106:
2597:
2621:
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2609:
535:
were the longest (150 feet tip to tip). Companies such as RCA Victor and Spar
Aerospace Limited produced some of their first pieces of space equipment for the Alouette 1 project. Parts used for the construction of Alouette 1 can still be found in the Musée des ondes Emile Berliner in Montreal, Quebec where part of the satellite was worked on.
2585:
420:. When triggered, the rotation of the satellite created enough centrifugal force to pull the disk away from the spacecraft body, and the shaping of the metal caused it to unwind into a long spiral. The result was a stiff circular cross-section antenna known as a "STEM", for "storable tubular extendible member".
534:
were developed by the
Defence Chemical, Biological, and Radiation Laboratory (DCBRL), another branch of DRB, and were partially responsible for the long lifetime of the satellite. The "Storable Tubular Extendable Member" antennas used were the first of DHC's STEM antennas used in space, and at launch
440:
initially doubted whether the available technology would be sufficient. Nevertheless, NASA was eager to collaborate with international partners. NASA was convinced to participate by the prospect of obtaining data on the ionosphere, and Canada had the additional objective of developing its own space
566:
on
September 29, 1962, into orbit around Earth. The 145.6 kilograms (321 lb) satellite was placed into an almost circular orbit with an altitude of 987 kilometres (613 mi) to 1,022 kilometres (635 mi) with an inclination of 80.5°. The launch made Canada the third nation, after the
509:
s proposal to have it developed and built. The satellites S27-2 (prototype), S27-3 (which became the launched satellite), and S27-4 (which became the backup) were assembled by
Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment (DRTE) Electronics Lab in
468:
Sweep-Frequency
Sounder. This experiment measured the electron density distribution in the ionosphere by measuring the time delay between the emission and return of radio pulses. The sounder was able to emit pulses with frequencies between 1 and 12
49:
2366:
431:
was part of a joint Canada-U.S. scientific program. Its purpose was to investigate the properties of the top of the ionosphere, and the dependence of those properties on geographical location, season, and time of day.
586:
and the spin-stabilization failed at this point. It was then possible to determine the satellite's orientation only by readings from a magnetometer and from temperature sensors on the upper and lower
590:. The orientation determinations obtained this way were only accurate to within 10 degrees. It is likely that gravitational gradients had caused the longest antenna to point towards the Earth.
605:
sustained no significant adverse effects from the
Starfish radiation, most likely due to a very conservative power supply design that allowed for a 40% degradation of solar cell performance.
502:
Two satellites were built for redundancy in case of a malfunction; if the first unit failed, the second could be launched with only a couple of months delay. It took 3½ years after
1509:
683:
2656:
151:
2285:
614:
s mission lasted for 10 years before the satellite was deliberately switched off on
September 30, 1972. The satellite remains in orbit; in 1966 it was estimated that
2119:
1279:
894:
2646:
631:
1079:
494:
The satellite did not have a tape recorder to store data. It was only possible to obtain data when the satellite was in range of a receiving station.
2300:
1382:
1356:
2661:
2473:
1298:
Conrad, Edward E., et al. "Collateral Damage to
Satellites from an EMP Attack" Report DTRA-IR-10-22, Defense Threat Reduction Agency. August 2010
78:
1502:
2468:
1472:
1037:
2651:
483:
VLF Receiver. An experiment for measuring both artificial and natural VLF signals. It was sensitive to frequencies between 400 and 10,000
768:
2423:
2270:
2112:
2504:
2478:
2060:
2053:
1990:
1881:
1495:
1218:
593:
A 2010 technical report by the US Defense Threat
Reduction Agency titled "Collateral Damage to Satellites from an EMP Attack" lists
2535:
1285:
809:
2402:
2105:
1244:
874:
843:
688:
1213:, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 73, Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 788–789,
601:
high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States. Another article, titled "Anthropogenic Space
Weather", indicates
1482:
2641:
527:
2563:
2514:
2463:
2392:
575:
was used to study the ionosphere, using over 700 different radio frequencies to investigate its properties from above.
2540:
514:. The mechanical frame and the deployable STEM antennas were made by Special Products and Applied Research Aerospace (
211:
1408:
480:
Energetic particle detectors. An arrangement of Geiger counters and scintillators for detecting energetic particles.
745:
563:
2220:
2190:
559:
208:
2397:
924:, Univer1sity of California Engineering and Physical Sciences Extension Series, John Wiley and Sons, p. 36
114:
93:
1083:
31:
2356:
1710:
1001:
979:
957:
935:
648:
2320:
583:
1458:
1057:
99:
2494:
2418:
2128:
1264:
652:
1310:
T. I. Gombosi., et al. "Anthropogenic Space Weather" Space Science Reviews. 10.1007 (Page 26, Table 2)
490:
Cosmic Radio Noise. Two long radio antennas used for detecting radio noise from the Sun and the Galaxy.
2346:
2330:
555:
289:
1477:
2625:
2159:
2154:
1640:
1534:
1523:
1519:
519:
319:
2082:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
2066:
1734:
637:
that would continue to orbit Earth for many years. As of 2022, the upper stage remains in orbit.
2613:
2601:
2437:
2427:
2025:
579:
198:
2015:
2005:
2530:
2441:
2205:
2035:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1949:
1923:
1906:
1876:
1871:
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1841:
1817:
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1699:
1682:
1677:
1645:
1605:
1240:
1214:
1105:
1033:
870:
839:
772:
339:
2046:
1688:
1635:
1338:
1027:
2577:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2255:
838:, Cambridge Planetary Science Series, vol. 5, Cambridge University Press, p. 234,
582:, rotating 1.4 times per minute. After about 500 days, the rotation had slowed to about 0.6
413:
262:
1615:
2210:
1975:
1943:
1917:
1901:
1705:
1599:
402:
279:
272:
895:"NASA once thought Canada's famed Alouette-1 satellite was too ambitious: space engineer"
416:
bent into a slight U-shape and then rolled up into small disks in a fashion similar to a
1136:
105:
2431:
2195:
2185:
1487:
1467:
1260:
598:
515:
442:
417:
329:
1483:
Article on satellite development based on interviews with original research engineers.
2635:
2545:
2215:
2200:
2164:
2149:
1610:
1547:
1434:
899:
380:
375:'s first satellite, and the first satellite constructed by a country other than the
2589:
2180:
634:
376:
630:
was launched, the upper stage of the rocket used to launch the satellite became a
1234:
1161:
864:
2550:
2376:
2040:
1960:
1911:
1187:
587:
474:
1299:
920:
Le Galley, Donald P. (1964), "1", in Le Galley, Donald P.; Rosen, Alan (eds.),
2315:
2310:
2250:
666:
547:
523:
368:
640:
The satellite itself became a derelict, remaining in Earth orbit As of 2022.
2225:
2071:
1938:
1928:
1851:
1796:
1780:
1661:
866:
Observation of the Earth and its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors
470:
450:
446:
364:
597:
among the satellites damaged by residual radiation from the July 9, 1962,
17:
2351:
2325:
2265:
2020:
1933:
1891:
1866:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1775:
1723:
1694:
1667:
1655:
1650:
1630:
1625:
1588:
1582:
1554:
2097:
383:. Canada was the fourth country to operate a satellite, as the British
2447:
2030:
2010:
1965:
1886:
1760:
1745:
1672:
1620:
1593:
1575:
1561:
708:
445:
also aided the mission by providing support at two ground stations, in
398:
385:
48:
2371:
2361:
1970:
1955:
1478:
CBC Digital Archives – Launching the Digital Age: Canadian Satellites
551:
511:
372:
2090:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
2584:
1311:
2305:
2260:
1568:
1462:
571:
and the United States, to design and construct its own satellite.
484:
309:
299:
1209:
Saxena, Ashok K. (1978), "Appendix 1", in Wertz, James R. (ed.),
834:
Houghton, J. T.; Taylor, F. W.; Rodgers, C. D. (March 27, 1986),
2509:
2499:
2295:
1473:
Canada's Digital Collections government website – About Alouette
568:
437:
390:
2101:
1491:
1236:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity
526:, in a building which many years later (until 2012) housed the
397:
by five months. The name "Alouette" came from the French for "
798:. NASA Science and Technical Information Office. p. 10.
794:
Helen T. Wells; Susan H. Whiteley; Carrie E. Karegeannes.
664:
s backup was later launched, with some modification, as
2561:
412:
were the radio antennas consisting of thin strips of
1339:"Space trash, and an inventory of hardware in orbit"
1281:
Alouette 1 – Celebrating 50 Years of Canada in Space
2523:
2487:
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2411:
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2238:
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2142:
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338:
328:
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230:
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194:
178:
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147:
142:
126:
113:
92:
84:
74:
66:
1409:"Milestones:Alouette-ISIS Satellite Program, 1962"
684:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
1080:"Canada: 50 years in space - Canadian Geographic"
1051:
1049:
152:Defence Research Telecommunications Establishment
1239:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
2113:
2086:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1503:
1345:. Vol. 61, no. 6. 1966. p. 29.
1211:Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Control
1032:. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 22.
8:
869:(4 ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 50.
39:
1357:"Alouette 1 Rocket – Satellite Information"
2139:
2120:
2106:
2098:
1510:
1496:
1488:
403:French-Canadian folk song of the same name
104:
47:
38:
1461:also known as 1962-Beta-Alpha-1 entry at
1021:
1019:
2657:First artificial satellites of a country
1327:. Jane's Information Group. p. 471.
1135:Agency, Canadian Space (March 5, 2012).
893:Rakobowchuk, Peter (September 8, 2012),
858:
856:
854:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
2568:
2474:Defence Research and Development Canada
700:
888:
886:
618:would remain in orbit for 1000 years.
389:, constructed in the United States by
2469:Communications Research Centre Canada
1110:Online Journal of Space Communication
746:"Alouette 1 – Trajectory Information"
539:Satellite launch and mission progress
464:carried four scientific experiments:
7:
1383:"Alouette 1 – Satellite Information"
769:"The 30th Anniversary of Alouette I"
691:(used as the initial ground station)
2424:MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates
1029:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
344:29 September 1962 06:05:00 UTC
130:Final: 10 years and 1 day
2647:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth
25:
30:For the line of helicopters, see
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
1437:. friendsofcrc.ca. July 19, 1996
1056:Grayzeck, Ed (August 26, 2014).
284:7,381 kilometres (4,586 mi)
2536:Churchill Rocket Research Range
1233:Darling, David (June 3, 2003).
1162:"Magic of Waves in Saint-Henri"
958:"Energetic Particles Detectors"
670:in 1965 to "replace" the older
651:in 1993. It is featured on the
436:was advanced for its time, and
2662:Geospace monitoring satellites
1166:Musée des ondes Emile Berliner
836:Remote Sounding of Atmospheres
689:Prince Albert Radar Laboratory
314:1,032 kilometres (641 mi)
116:
1:
1137:"Satellite Alouette I and II"
528:Canadian Air and Space Museum
161:145.6 kilograms (321 lb)
2464:Canadian Geospace Monitoring
2393:John H. Chapman Space Centre
1435:"The ISIS Satellite Program"
578:The satellite was initially
304:996 kilometres (619 mi)
2652:Spacecraft launched in 1962
2541:International Space Station
1413:IEEE Global History Network
863:Kramer, Herbert J. (2002).
562:, California, USA at 06:05
473:, with a power of 100
371:. Launched in 1962, it was
2678:
1284:, SpaceRef, archived from
1026:Angelo, Joseph A. (2006).
363:is a deactivated Canadian
29:
2479:National Research Council
2080:
1542:
1190:. Jonathan's Space Report
936:"Sweep-Frequency Sounder"
560:Vandenberg Air Force Base
530:. The batteries used for
352:
348:
249:
245:
221:
217:
182:September 29, 1962, 06:05
169:
165:
138:
134:
62:
46:
2398:David Florida Laboratory
1313:(Retrieved May 27, 2019)
1301:(Retrieved May 27, 2019)
518:), a former division of
441:research programme. The
27:First Canadian satellite
1004:. NASA. August 26, 2014
982:. NASA. August 26, 2014
960:. NASA. August 26, 2014
938:. NASA. August 26, 2014
2488:International partners
2403:Saskatoon CSA Building
2340:Other space technology
2321:RADARSAT Constellation
1711:Balloon Subsatellite 1
1325:Jane's Space Directory
1278:Gainor, Chris (2012),
1106:"The Alouette Program"
771:. IEEE. Archived from
498:Duplicate construction
2129:Canadian Space Agency
1323:Baker, David (2004).
1265:Canadian Space Agency
1141:Canadian Space Agency
653:Amory Adventure Award
556:Pacific Missile Range
259:Reference system
143:Spacecraft properties
32:Aérospatiale Alouette
2642:Satellites of Canada
2457:Related institutions
1526:Orbital launches in
1186:McDowell, Jonathan.
1002:"Cosmic Radio Noise"
796:Origin of NASA Names
2160:Jenni Sidey-Gibbons
2155:David Saint-Jacques
2136:Canadian astronauts
1261:"Alouette I and II"
709:"ALOUETTE 1 (S-27)"
524:North York, Ontario
520:de Havilland Canada
334:105.50 minutes
324:80.500 degrees
186:1962-09-29UTC06:05Z
85:Harvard designation
43:
2438:Magellan Aerospace
2428:MDA Space Missions
2347:Black Brant rocket
1387:satellite database
1361:satellite database
810:"Antenna material"
254:Orbital parameters
234:September 30, 1972
199:Thor DM-21 Agena-B
2559:
2558:
2531:Bell Satellite TV
2442:Bristol Aerospace
2234:
2233:
2206:Bjarni Tryggvason
2095:
2094:
1872:Venera 2MV-2 No.1
1862:Venera 2MV-1 No.2
1847:Venera 2MV-1 No.1
1468:CSA Alouette Site
1288:on April 17, 2015
1116:. Ohio University
1039:978-0-8160-5330-8
554:by NASA from the
546:was launched via
367:that studied the
356:
355:
88:1962 Beta Alpha 1
16:(Redirected from
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1267:. March 3, 2012.
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1086:on July 19, 2012
1082:. Archived from
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1070:
1069:
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1053:
1044:
1043:
1023:
1014:
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785:
784:
782:
780:
775:on March 3, 2016
767:Palimaka, John.
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
742:
725:
724:
722:
720:
715:. April 26, 2016
705:
663:
613:
508:
414:beryllium copper
408:A key device on
300:Perigee altitude
241:
239:
189:
187:
174:Start of mission
127:Mission duration
118:
109:
108:
102:
51:
44:
21:
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2407:
2381:
2335:
2230:
2211:Dafydd Williams
2169:
2131:
2126:
2096:
2091:
2076:
1976:Mars 2MV-3 No.1
1944:Mars 2MV-4 No.1
1918:Mercury-Atlas 8
1706:Mercury-Atlas 7
1600:Mercury-Atlas 6
1538:
1537:
1527:
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1522:
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1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1389:. Heavens-Above
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1363:. Heavens-Above
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661:
624:
611:
580:spin-stabilized
541:
512:Ottawa, Ontario
506:
500:
459:
426:
310:Apogee altitude
280:Semi-major axis
237:
235:
185:
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103:
98:
58:
35:
28:
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2432:Spar Aerospace
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2203:
2198:
2196:Chris Hadfield
2193:
2191:Steven MacLean
2188:
2186:Roberta Bondar
2183:
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1611:Discoverer 38
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1548:Discoverer 37
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1003:
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959:
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942:September 30,
937:
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900:National Post
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748:. NASA NSSDCA
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550:-B two-stage
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19:
2626:Solar System
2306:Nimiq series
2245:
2181:Marc Garneau
2087:
2083:
2067:Transit 5A-1
2059:
2052:
2045:
1948:
1916:
1896:
1829:
1822:
1795:
1735:Zenit-2 No.3
1733:
1716:
1704:
1687:
1660:
1598:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1441:February 26,
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1286:the original
1280:
1273:
1255:
1235:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:"Launch Log"
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1113:
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:the original
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:"Alouette 1"
1028:
1006:. Retrieved
996:
984:. Retrieved
974:
962:. Retrieved
952:
940:. Retrieved
930:
921:
915:
904:, retrieved
898:
865:
835:
829:
817:. Retrieved
813:
804:
795:
789:
777:. Retrieved
773:the original
762:
750:. Retrieved
717:. Retrieved
712:
703:
671:
665:
658:
657:
644:
642:
639:
627:
625:
622:Post mission
615:
608:
607:
602:
594:
592:
588:heat shields
577:
572:
543:
542:
531:
503:
501:
493:
461:
460:
433:
428:
427:
409:
407:
394:
384:
377:Soviet Union
359:
358:
357:
290:Eccentricity
148:Manufacturer
67:Mission type
54:
40:
36:
2614:Outer space
2602:Spaceflight
2551:Shaw Direct
2412:Contractors
2256:Anik series
2041:Explorer 16
2026:Calsphere 1
1961:Explorer 15
1912:Explorer 14
1194:October 11,
457:Experiments
424:Development
393:, preceded
320:Inclination
231:Deactivated
205:Launch site
179:Launch date
158:Launch mass
70:Ionospheric
2636:Categories
2386:Facilities
2367:FGS/NIRISS
2316:RADARSAT-2
2311:RADARSAT-1
2251:Alouette 2
2246:Alouette 1
2239:Satellites
1897:Alouette 1
1246:0471056499
1171:August 16,
1146:August 16,
1120:January 1,
876:3540423885
845:0521310652
752:January 1,
696:References
672:Alouette 1
667:Alouette 2
659:Alouette 1
645:Alouette 1
628:Alouette 1
616:Alouette 1
603:Alouette 1
595:Alouette 1
548:Thor-Agena
544:Alouette 1
462:Alouette 1
434:Alouette 1
429:Alouette 1
401:" and the
395:Alouette 1
369:ionosphere
360:Alouette 1
263:Geocentric
238:1972-10-01
209:Vandenberg
55:Alouette 1
41:Alouette 1
18:Alouette I
2578:Astronomy
2357:Canadarm2
2226:Ken Money
2084:underline
2072:Kosmos 12
2016:NRL PL121
2006:NRL PL120
1939:Kosmos 11
1929:Kosmos 10
1852:Mariner 2
1797:Mariner 1
1781:Telstar 1
1662:Solrad 4B
1459:1962-049A
1064:April 18,
779:April 18,
719:April 26,
522:(DHC) in
471:megahertz
451:Winkfield
447:Singapore
365:satellite
273:Low Earth
212:LC-75-1-1
190: UTC
100:1962-049A
94:COSPAR ID
57:satellite
2352:Canadarm
2331:Sapphire
2326:SCISAT-1
2266:CASSIOPE
2036:FTV-1136
2021:Surcal 2
2001:FTV-1155
1996:FTV-1135
1986:FTV-2405
1981:FTV-1136
1950:1MS No.2
1934:Ranger 5
1924:FTV-1134
1907:FTV-1154
1892:Kosmos 9
1877:FTV-1133
1867:FTV-1132
1857:FTV-1153
1842:FTV-2502
1837:Kosmos 8
1831:Vostok 4
1824:Vostok 3
1818:FTV-2404
1813:FTV-1152
1808:Kosmos 7
1803:FTV-1131
1791:FTV-1130
1786:FTV-2403
1776:Kosmos 6
1771:FTV-1151
1766:FTV-1129
1756:FTV-2312
1751:FTV-2402
1741:FTV-1127
1729:FTV-1128
1724:Kosmos 5
1718:FTV-3501
1700:FTV-3501
1695:FTV-1126
1683:FTV-1125
1678:FTV-2401
1668:Kosmos 4
1656:Kosmos 3
1651:Ranger 4
1646:FTV-1142
1631:Kosmos 2
1626:Kosmos 1
1606:FTV-2301
1589:Ranger 3
1583:Surcal 1
1555:SOLRAD 4
1419:July 29,
819:July 23,
814:Ingenium
713:N2YO.com
678:See also
632:derelict
609:Alouette
573:Alouette
532:Alouette
504:Alouette
410:Alouette
75:Operator
2564:Portals
2448:Telesat
2419:COM DEV
2301:NEOSSat
2174:Retired
2088:italics
2047:Midas 6
2031:Relay 1
2011:Injun 3
1966:ANNA 1B
1887:TIROS-6
1761:TIROS-5
1746:OSCAR 2
1689:ANNA 1A
1673:Ariel 1
1636:Midas 5
1621:Samos 6
1594:TIROS-4
1576:Injun 2
1562:LOFTI 2
1090:July 6,
449:and at
399:skylark
386:Ariel 1
379:or the
294:0.00243
236: (
184: (
115:SATCAT
2377:OSIRIS
2372:MOPITT
2362:Dextre
2296:MSAT-1
2286:M3MSat
2281:ISIS 2
2276:ISIS 1
2271:Hermes
2143:Active
1971:Mars 1
1956:STARAD
1535:1963 →
1520:← 1961
1415:. IEEE
1243:
1217:
1060:. NASA
1036:
906:May 1,
873:
842:
635:object
626:After
552:rocket
373:Canada
330:Period
269:Regime
195:Rocket
2590:Stars
2524:Other
2261:BRITE
2061:ERS-4
2054:ERS-3
1991:ERS-1
1882:ERS-2
1616:OSO-1
1569:SECOR
1463:NSSDC
662:'
612:'
507:'
340:Epoch
2515:SNSB
2510:JAXA
2505:ISRO
2500:NASA
2291:MOST
1902:TAVE
1528:1962
1443:2017
1421:2011
1395:2013
1369:2013
1343:LIFE
1241:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1196:2020
1173:2022
1148:2022
1122:2023
1092:2012
1066:2014
1034:ISBN
1010:2014
988:2014
966:2014
944:2014
908:2015
871:ISBN
840:ISBN
821:2018
781:2014
754:2023
721:2016
643:The
569:USSR
438:NASA
391:NASA
79:DRDC
53:The
2495:ESA
584:rpm
564:UTC
558:at
122:424
117:no.
2638::
1411:.
1385:.
1359:.
1341:.
1263:.
1164:.
1139:.
1112:.
1108:.
1048:^
1018:^
897:,
885:^
853:^
812:.
729:^
711:.
674:.
655:.
485:Hz
453:.
405:.
2566::
2444:)
2440:(
2434:)
2430:/
2426:(
2121:e
2114:t
2107:v
1713:)
1709:(
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
1445:.
1423:.
1397:.
1371:.
1249:.
1198:.
1175:.
1150:.
1124:.
1114:4
1094:.
1068:.
1042:.
1012:.
990:.
968:.
946:.
879:.
823:.
783:.
756:.
723:.
487:.
477:.
475:W
240:)
188:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
