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205:, the individual muscle fibre does not respond at all if the stimulus is too weak. However, it responds maximally when the stimulus rises to threshold. The contraction is not increased if the stimulus strength is further raised. Stronger stimuli bring more muscle fibres into action and thus the tension of a muscle increases as the strength of the stimulus applied to it rises.
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below threshold strength fails to elicit a propagated spike potential. If it is of threshold strength or over, a spike (a nervous impulse) of maximum magnitude is set up. Either the single fibre does not respond with spike production, or it responds to the utmost of its ability under the conditions
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with 1850 amplification, Adrian noticed that when the muscle preparation was left to hang, it produced oscillations; yet when supported, no such activity occurred. Later with the help of Yngve
Zotterman, Adrian isolated and stimulated one sensory fibre. The impulses externally on the fibre were
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behave as a single unit, so that an adequate stimulus normally produces a full contraction of either the auricles or ventricles. The force of the contraction obtained depends on the state in which the muscles fibres find themselves. In the case of
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An induction shock produces a contraction or fails to do so according to its strength; if it does so at all, it produces the greatest contraction that can be produced by any strength of stimulus in the condition of the muscle at the
171:, the magnitude of the electronic potential progressively increasing with the strength of the stimulus, until a spike is generated. This demonstrates the all-or-none relationship in spike production.
182:) stimulus is adequate only for fibres of high excitability, but a stronger stimulus excites all the nerve fibres. Increasing the stimulus further does increase the response of whole nerve.
58:. If the intensity or duration of the stimulus is increased, the height of the impulse will remain the same. The nerve fibre either gives a maximal response or none at all.
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is stimulated, then as the exciting stimulus is progressively increased above a threshold, a larger number of fibres respond. The minimal effective (i.e.,
192:. If the external stimulus is too weak, no response is obtained; if the stimulus is adequate, the heart responds to the best of its ability. Accordingly, the
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uniform: "as simple as the dots in Morse code". Stimulus strength was manipulated and the resulting frequency measured, yielding a relationship where f∝sn .
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As long as the stimulus reaches the threshold, the full response would be given. Larger stimulus does not result in a larger response, vice versa.
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at the moment. This property of the single nerve fibre is termed the all-or-none relationship. This relationship holds only for the unit of
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in 1909. The individual fibres of nerves also respond to stimulation according to the all-or-none principle.
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is independent of the strength of the exciting stimulus, provided the latter is adequate. An
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the unit is the individual muscle fiber and for the heart the unit is the entire
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This article is about the physiological principle. For the finance term, see
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The above account deals with the response of a single nerve fibre. If a
236:"The "all or none" contraction of the amphibian skeletal muscle fibre"
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is stimulated, it will always give a maximal response and produce an
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Cannon WB (1922). "Biographical Memoir: Henry
Pickering Bowdich".
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Stimuli too weak to produce a spike do, however, set up a local
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is excitable, i.e., it responds to external stimuli by
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in 1925 from a set of crosscut muscle fibres. Using a
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It was first established by the
American physiologist
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402:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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321:Adrian ED, Zotterman Y (April 1926).
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46:) is the principle that if a single
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108:thermionic triode valve amplifier
94:Isolation of the action potential
23:. For the mathematical term, see
339:10.1113/jphysiol.1926.sp002281
304:"The activity of nerve fibres"
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285:National Academy of Sciences
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374:(12 ed.). Australia.
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327:The Journal of Physiology
240:The Journal of Physiology
234:Lucas K (February 1909).
63:Henry Pickering Bowditch
308:The Nobel prize Lecture
16:Principle in physiology
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372:Biological psychology
131:set up in any single
127:The magnitude of the
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40:all-or-none principle
215:Activation function
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102:was carried out by
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52:electrical impulse
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54:of a single
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25:Zero–one law
190:contracting
176:nerve trunk
133:nerve fibre
88:Keith Lucas
67:contraction
48:nerve fibre
21:All or none
418:Categories
221:References
198:ventricles
162:ventricles
150:nerve cell
32:physiology
398:cite book
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291:: 181–96.
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