2194:220019
2181:179562
2178:uBio:
2145:801808
2132:220019
2119:598555
2093:161597
2080:159922
2015:130932
1958:ARKive
1628:Isurus
1478:Class
1364:
1329:
1311:Copeia
1224:&
1134:
1068:
1050:Copeia
1027:
861:Taiwan
770:uterus
740:, and
724:, and
667:, and
454:Tahiti
452:, and
436:), to
412:, the
378:. The
326:. The
281:Indian
236:, 1935
2189:WoRMS
2171:68007
2153:Plazi
2106:57979
2062:IRMNG
2054:68050
2010:EUNIS
1976:72350
1661:Lamna
1327:JSTOR
1066:JSTOR
877:liver
738:tunas
606:Teeth
594:Teeth
550:teeth
442:Japan
438:China
430:India
420:(off
387:Greek
376:clade
352:fetus
88:CITES
82:CITES
2127:OBIS
2101:NCBI
2088:IUCN
2075:ITIS
2036:GBIF
2028:5891
1989:C5K6
1971:BOLD
1362:PMID
1315:1999
1132:ISBN
1054:1995
1025:ISBN
971:2021
954:2019
918:and
826:, a
701:and
582:Jaws
503:and
428:and
426:Oman
314:are
283:and
257:The
1997:CMS
1984:CoL
1945:AFD
1932:ADW
1389:102
1354:doi
1350:208
1319:doi
1283:".
1260:doi
1058:doi
958:doi
362:An
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2025::
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