180:
Wolff as the hero, whose "purpose" was to "impede the deportation of the Pope." According to
Cornwell, Wolff was able to persuade Hitler to drop the plan. In Cornwell's view: "all the facts indicate, therefore, that an attempt to invade the Vatican and its properties, or to seize the Pope in response to a papal protest would have seriously hindered the Nazi war effort. And thus even Hitler came to acknowledge what Pacelli appeared to ignore: that the strongest social and political force in Italy in the autumn of 1943 was the Catholic Church, and that its scope for noncompliance with disruption was immense."
192:, in which Cornwell (who has no academic degrees in history, law, or theology) said he was the first and only person ever to be granted permission to visit the archive of the Vatican secretariat of state, had worked there for months on end, and discovered an unknown and highly compromising letter written by Pacelli on April 18, 1917, which, according to him, had lain there hidden as a time-bomb. All these statements are false and were declared as such in an official and authoritative statement issued by the Vatican in
313:(PWE) "found it excellent propaganda to put it about that Hitler was just about to kidnap the Pope". The British propaganda office fabricated at least two German wireless broadcasts in support of the theory, building upon a pre-existing "rumour". First, on October 9, 1943, the British released a fake German broadcast claiming that all preparations had been made for such a kidnapping. Then, two days later, another falsified transmission stated that the
291:
20:
345:, concur with Chadwick, concluding that "the evidence concerning an alleged plot to kidnap the pope is, at best, mixed". Noting that such a kidnapping would have outraged Catholics around the world and seriously destabilized the Third Reich's occupation of majority Catholic nations, Alvarez and Graham argue that Allied propagandists "did not shrink from the opportunity" to claim such a plot.
924:
80:
353:
Historians have yet to uncover a single piece of contemporary evidence indicating that Hitler, Himmler, Bormann, or any other authority had any serious intention, let alone plan, to invade
Vatican City and carry out Pope Pius XII. As for all the smoke, the recollections are post-war and suspiciously
75:
by Dan
Kurzman, a promoter of the theory, Deák noted Kurzman's "credulity" and that the latter "uncritically accepts the validity of controversial documents and unquestioningly believes in the statements made to him by his principal German interlocutor, the former SS General Karl Wolff". He further
324:
Osborne himself considered the odds of such a kidnapping incredibly unlikely, as the Pope's presence in the
Vatican prevented the British from bombing the key communications center of the German army in Southern Italy, which was adjacent. Weizsäcker, the German ambassador, had already ensured that
66:
published in 1991, and on personal interviews with Wolff before his death in 1984. Wolff maintained that on 13 September 1943, Hitler gave the directive to "occupy
Vatican City, secure its files and art treasures, and take the Pope and Curia to the north". Hitler allegedly did not want the Pope to
348:
Alvarez and Graham cite the PWE fabrications mentioned by
Chadwick, but also prior PWE propaganda pieces featuring various claims about the Pope contemplating abandoning the Vatican due to Axis threats. Although such rumors were picked up even by German diplomats, Alvarez and Graham conclude that
179:
in Rome." Cornwell's version centers on Wolff, but—unlike the account of other secondary authors—does not claim that the matter was not to be put in writing; in fact, Cornwell claims that Wolff "sent in about six to eight personnel reports." As with Wolff's own account, Cornwell casts
187:
has been questioned in regards to his treatment of the Pope by many other authors. Kenneth L. Woodward wrote that "Errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page." Dr. Peter Gumpel, S.J., an expert in the wartime period of Pope Pius XII's papacy, published a point-by-point
349:"the clearest evidentiary trail in the tangle of rumor, memory and fiction that surrounds the purported plot to kidnap the Pope is the one that leads back to London instead of Berlin". Alvarez and Graham go further in indicting the scholarship of those claiming a plot:
236:
Kurzman acknowledges that there are no official German documents that refer to the plot, claiming that Hitler prohibited the plot to be put in writing, and bases his book on personal interviews with
Germans and Vatican officials. Kurzman's principal source is
233:(2007) that the planned kidnapping was real and that the interviews he conducted "leave little doubt that the plot was serious". Kurzman's book has received attention from Catholic and other Christian news sources and advocacy organizations.
354:
self-serving; the rumors and warnings second- and third-hand; the alleged plans and concentration of forces undocumented. The few bits of credible evidence that do exist suggest that, in fact, there was no plan to move against the Pope.
1592:
342:
138:
636:
1431:
460:
1286:
1254:
889:
1605:
1249:
241:, after his release from Allied custody; Kurzman acknowledges that Wolff was demonstrably untruthful in many aspects of his testimony. Kurzman's other interviewees include:
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in Italy, promoted the theory of an alleged plot. Most other allegations of such a plot are based on a 1972 document written by Wolff that
314:
295:
1411:
1276:
1331:
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575:
383:
107:
to devise a plot to punish the
Italian people by kidnapping or murdering Pius XII and the King of Italy. But, Lahousen said, Admiral
1396:
765:
1457:
1339:
1518:
1426:
1321:
1244:
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in 1991, stating that such a plot existed but that all documents relating to it had been destroyed or lost; Rahn died in 1975.
325:
the
Vatican itself would not be occupied by the Germans when they occupied Rome after the collapse of Mussolini's government.
116:
606:
1675:
1508:
987:
914:
884:
442:
1618:
1316:
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1050:
775:
57:
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310:
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119:
were also present at this meeting. According to
Lahousen, Amè apparently spread the news and the plot was dropped.
1406:
1388:
863:
104:
1585:
1378:
1373:
1218:
1092:
1008:
966:
67:"fall into the hands of the Allies". Wolff's reliability has been questioned by Holocaust historians, such as
196:
on October 13." Another scholar who addressed Cornwell's publication was Prof. Ronald Rychlak, with his book
1462:
1368:
1357:
973:
258:
246:
130:
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criticized the book's "modest documentation" containing "a great number of vague or inaccurate references".
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904:
805:
753:
162:
254:
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171:(1999) subscribes to the existence of such a plot. The only source that Cornwell's account cites is "
1685:
1211:
1106:
980:
894:
62:
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1099:
1085:
641:
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of Pius XII. Gumpel has claimed that Pius XII made plans to resign in the event of his kidnapping.
262:
225:
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rebuttal, including pointing out that "Before publication of the book , an article appeared in the
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242:
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780:
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96:
83:
1632:
1551:
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1141:
1113:
761:
434:
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68:
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British propagandists falsified transmissions claiming that the pope was to be imprisoned in
1599:
1561:
1556:
1493:
1197:
1176:
1148:
1036:
1015:
952:
729:
334:
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134:
111:, head of the German counterintelligence service, informed his Italian counterpart, General
100:
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103:
on February 1, 1946 (Warnreise Testimony 1330-1430), said that Hitler had ordered the
1664:
1546:
828:
791:
788:
A Special Mission: Hitler's Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII
739:
302:
231:
A Special Mission: Hitler's Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII
112:
32:
23:
1526:
1488:
1022:
338:
274:
270:
92:
19:
1536:
1190:
1001:
770:
309:, the British ambassador to the Vatican during the war, argued that the British
220:
122:
439:
1578:
1057:
859:
847:
238:
115:, during a secret meeting in Venice on July 29–30, 1943. Lahousen and Colonel
53:
41:
1649:
923:
145:
79:
837:
Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958
44:
stated that he had been ordered on September 13, 1943, to kidnap the Pope.
417:
403:
576:"New book details Hitler plot to kidnap pope, foiled by Nazi general"
637:"Vatican planned to move to Portugal if Nazis captured wartime Pope"
305:, a professor of history at Cambridge, having studied the papers of
289:
78:
37:
18:
841:
797:
801:
528:
Woodward, Ken (September 27, 1999). "Review of Hitler's Pope".
734:
Nothing sacred: Nazi espionage against the Vatican, 1939-1945
175:
manuscript, 822ff, in the keeping of the Jesuit Curia at the
922:
71:, a professor of history at Columbia University. Reviewing
40:
when they occupied Rome during World War II. SS General
381:
Use of an unreliable source: the testimony of Karl Wolff
143:) in the 1970s, which was published by Italian magazine
1642:
1606:
International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission
1570:
1517:
1471:
1440:
1387:
1330:
1235:
933:
873:
744:
Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War
210:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII
337:, one of the Jesuit priest-historians chosen by
635:Squires, Nick and Simon Caldwell (2009-04-22).
321:was ready to imprison the Pope and cardinals.
48:Accounts by former SS and Wehrmacht commanders
813:
758:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
461:"Magazine Says Hitler Planned to Abduct Pope"
8:
440:More Proof of Hitler's Plot to Kill Pius XII
820:
806:
798:
1626:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
607:Pope would have quit if captured by Nazis
543:Gumpel, Dr. Peter SJ (1 December 1999).
31:alleged that there was a plot to kidnap
694:
692:
690:
662:
660:
658:
656:
363:
560:
558:
496:
494:
621:
619:
574:O'Brien, Nancy Frazier (2007-06-01).
223:, a former foreign correspondent for
7:
429:
427:
545:"Cornwell's Cheap Shot at Pius XII"
418:Did Hitler Plan to Kidnap the Pope?
265:, Wolff's liaison to Field Marshal
208:, and with Joseph Bottum co-edited
183:The historical value of Cornwell's
404:Can We Believe General Karl Wolff?
379:Holocaust Denial on Trial. 2009. "
14:
1448:Apostolic constitutions and bulls
16:Alleged 1943 Nazi kidnapping plot
716:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, p. 86.
707:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, p. 88.
698:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, p. 87.
488:Cornwell, 1999, p. 407, note 30.
1671:Pope Pius XII and World War II
605:Anne Thomas. 2009, April 22. "
459:Haberman, Clyde (1991-07-21).
117:Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven
1:
988:Communium interpretes dolorum
416:István Deák. 2008, June 12. "
273:, the Vatican's advocate for
198:Hitler, the War, and the Pope
1302:Pontifical Relief Commission
1051:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus
675:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 275-276.
509:Cornwell, 1999, pp. 314-315.
479:Cornwell, 1999, pp. 313-315.
58:Supreme SS and Police Leader
854:Cardinal Secretary of State
311:Political Warfare Executive
245:, German ambassador to the
137:(one of the editors of the
99:, in his deposition at the
1702:
1297:Jewish orphans controversy
995:Orientales omnes Ecclesias
920:
748:Cambridge University Press
564:Kurzman, 2007, pp. ix, 12.
1619:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
835:
776:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
206:The Myth of Hitler's Pope
105:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
1586:Three Popes and the Jews
1219:Ad Apostolorum principis
1205:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes
1093:Sempiternus Rex Christus
1009:Deiparae Virginis Mariae
967:Mystici Corporis Christi
736:. Frank Cass Publishers.
625:Kurzman, 2007, pp. x-xi.
400:New York Review of Books
133:(RSI), sent a letter to
1312:Alleged kidnapping plot
974:Divino afflante Spiritu
728:Alvarez, David J., and
684:Chadwick, 1988, p. 276.
666:Chadwick, 1988, p. 275.
518:Cornwell, 1999, p. 315.
500:Cornwell, 1999, p. 314.
445:April 21, 2010, at the
153:Sources alleging a plot
131:Italian Social Republic
86:testifying at Nuremberg
1612:Under His Very Windows
1307:1942 Christmas address
1044:In multiplicibus curis
927:
864:Saint Peter's Basilica
402:. 2008, November 20. "
356:
299:
281:Sources denying a plot
87:
26:
1262:Persecution of Church
1170:Luctuosissimi eventus
926:
581:Catholic News Service
370:Kurzman, 2007, p. 12.
351:
293:
82:
29:Several authors have
22:
1676:1943 in Christianity
1107:Orientales Ecclesias
981:Orientalis Ecclesiae
786:Kurzman, Dan. 2007.
390:". Emory University.
259:Ernst von Weizsäcker
194:l'Osservatore Romano
52:In the early 1970s,
1277:Catholic Resistance
1100:Ingruentium malorum
1086:Evangelii praecones
642:The Daily Telegraph
406:". Vol. 55. No. 18.
315:Lichtenstein Castle
296:Lichtenstein Castle
255:Albrecht von Kessel
226:The Washington Post
177:Borgo Santo Spirito
1593:Actes et documents
1458:Apostolic writings
1432:Fátima and Balazar
1292:Ustaše involvement
1255:conversion of Jews
946:Summi Pontificatus
928:
781:Regnery Publishing
611:Christianity Today
466:The New York Times
438:. June 16, 2009. "
420:" Vol. 55. No. 10.
386:2016-03-03 at the
333:David Alvarez and
329:Alvarez and Graham
300:
97:Erwin von Lahousen
88:
84:Erwin von Lahousen
27:
1658:
1657:
1571:Works on Pius XII
1417:Eastern canon law
1352:Post–World War II
1332:Foreign relations
1287:Occupied dioceses
1267:German Resistance
1142:Ad Sinarum gentem
1114:Doctor Mellifluus
905:Illness and death
730:Graham, Robert A.
267:Albert Kesselring
253:, Rahn's deputy,
73:A Special Mission
63:Avvenire d'Italia
1693:
1397:Social teachings
1198:Invicti athletae
1177:Laetamur admodum
1149:Ad Caeli Reginam
1135:Ecclesiae fastos
1128:Sacra virginitas
1037:Auspicia quaedam
1016:Fulgens radiatur
953:Sertum laetitiae
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645:. Archived from
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584:. Archived from
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335:Robert A. Graham
257:, the deputy of
251:Eitel Mollhausen
135:Robert A. Graham
101:Nuremberg Trials
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1700:
1696:
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1638:
1633:The Pope's Jews
1566:
1513:
1467:
1436:
1383:
1345:Reichskonkordat
1326:
1322:Bombing of Rome
1272:Nazi euthanasia
1231:
1226:Meminisse iuvat
1212:Miranda prorsus
1184:Datis nuperrime
1163:Haurietis aquas
1030:Optatissima pax
960:Saeculo exeunte
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549:Crisis Magazine
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447:Wayback Machine
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388:Wayback Machine
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229:, maintains in
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127:Plenipotentiary
109:Wilhelm Canaris
50:
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12:
11:
5:
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1427:Beatifications
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1121:Fulgens corona
1117:
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1103:
1096:
1089:
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1079:Mirabile illud
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1072:Humani generis
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1065:Summi maeroris
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1005:
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934:Encyclicals in
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754:Cornwell, John
751:
740:Chadwick, Owen
737:
724:
721:
719:
718:
709:
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686:
677:
668:
652:
649:on 2010-02-12.
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307:D'Arcy Osborne
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202:David G. Dalin
200:(2010). Rabbi
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1600:Hitler's Pope
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1245:The Holocaust
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339:Pope Paul VI
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275:canonization
271:Peter Gumpel
243:Rudolph Rahn
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1686:Allegations
1463:Magisterium
1453:Encyclicals
1191:Fidei donum
1002:Quemadmodum
900:Later years
866:(1930–1939)
856:(1930–1939)
850:(1935–1939)
844:(1939–1958)
319:Württemberg
221:Dan Kurzman
216:Dan Kurzman
123:Rudolf Rahn
69:István Deák
1681:Kidnapping
1665:Categories
1579:The Deputy
1317:Yad Vashem
1250:statements
1058:Anni sacri
885:Nunciature
880:Early life
860:Archpriest
848:Camerlengo
760:. Viking.
723:References
592:2009-08-27
239:Karl Wolff
113:Cesare Amè
54:Karl Wolff
42:Karl Wolff
1650:Pius Wars
1509:Cardinals
1479:Tisserant
1402:Mariology
910:Testament
874:Biography
146:30 Giorni
56:, former
1557:Spellman
1519:Advisers
1499:Orsenigo
1484:Maglione
1441:Writings
1389:Theology
1358:Ratlines
895:Election
890:US visit
773:. 2005.
756:. 1999.
742:. 1988.
530:Newsweek
443:Archived
384:Archived
1643:Related
1562:Spiazzi
1542:Lehnert
1494:Tardini
1489:Montini
1412:Liturgy
1407:Judaism
129:to the
90:Former
36:by the
1552:Nogara
1547:Leiber
1504:Muench
1379:Russia
1374:Poland
764:
732:1997.
269:, and
204:wrote
1369:China
938:order
435:Zenit
359:Notes
173:Teste
38:Nazis
1537:Kaas
842:Pope
762:ISBN
343:ADSS
140:ADSS
1527:Bea
862:of
609:".
317:in
247:RSI
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