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535:". Indeed, Klein herself maintained that "the ego is incapable of splitting the objectâinternal or externalâwithout a corresponding splitting taking place within the ego".Arguably at least, by this point "the idea of splitting does not carry the same meaning for Freud and for Klein": for the former, "the ego finds itself 'passively' split, as it were. For Klein and the post-Kleinians, on the other hand, splitting is an 'active' defence mechanism". As a result, by the close of the century "four kinds of splitting can be clearly identified, among many other possibilities" for post-Kleinians: "a coherent split in the object, a coherent split in the ego, a fragmentation of the object, and a fragmentation of the ego".
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need to consistently validate and make sure their partner is understood due to their struggles with interpersonal identity and lack of self-worth. Hypersensitivity is one feature of BPD that caused individuals to both idolize and devalue the people they surround themselves with due to their fear of rejection. This is also expressed by an individual's need for intimacy followed by a fear of rejection and interpersonal aggression. Interpersonal rejection is a split response to the feeling of rejection that an individual may feel which can result in problems within friendships and relationships because of a disruption in an individual's interpersonal functioning.
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others' motives. MBT strengthens an individual's capability to operate under attachment stress. Therapists encourage patients to dig into their emotional and unrealistic thoughts and actions in a more grounded and open mindset and thought process. MBT encourages individuals to think in a hyperactive state of mind within themselves instead of the internalized insights that they create of the world. This therapy includes 50 weekly minutes of individual therapy, 75 minutes of in group therapy, and a team meeting reflecting over how team members are doing with their mentalization.
124:; frequent misinterpretation of social signals contribute greatly to a subject with Borderline Personality Disorder's ability to find supporting "evidence" for their devaluation process. This can be exacerbated in times of professional or personal stress as stress induced paranoia is a recognized diagnostic feature of Borderline Personality Disorder. Splitting can also result in dispositional and situational attributes of others' actions. This means that both a liked person
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504:) (in terms of 'good/bad' objects)". In her object relations theory, Klein argues that "the earliest experiences of the infant are split between wholly good ones with 'good' objects and wholly bad experiences with 'bad' objects", as children struggle to integrate the two primary drives, love and hate, into constructive social interaction. An important step in childhood development is the gradual depolarization of these two drives.
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143:, this often involves the embellishment or invention of grievances that garner an emotional response from those around them that they feel matches their own distress at the situation. The more valuable the social bond they are trying to preserve or the higher their general need for social acceptance, the higher the probability that they engage in psychologically abusive behaviour. This can cause intense
485:
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This can create a negative therapist/client relationship and cause treatment to be both ineffective and harmful to the client. However, positive transference can also occur where the individual projects these same emotions but, because theyâve gained insight into their mental struggles, can work through these projections leading to a productive, effective, and helpful treatment.
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struggling with. Though, if they do understand, the process can positive because the individual can begin practicing ways to cope with the emotions, defenses, or fantasies theyâve created and projected onto others. This all depends on the relationship built with the therapist due to these hinderances and whether or not they can be worked through.
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developed need to be admired by those around them, a lack of empathy, and a lack of impulse and anger control. These characteristics can cause someone with NPD to split at any time with either one or all characteristics simultaneously based on who they are around at the time and how they interpret the way they are being treated.
511:, there is a stark separation of the things the child loves (good, gratifying objects) and the things the child hates (bad, frustrating objects), "because everything is polarised into extremes of love and hate, just like what the baby seems to experience and young children are still very close to". Klein refers to the
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sense, splitting, so far from being a pathological phenomenon, is a manifestation of self-awareness". Nevertheless, "it remains to be investigated how this desirable 'splitting of the ego' and 'self-observation' are to be differentiated from the pathological cleavage ... directed at preserving isolations".
458:, splitting moved to the background of Freud's thought for some years, being largely reserved for cases of double personality. However, his late work saw a renewed interest in how it was "possible for the ego to avoid a rupture... by effecting a cleavage or division of itself", a theme which was extended in his
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the distinction between horizontal and vertical forms of splitting. Traditional psychoanalysis saw repression as forming a horizontal barrier between different levels of the mind â so that for example an unpleasant truth might be accepted superficially but denied in a deeper part of the psyche. Kohut
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Good and bad are viewed as different. Because the boundaries between the self and the other are not stable yet, the other as a person is viewed as either all good or all bad, depending on their actions. This also means that thinking about another person as bad implies that the self is bad as well, so
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Many in relationships with individuals who struggle with splitting have stated that they feel as though they "tip-toe" through their relationship because there is a constant sense of duty and worrying that their partner will split and begin to see them as the "bad guy". Individuals have expressed the
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that claim to be helpful for individuals who struggle with the consequences of splitting. The fear of incurring the social consequences of splitting has been theorised to lead people with
Borderline Personality Disorder to avoid social or romantic relationships with those they perceive to be critical
472:
There was, however, from early on, another use of the term "splitting" in Freud that referred rather to resolving ambivalence "by splitting the contradictory feelings so that one person is only loved, another one only hated ... the good mother and the wicked stepmother in fairy tales". Or, with
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Schema-Focused
Therapy is a type of cognitive therapy that focuses on structural changes that may occur in an individual's life. This involves two weekly therapy sessions in which the therapist administers behavioral, experimental, and cognitive practices that focus on the individual's everyday life
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Transference is not the goal, however, because it can hinder the relationship built between client and therapist due to the permanent or temporary feelings that an individual may feel towards another. This hinderance usually occurs when the individual does not grasp the concept of what he or she is
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It has been suggested that interpretation of the transference "becomes effective through a sort of splitting of the ego into a reasonable, judging portion and an experiencing portion, the former recognizing the latter as not appropriate in the present and as coming from the past". Clearly, "in this
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General
Psychiatric Management focuses on individuals' lives outside of whatever therapy they may receive. It prioritizes their ability to function normally in their relationships and in their social functioning. By discussing an individual's symptoms and prognosis, therapists can create a plan for
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While the term transference may seem complex, it is very easily understood. Transference is when someone who splits conveys feelings, attitudes, or defenses against someone currently in front of them, or who they are speaking to, who isnât the actual object or target of those exact feelings. It is
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Splitting creates instability in relationships because one person can be viewed as either personified virtue or personified vice at different times, depending on whether they gratify the subject's needs or frustrate them. This, along with similar oscillations in the experience and appraisal of the
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The New
England Personality Disorder Association recommends always involving the wider group in the discussion of issues, not responding to or ignoring threats or accusations (even if untrue) in the moment then discussing the episode in an open and realistic manner when the subject has calmed, and
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The individual will perceive something that contradicts with their image of themselves or a person close to them which is often a something understood to be a slight, a perceived attempt to isolate or abandon them, or even a feeling of unwanted attraction. Psychoanalysis theories propose the idea
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in 1952; it begins as the inability of the infant to combine the fulfilling aspects of the parents (the good object) and their unresponsive aspects (the unsatisfying object) into the same individuals, instead seeing the good and bad as separate. In psychoanalytic theory this functions as a defense
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The inability to grasp insight in transference is called negative transference. This is where an individual projects these fantasies, emotions, or defense on their therapist or another individual and cannot work them out due to an inability to gain insight or truly understand their own struggles.
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In
Schizophrenia, the term splitting is described as mental fragmentation or a loosening of their mental associations. They are shown to have a lower ability to retrieve information solely from memory and make slower physical and mental decisions. Splitting in schizophrenia is likely related to a
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In CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy), the instability that characterizes BPD is seen to come from patterns of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are maladaptive. The back and forth splitting of idealization and devaluation is a unique feature of BPD and NPD. Splitting may cause individuals to
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is a therapy that proposes that symptoms in individuals with BPD form when the patient stops mentalizing, meaning they stop rationally thinking about the emotions in their own minds and others' minds. This leads individuals to disconnect from reality and operate from the certainty they feel about
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as split mental entities, resulting from the way "these primitive states tend to deconstruct objects into 'good' and 'bad' bits (called 'part-objects')". The child sees the breasts as opposite in nature at different times, although they actually are the same, belonging to the same mother. As the
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Dialectal
Behavioral Therapy is the most known treatment for those with BPD who did not thrive in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This type of therapy proposes that those with BPD can more effectively manage their interactions with others by acquiring skills that better help them deal with stress,
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The individual will then devalue the person that they once idealised. Often then the splitting process becomes behavioural and the subject will often abruptly lash out or cut contact with the person that they devalued causing a great deal of inner group conflict and distress. In order to prevent
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believe that they will be abused if they put trust in someone which can result in a simplistic view of how other people think and act. It is also seen as an over simplistic way that individuals with BPD interpret the motives that others may have when it comes to themselves and their well-being.
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If a person fails to accomplish this developmental task satisfactorily, borderline pathology can emerge. In the borderline personality organization, Kernberg found "dissociated ego states that result from the use of 'splitting' defences". His therapeutic work then aimed at "the analysis of the
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The main components of narcissistic personality disorder includes an extreme sensitivity to criticism due to their "do no wrong" ideas of self, developing a sense of entitlement compared to those around them, issues within their relationship lives, feeling like they are unique and different, a
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is a therapy that focuses on the interpersonal dynamics of the lives of individuals and what happens during their emotional states. Their interpersonal dynamic is brought out during therapy and later studied to resolve what the good and bad splits may affect an individuals personal lives. This
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People with
Borderline Personality Disorder are especially prone to splitting, causing the breakdown of social relationships, as they often seek positions of control in social situations, are hypersensitive to criticism, are prone to paranoia, and have an intense need for social acceptance.
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psychopathological manifestations due to their decreased mental tensions and inhibited brain activity. This can also lead to individuals integrating their memories which is where their brain activities and memory combine and overlap that creates memories that are made up of one another.
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Unlike BPD and NPD, splitting in schizophrenia is not characterized by a split of the ego like thoughts of all good or all bad, grandiosity, or a sense of entitlement. Instead, splitting in schizophrenia is characterized by a split of consciousness in which an individual may exhibit
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or deception. They have also been shown to be less sensitive to verbal irony due to a negative bias in interpreting ambiguous information. Individuals diagnosed with
Borderline Personality Disorder may also believe that theyâll be abandoned if they trust anyone around them.
236:. The therapeutic process can be greatly impeded by these oscillations because the therapist too can come to be seen as all good or all bad. To attempt to overcome the negative effects on treatment outcomes, constant interpretations by the therapist are needed.
557:" â begins to be resolved when the self and the other can be seen as possessing both good and bad qualities. Having hateful thoughts about the other does not mean that the self is all hateful and does not mean that the other person is all hateful either.
528:, which "entails a steady, though painful, approximation towards the reality of oneself and others": integrating the splits and "being able to balance out ... are tasks that continue into early childhood and indeed are never completely finished".
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perceived judgement from others, the subject will often engage in a stage of justification of their actions by convincing those around them of the validity of their claims that the devalued party is entirely bad and that they are purely a victim.
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treatment. General management normally doesnât involve more than one weekly session and has a goal to improve functionality by putting an individual in their everyday lives with the expectation that they will work on their coping by themselves.
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People matching the diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder also use splitting as a central defense mechanism. Most often narcissists do this as an attempt to stabilize their sense of self-positivity in order to preserve their
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Certain difficulties arise from validating emotions and not endorsing the behaviour of splitting as the loved one of the person with
Borderline Personality Disorder risks becoming both complicit in problematic behaviours and reinforcing them.
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it's better to think about the caregiver as a good person, so the self is viewed as good too: "Bringing together extremely opposite loving and hateful images of the self and of significant others would trigger unbearable anxiety and guilt".
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and activities that occur within it including any past traumatic experiences that may have occurred. This therapy works by changing the individual's way of negative thinking and believing into a healthier more functional way of thinking.
542:, the overcoming of splitting is also an important developmental task. The child has to learn to integrate feelings of love and hate. Kernberg distinguishes three different stages in the development of a child with respect to splitting:
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regulate emotions, and have quality relationships. This therapy includes one weekly hour of individual therapy, a two hour group training session, communication outside of sessions, and a consultation team created for the therapist.
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repeated and oscillating projections of unwanted self and object representations onto the therapist" so as to produce "something more durable, complex and encompassing than the initial, split-off and polarized state of affairs".
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in 1878 who described splitting as a splitting of the ego. He described this as the existence of two thoughts, wills, distinct actions simultaneously within an individual who is aware of one mind without the awareness of the
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Because these individuals also have a split ego or consciousness, this can make them feel the emotions that are drawn out towards the person that is doing so even if that is not how they actually feel towards that person.
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Although
Borderline Personality Disorder was thought to be untreatable in the past, many new forms of therapy have been studied, practiced, and have been shown to help in the management and treatment of this disorder.
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Additionally, they often have "domineering, intrusive, and vindictive styles of relating to others correlated with perpetrating psychological aggression", thus reducing their ability to resolve conflicts amicably.
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The individual will feel challenged by this discomfort as it relates to their self perception and will form a narrative to explain and externalize the perceived discomfort, making it wholly the fault of another.
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commonly expressed in therapy where a mental health professionally purposefully draws out specific feelings or triggers as a form of behavioral therapy that allows an individual to work through their emotions.
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opposing feelings of love and hate, perhaps "the two opposites should have been split apart and one of them, usually the hatred, has been repressed". Such splitting was closely linked to the defence of "
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mechanism helps individuals reach a more balanced way of thinking about themselves and about others. Transference therapy involves two therapy sessions each week without the presence of group therapy.
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332:. The heightened sense of self idealization in splitting can create an inflated sense of self where individuals view themselves as doing no wrong and placing all blame and aggression on others.
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However, Kleinians also use Freud's first conception of splitting to explain the way "in a related process of splitting, the person divides his own self. This is called 'splitting of the ego
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criteria for this disorder is a description of splitting: "a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of
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286:". In psychoanalytic theory, people with borderline personality disorder are not able to integrate the good and bad images of both self and others, resulting in a
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If the subject attacks another inappropriately (either physically or verbally), it is not appropriate to condone this behaviour in order to avoid conflict.
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Story, Giles W.; Smith, Ryan; Moutoussis, Michael; Berwian, Isabel M.; Nolte, Tobias; Bilek, Edda; Siegel, Jenifer Z.; Dolan, Raymond J. (April 2024).
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bad with no middle ground). This kind of dichotomous interpretation is contrasted by an acknowledgement of certain nuances known as "shades of gray".
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690:
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Gould, J. R.; Prentice, N. M.; Ainslie, R. C. (1996). "The splitting index: construction of a scale measuring the defense mechanism of splitting".
910:"Irony detection in patients with borderline personality disorder: An experimental study examining schizotypal traits, response biases and empathy"
321:, by perceiving themselves as purely upright or admirable and others who do not conform to their will or values as purely wicked or contemptible.
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Story, Giles W.; Smith, Ryan; Moutoussis, Michael; Berwian, Isabel M.; Nolte, Tobias; Bilek, Edda; Siegel, Jenifer Z.; Dolan, Raymond J. (2024).
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Story, Giles W.; Smith, Ryan; Moutoussis, Michael; Berwian, Isabel M.; Nolte, Tobias; Bilek, Edda; Siegel, Jenifer Z.; Dolan, Raymond J. (2024).
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454:) of consciousnessânot (with Janet) as the product of innate weakness, but as the result of inner conflict. With the development of the idea of
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decrease in amygdala activity and a lack of control of the prefrontal cortex which may reflect an inability to express feelings and emotions.
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that idealization and devaluation means there is polarization in not only an individual's self model, but their perceived view of others.
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496:. After Freud, "the most important contribution has come from Melanie Klein, whose work enlightens the idea of 'splitting of the object' (
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1399:"Understanding a Mutually Destructive Relationship Between Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder and Their Favorite Person"
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2419:... the ego is incapable of splitting the objectâinternal or externalâwithout a corresponding splitting taking place within the ego.
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Carser, D. (1979). "The defense mechanism of splitting: Developmental origins, effects on staff, recommendations for nursing care".
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For the loved ones of those with Borderline Personality Disorder there are several seemingly contradictory factors to balance:
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2469:... a coherent split in the object, a coherent split in the ego, a fragmentation of the object, and a fragmentation of the ego.
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101:
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contrasted with this vertical fractures of the mind into two parts with incompatible attitudes separated by mutual disavowal.
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If the subject were to steal from someone they believe owes them money, it is not appropriate to shield them from prosecution.
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1989:
1549:"Prospective Associations Among Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms, Interpersonal Problems, and Aggressive Behaviors"
1350:"Prospective Associations Among Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms, Interpersonal Problems, and Aggressive Behaviors"
1007:"Prospective Associations Among Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms, Interpersonal Problems, and Aggressive Behaviors"
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Manning S (2011) pg, 18. Loving Someone with Borderline Personality Disorder. The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-607-6.
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and/or prone to assertive or aggressive behaviour and conversely seek out individuals they perceive to be passive.
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however, a good person's bad behavior would be situational and attributed to symptoms like stress or intoxication.
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explored how, in healthy childhood development, a splitting of loving and aggressive instincts could be avoided.
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of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole. It is a common
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Splitting is a relatively common defense mechanism for people with borderline personality disorder. One of the
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Splitting contributes to unstable relationships and intense emotional experiences. Splitting is common during
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Choi-Kain, Lois W.; Finch, Ellen F.; Masland, Sara R.; Jenkins, James A.; Unruh, Brandon T. (March 2017).
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361:, exaggerated all-or-nothing thinking can form a self-reinforcing cycle: these thoughts might be called
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Helping the subject navigate their episode while not protecting from the consequences of their actions.
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The child does not experience the self and the object, nor the good and the bad as different entities.
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477: ... The division of objects into congenial and uncongenial ones ... making 'disconnections
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wherein the individual tends to think in extremes (e.g., an individual's actions and motivations are
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Gelso, Charles J.; Kivlighan, Dennis M.; Wine, Bruce; Jones, Alissa; Friedman, Suzanne C. (1997).
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because, as they go around and around, they become more intense. Typical all-or-nothing thoughts:
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The cognitive habit of splitting also implies the use of other related defense mechanisms, namely
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243:, but is regarded as transient. Splitting has been noted especially with persons diagnosed with
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895:"Why People with Borderline Personality Can be So Hard to Please | Psychology Today"
120:; problems in establishing and maintaining consistent and appropriate levels of trust in
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Acknowledging the subject's emotions while not endorsing or encouraging their behaviour.
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Splitting of consciousness ("normal self" vs. "secondary self") was first described by
17:
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s good behavior and an unliked person's bad behavior are both dispositional attributes
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2914:
2486:
1910:
1457:. Borderline Personality Disorder Resource Center at New York-Presbyterian Hospital.
665:
539:
493:
438:
415:
411:
407:
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Stepp, S. D.; Smith, T. D.; Morse, J. Q.; Hallquist, M. N.; Pilkonis, P. A. (2011).
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Stepp, S. D.; Smith, T. D.; Morse, J. Q.; Hallquist, M. N.; Pilkonis, P. A. (2011).
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Stepp, S. D.; Smith, T. D.; Morse, J. Q.; Hallquist, M. N.; Pilkonis, P. A. (2011).
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It was the latter sense of the term that was predominantly adopted and exploited by
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self, leads to chaotic and unstable relationship patterns, identity diffusion, and
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1742:
983:"Is Splitting Only Done by Those with BPD? | Psychology Today United Kingdom"
738:
2361:
1973:
1798:
1220:
Mary C. Zanarini; Jolie L. Weingeroff & Frances R. Frankenburg (April 2009).
960:"Diagnostic criteria for 301.83 Borderline Personality Disorder | BehaveNet"
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never protecting the subject from social or legal consequences of their actions.
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247:. Treatment strategies have been developed for individuals and groups based on
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1727:"Differentiating Ego Functions of Borderline and Narcissistic Personalities"
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251:, and for couples. There are also self-help books on related topics such as
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Pec, Ondrej; Bob, Petr; Raboch, Jiri (2014-03-06). Mazza, Marianna (ed.).
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Siegel, J. P. (2006). "Dyadic splitting in partner relational disorders".
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Splitting â "the division of external objects into 'all good' or 'all bad
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in the person they are devaluing and can be met by legal challenges of
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3278:
3217:
3020:
1222:"Defense Mechanisms Associated with Borderline Personality Disorder"
1913:(1908). "Die Prognose der Dementia Praecox â Schizophreniegruppe".
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bad at the same time, he or she progresses to the next phase, the
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389:
1774:"Splitting in Schizophrenia and Borderline Personality Disorder"
1480:"Diagnostic criteria for 301.83 Borderline Personality Disorder"
1077:"What Works in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder"
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3221:
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2723:
2695:"Transference, Insight, and the Course of Time-Limited Therapy"
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My efforts are either a success or they are an abject failure.
49:) is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the
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1897:
Studia Phaenomenologica: Vol. XV / 2015 â Early Phenomenology
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Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought
2219:
On Freud's "Splitting of the ego in the process of defense"
1397:
Jeong, Hyorim; Jin, Min Jin; Hyun, Myoung Ho (2022-12-25).
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2642:
1670:"A social inference model of idealization and devaluation"
1598:"A social inference model of idealization and devaluation"
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American Psychiatric Association 2013, pp. 645, 663â
839:"A social inference model of idealization and devaluation"
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Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
908:
Felsenheimer, A. K.; Kieckhäfer, C.; Rapp, A. M. (2022).
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Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services
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have even been shown to interpret social acceptance as
462:(1940a ) beyond fetishism to the neurotic in general.
1193:"What is Borderline personality disorder â Splitting"
760:"Dichotomous Thinking and the Pittston Coal Strike".
185:Examples provided by Gundarson and Berkowitz are:
167:
Privacy of the subject versus seeking external help.
3483:
3440:
3373:
3320:
3255:
3170:
3090:
3049:
2993:
2907:
2859:
2788:
2757:
2366:(reprint, revised ed.). London: Karnac Books.
1978:(reprint, revised ed.). London: Karnac Books.
2485:
1136:. London, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 249.
2515:Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism
2186:Laplanche, Jean; Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand (1973).
520:child learns that people and objects can be good
328:, which are preventive attitudes or reactions to
2780:Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder
1057:Gunderson, John G.; Berkowitz, Cynthia (2006).
3233:
2971:
2735:
8:
2557:Brinich, Paul; Shelley, Christopher (2002).
1895:Moran, Dermot; Parker, Rodney K. B. (eds.).
817:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
498:
372:Other people are either all good or all bad.
2765:Dimensional models of personality disorders
3240:
3226:
3218:
2978:
2964:
2956:
2742:
2728:
2720:
2678:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2527:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2445:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2289:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2260:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2231:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2156:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2082:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2024:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1946:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1455:"What is Borderline Personality Disorder?"
779:Hart, Onno; Horst, Rutger (October 1989).
1815:
1797:
1701:
1655:The Narcissistic Principle of Equivalence
1629:
1572:
1430:
1373:
1245:
1108:
1030:
935:
925:
870:
781:"The dissociation theory of Pierre Janet"
330:narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury
1507:
1505:
691:Psychoanalytic concepts of love and hate
379:If you're not with us, you're against us
3279:Psychotic denial or disavowal (German:
2666:A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
1081:Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports
762:Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior
717:
3577:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2671:
2564:
2520:
2438:
2282:
2253:
2224:
2217:Bokanowski, T.; Lewkowicz, S. (2009).
2149:
2075:
2046:
2017:
1939:
1915:Allgemeine Zeitschrift fĂźr Psychiatrie
1853:
1842:
1330:
1319:
1298:
1287:
1215:
1213:
810:
2618:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
2275:Skynner, Robin; Cleese, John (1994).
1052:
1050:
7:
3293:Foreclosure or repudiation (German:
2874:Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy
1269:Siegel, J. P.; Linehan, M. (1993) .
832:
830:
828:
706:You're either with us, or against us
2097:Richards, Angela. "Editor's Note".
406:(1889). His ideas were extended by
212:Transference- Focused Psychotherapy
3162:Narcissistic Personality Inventory
2899:Transference focused psychotherapy
2559:The Self and Personality Structure
2358:"Splitting of the Ego (pp. 427â9)"
2246:Appignanesi, Richard, ed. (2006).
1970:"Splitting of the Ego (pp. 427â9)"
1490:from the original on 20 April 2013
25:
3307:Identification with the Aggressor
3098:Narcissistic personality disorder
1731:Journal of Personality Assessment
1553:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1354:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
1159:Journal of Personality Assessment
1011:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
312:Narcissistic personality disorder
306:Narcissistic personality disorder
68:Splitting was first described by
3204:
3203:
2775:Trauma model of mental disorders
2699:Journal of Counseling Psychology
2277:Families and how to survive them
2012:Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1934:Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
375:I am either all good or all bad.
80:Splitting was also described by
3527:Borderline personality disorder
2751:Borderline personality disorder
2380:from the original on 2020-09-30
2363:The Language of Psycho-analysis
1992:from the original on 2020-09-30
1975:The Language of Psycho-analysis
1884:] (in French). p. 317.
1461:from the original on 2013-05-15
1199:from the original on 2013-11-02
637:, a therapy that can treat this
274:Borderline personality disorder
268:Borderline personality disorder
245:borderline personality disorder
141:Cluster-B personality disorders
102:Borderline Personality Disorder
3270:Denial or abnegation (German:
2431:Quinodoz, Jean-Michel (2005).
1877:De l'Automatisme Psychologique
656:Dissociative identity disorder
538:In the developmental model of
404:De l'automatisme psychologique
205:Mentalization- Based Treatment
1:
3572:Barriers to critical thinking
2884:Mentalization-based treatment
2192:. Karnac Books. p. 430.
1743:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674089
739:10.3928/0279-3695-19790301-04
671:List of psychological effects
410:(who in 1908 coined the word
2994:Similar personality concepts
2869:Dialectical behavior therapy
2821:Idealization and devaluation
2043:. Middlesex. pp. 53â54.
1799:10.1371/journal.pone.0091228
1514:Journal of Family Psychology
326:idealization and devaluation
284:idealization and devaluation
249:dialectical behavior therapy
3171:Related psychology concepts
1899:. Zeta Booksa. p. 234.
1882:Of Psychological Automatism
1171:10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_18
1134:Deciding Children's Futures
785:Journal of Traumatic Stress
122:interpersonal relationships
27:Failure to think in nuances
3593:
2513:Kernberg, Otto F. (1990).
1526:10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.418
1238:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.2.113
927:10.1186/s40479-022-00194-w
701:Triangulation (psychology)
696:Split subject (philosophy)
585:
509:paranoid-schizoid position
460:Outline of Psycho-Analysis
441:to explain the splitting (
309:
271:
3360:Projective identification
3201:
3120:Manipulation (psychology)
2915:BPDFamily (support group)
2770:Impulse-control disorders
2664:Rycroft, Charles (1995).
2561:. Buckingham. p. 51.
2492:. New York: Basic Books.
2250:. Cambridge. p. 173.
2248:Introducing Melanie Klein
2112:Young-Bruehl, E. (2008).
2072:. Middlesex. p. 217.
1839:Gilbert. pp. 63, 98.
1093:10.1007/s40473-017-0103-z
507:At what Klein called the
2633:The Analysis of the Self
2603:The Analysis of the Self
1725:Berg, Joanna L. (1990).
1565:10.1177/0886260511416468
1403:Psychiatry Investigation
1366:10.1177/0886260511416468
1023:10.1177/0886260511416468
39:black-and-white thinking
3552:Object relations theory
3091:Pathological narcissism
2806:Emotional dysregulation
2415:The inner world outside
2354:Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand
2189:Splitting of the Object
2142:Freud, Sigmund (1991).
2068:Freud, Sigmund (1987).
2039:Freud, Sigmund (1987).
2010:Freud, Sigmund (1995).
1966:Pontalis, Jean-Bertrand
1932:Freud, Sigmund (1995).
799:(inactive 2024-07-07).
635:Cognitive restructuring
625:Black-and-white dualism
566:Horizontal and vertical
116:Proneness to rejection
74:object relations theory
43:all-or-nothing thinking
18:All-or-nothing thinking
3506:Postponement of affect
2789:Symptoms and behaviors
2668:. London. p. 174.
2517:. London. p. 165.
2435:. London. p. 252.
2413:Haolmes, Paul (1992).
2146:. London. p. 119.
1132:Scaife, Joyce (2012).
676:Loveâhate relationship
573:has emphasized in his
499:
489:
451:
425:, "to split"] and
395:
145:psychological distress
72:in his formulation of
3265:Delusional projection
3257:Level 1: Pathological
3057:Collective narcissism
3036:Narcissus (mythology)
2811:Feelings of emptiness
2616:Fenichel, O. (1946).
2279:. London. p. 98.
2014:. London. p. 33.
1936:. London. p. 25.
1415:10.30773/pi.2022.0079
681:Madonnaâwhore complex
487:
393:
3491:Compartmentalization
3423:Repression (German:
3115:Malignant narcissism
2940:Sibling estrangement
2635:. pp. 177, 185.
2221:. London. p. x.
1674:Psychological Review
1653:Alexander Abdennur.
1602:Psychological Review
843:Psychological Review
641:Compartmentalization
630:Cognitive distortion
363:emotional amplifiers
290:which dominates the
257:emotional regulation
47:thinking in extremes
3567:Psychological abuse
3547:Freudian psychology
3496:Defensive pessimism
3398:Intellectualization
3041:Superiority complex
2945:Personal boundaries
2935:Family estrangement
2930:Emotional blackmail
2461:Hinshelwood, Robert
1790:2014PLoSO...991228P
1059:"Family Guidelines"
526:depressive position
292:good representation
3532:Defence mechanisms
3413:Reaction formation
3350:Passive-aggression
3302:Extreme projection
3249:Defence mechanisms
3016:Healthy narcissism
2631:Kohut, H. (1971).
2601:Kohut, H. (1971).
2070:On Psychopathology
1686:10.1037/rev0000430
1657:. pp. 88aâ89.
1614:10.1037/rev0000430
1316:Siegel, J. (2010).
1284:Jacobs, B. (2004).
1271:Repairing Intimacy
855:10.1037/rev0000430
797:10.1007/BF00974598
490:
396:
288:bad representation
3514:
3513:
3375:Level 3: Neurotic
3322:Level 2: Immature
3215:
3214:
2953:
2952:
2908:Family challenges
2894:Social psychiatry
2851:Suicidal ideation
2713:– via ERIC.
2499:978-0-465-01405-7
2482:Mitchell, Stephen
2373:978-0-946-43949-2
2199:978-1-78181-026-2
2144:Case Histories II
2041:On Metapsychology
1985:978-0-946-43949-2
1852:Missing or empty
1409:(12): 1069â1077.
1329:Missing or empty
1297:Missing or empty
1143:978-0-415-59634-3
139:With people with
100:Individuals with
55:defense mechanism
16:(Redirected from
3584:
3562:Problem behavior
3242:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3067:In the workplace
3026:Machiavellianism
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2801:Eating disorders
2744:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2202:. Archived from
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1801:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1737:(3â4): 537â548.
1722:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
986:
979:
973:
970:
964:
963:
956:
950:
949:
939:
929:
905:
899:
898:
891:
885:
884:
874:
834:
823:
822:
816:
808:
776:
770:
769:
757:
751:
750:
722:
686:Paranoid anxiety
556:
534:
502:
480:
446:
118:hypersensitivity
70:Ronald Fairbairn
21:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3479:
3442:Level 4: Mature
3436:
3408:Rationalization
3393:Hypochondriasis
3369:
3316:
3251:
3246:
3216:
3211:
3197:
3166:
3086:
3045:
3031:Messiah complex
2989:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2903:
2879:McLean Hospital
2855:
2784:
2753:
2748:
2718:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2467:. p. 252.
2459:
2458:
2454:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2417:. p. 117.
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2350:Laplanche, Jean
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2074:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1962:Laplanche, Jean
1960:
1959:
1955:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
981:
980:
976:
971:
967:
958:
957:
953:
907:
906:
902:
893:
892:
888:
836:
835:
826:
809:
778:
777:
773:
759:
758:
754:
724:
723:
719:
715:
710:
651:Dialogical self
615:
590:
584:
575:self psychology
568:
554:
532:
478:
442:
388:
355:
342:
314:
308:
276:
270:
229:
161:
94:
82:Hyppolyte Taine
35:binary thinking
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Identification
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3290:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Schema therapy
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Hypersexuality
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2705:(2): 209â217.
2685:
2656:
2653:. p. 570.
2638:
2623:
2620:. p. 145.
2608:
2593:
2578:
2549:
2534:
2505:
2498:
2473:
2452:
2423:
2405:
2402:. p. 125.
2390:
2372:
2341:
2326:
2323:. p. 131.
2311:
2308:. p. 123.
2296:
2267:
2238:
2209:
2206:on 2017-01-11.
2198:
2178:
2175:. p. 158.
2163:
2134:
2131:. p. 157.
2119:
2116:. p. 322.
2104:
2099:Metapsychology
2089:
2060:
2031:
2002:
1984:
1953:
1924:
1911:Bleuler, Eugen
1902:
1887:
1863:
1831:
1764:
1717:
1680:(3): 749â780.
1660:
1645:
1608:(3): 749â780.
1588:
1559:(1): 103â124.
1539:
1520:(3): 418â422.
1501:
1471:
1446:
1389:
1360:(1): 103â124.
1340:
1308:
1276:
1261:
1232:(2): 113â121.
1209:
1184:
1165:(2): 414â430.
1149:
1142:
1124:
1067:
1046:
1017:(1): 103â124.
997:
988:
974:
965:
951:
900:
886:
849:(3): 749â780.
824:
791:(4): 397â412.
771:
768:(4): 17. 1990.
752:
716:
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709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
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648:
646:Dehumanization
643:
638:
632:
627:
622:
616:
614:
611:
586:Main article:
583:
580:
567:
564:
559:
558:
551:
547:
500:Objektspaltung
387:
384:
383:
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376:
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310:Main article:
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272:Main article:
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93:
90:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
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3333:
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3308:
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3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:mortification
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:Narcissistic
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Me generation
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
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3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
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3048:
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3024:
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3019:
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3014:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
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2999:
2998:
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2988:
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2700:
2696:
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2657:
2652:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2605:. p. 79.
2604:
2597:
2594:
2590:. p. 51.
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2546:. p. 29.
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:Reading Freud
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2433:Reading Freud
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2398:Appignanesi.
2394:
2391:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:. p. 98.
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2319:Appignanesi.
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:Appignanesi.
2300:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2220:
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2210:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1917:(in German).
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:Janet, Pierre
1867:
1864:
1859:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:(3): e91228.
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
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1748:
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1740:
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1502:
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1393:
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1385:
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1376:
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1367:
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1359:
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1323:
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1304:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:J Pers Disord
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
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1145:
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1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
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1098:
1094:
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1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1047:
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1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
961:
955:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
901:
896:
890:
887:
882:
878:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
829:
825:
820:
814:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
767:
763:
756:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
666:False dilemma
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
581:
579:
576:
572:
565:
563:
552:
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
540:Otto Kernberg
536:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
501:
495:
494:Melanie Klein
488:Melanie Klein
486:
482:
476:
470:
468:
465:His daughter
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
439:Sigmund Freud
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:Ancient Greek
413:
412:schizophrenia
409:
408:Eugen Bleuler
405:
401:
392:
385:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
367:
366:
364:
360:
352:
350:
346:
340:Schizophrenia
339:
337:
333:
331:
327:
322:
320:
313:
305:
303:
299:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
267:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
227:Relationships
226:
224:
220:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
179:
172:
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158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
131:
127:
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119:
114:
110:
107:
103:
98:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:(also called
32:
19:
3501:Minimisation
3455:Anticipation
3424:
3388:Dissociation
3383:Displacement
3365:Somatization
3345:Introjection
3340:Idealization
3311:
3294:
3280:
3271:
3178:Compensation
2925:Complex PTSD
2920:Codependency
2845:
2796:Dissociation
2702:
2698:
2688:
2665:
2659:
2650:
2632:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2487:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2362:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2276:
2270:
2247:
2241:
2218:
2212:
2204:the original
2188:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2143:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2069:
2063:
2040:
2034:
2011:
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1974:
1956:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1854:|title=
1834:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1517:
1513:
1492:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1449:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1331:|title=
1311:
1299:|title=
1279:
1270:
1264:
1229:
1225:
1201:. Retrieved
1187:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1133:
1127:
1087:(1): 21â30.
1084:
1080:
1070:
1014:
1010:
1000:
991:
977:
968:
954:
917:
913:
903:
889:
846:
842:
813:cite journal
788:
784:
774:
765:
761:
755:
730:
726:
720:
661:Erik Erikson
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:Transference
582:Transference
569:
560:
537:
530:
521:
516:
512:
506:
497:
491:
471:
464:
459:
437:"]) and
426:
418:
403:
400:Pierre Janet
397:
394:Pierre Janet
362:
356:
347:
343:
334:
323:
315:
300:
296:
291:
287:
277:
262:
238:
230:
221:
217:
210:
203:
199:
195:
184:
180:
176:
162:
138:
134:
129:
125:
115:
111:
99:
95:
86:
79:
67:
62:
58:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
3537:Dichotomies
3475:Suppression
3470:Sublimation
3425:Verdrängung
3281:Verleugnung
3193:Grandiosity
3188:Entitlement
3062:Don Juanism
3011:God complex
2831:Mood swings
2826:Impulsivity
1484:DSM IV â TR
733:(3): 21â8.
620:Ambivalence
571:Heinz Kohut
513:good breast
319:self-esteem
253:mindfulness
241:adolescence
234:mood swings
77:mechanism.
3557:Narcissism
3521:Categories
3418:Regression
3355:Projection
3330:Acting out
3295:Verwerfung
3288:Distortion
3272:Verneinung
3155:withdrawal
3110:Dark triad
3072:Leadership
3050:In society
2987:Narcissism
2861:Management
2836:Projection
2649:Fenichel.
2544:Borderline
2542:Kernberg.
2384:2020-10-03
2171:Fenichel.
2127:Fenichel.
2114:Anna Freud
1996:2020-10-03
1921:: 436â434.
1465:2013-04-27
1203:2021-02-02
713:References
517:bad breast
467:Anna Freud
456:repression
359:depression
353:Depression
159:Management
106:subterfuge
3403:Isolation
3312:Splitting
2846:Splitting
2841:Self-harm
2711:0022-0167
2674:cite book
2586:Brinich.
2567:cite book
2523:cite book
2441:cite book
2356:(1988) .
2334:Skinner.
2285:cite book
2256:cite book
2227:cite book
2152:cite book
2078:cite book
2049:cite book
2020:cite book
1968:(1988) .
1942:cite book
1845:cite book
1808:1932-6203
1751:0022-3891
1694:1939-1471
1622:1939-1471
1423:1738-3684
1322:cite book
1290:cite book
1101:2196-2979
920:(1): 24.
863:1939-1471
805:0894-9867
475:isolation
444:âšSee Tfdâş
414:from the
280:DSM IV-TR
92:Mechanism
51:dichotomy
31:Splitting
3450:Altruism
3209:Category
3135:neurosis
3001:Egomania
2651:Neurosis
2484:(1995).
2378:Archived
2336:Families
2173:Neurosis
2129:Neurosis
1990:Archived
1874:(1899).
1826:24603990
1778:PLOS ONE
1712:37602986
1703:11114086
1640:37602986
1631:11114086
1583:21859760
1534:16937998
1494:14 April
1488:Archived
1459:Archived
1441:36588441
1384:21859760
1256:19379090
1197:Archived
1119:28331780
1041:21859760
946:36192806
881:37602986
872:11114086
613:See also
515:and the
452:Spaltung
61:good or
3432:Undoing
3335:Fantasy
3183:Empathy
3140:elation
3103:history
3082:Parents
3006:Egotism
2758:General
1817:3946324
1786:Bibcode
1759:2280322
1574:3575083
1432:9806505
1375:3575083
1247:3203733
1179:8869581
1110:5340835
1032:3575083
937:9531442
386:History
153:slander
3460:Humour
3150:supply
3130:injury
3021:Hubris
2709:
2496:
2370:
2196:
2101:: 460.
1982:
1824:
1814:
1806:
1757:
1749:
1710:
1700:
1692:
1638:
1628:
1620:
1581:
1571:
1532:
1439:
1429:
1421:
1382:
1372:
1254:
1244:
1177:
1140:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1039:
1029:
944:
934:
879:
869:
861:
803:
747:224184
745:
448:German
423:ĎĎáżĚÎśĎ
419:skhĂzĹ
3542:Error
3484:Other
2400:Klein
2321:Klein
2306:Klein
1880:[
1062:(PDF)
429:[
427:phrá¸n
421:[
149:abuse
85:other
45:, or
2707:ISSN
2680:link
2588:Self
2573:link
2529:link
2494:ISBN
2447:link
2368:ISBN
2291:link
2262:link
2233:link
2194:ISBN
2158:link
2084:link
2055:link
2026:link
1980:ISBN
1948:link
1858:help
1822:PMID
1804:ISSN
1755:PMID
1747:ISSN
1708:PMID
1690:ISSN
1636:PMID
1618:ISSN
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1496:2013
1437:PMID
1419:ISSN
1380:PMID
1335:help
1303:help
1252:PMID
1175:PMID
1138:ISBN
1115:PMID
1097:ISSN
1037:PMID
942:PMID
877:PMID
859:ISSN
819:link
801:ISSN
743:PMID
435:mind
431:ĎĎΎν
255:and
1812:PMC
1794:doi
1739:doi
1698:PMC
1682:doi
1678:131
1626:PMC
1610:doi
1606:131
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1522:doi
1427:PMC
1411:doi
1370:PMC
1362:doi
1242:PMC
1234:doi
1167:doi
1105:PMC
1089:doi
1027:PMC
1019:doi
932:PMC
922:doi
867:PMC
851:doi
847:131
793:doi
735:doi
522:and
481:".
433:, "
402:in
357:In
151:or
63:all
59:all
3523::
2703:44
2701:.
2697:.
2676:}}
2672:{{
2641:^
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