255:.22 caliber rifle, which the Maricopa County Sheriff's Office had in its possession, but did not bother testing for nearly two months – was connected to two local teenagers, and had no connection whatsoever to any of the four suspects. Charges against the four, later dubbed the "Tucson Four" by the media, were dropped, resulting in a major controversy over the investigation.
353:
know; it was later revealed that the interrogators poisoned this part of the so-called confessions by placing the suspects in a staged room, complete with crime scene photos and written reports, in the hopes of rattling the nerve of the suspects before the interrogations began – which also fed so-called unknowable details to the suspects.
220:, Pairuch Kanthong; five monks, Surichai Anuttaro, Boochuay Chaiyarach, Chalerm Chantapim, Siang Ginggaeo, and Somsak Sopha; a nun, Foy Sripanpasert; her nephew, Matthew Miller, who was a novice monk; and a temple employee, Chirasak Chirapong. Their bodies were found later the same day by a cook who entered the temple.
352:
at the time said the interrogators hammered on the suspects until their will was broken, and that "after a while, they were willing to say anything." The
Sheriff's Office also put great credence in details the suspects confessed to, stating that they had information which only the perpetrators would
339:
Initial suspect McGraw, while offering tantalizing details on the shooting for months, was later found to be unreliable, as he had a history of making outlandish claims while he was in prison in 1988. The investigators, despite little evidence that placed McGraw or the others anywhere near the crime
278:
to the temple and robbed it of approximately $ 2,600 and some A/V equipment. Garcia claimed that Doody panicked, thinking that one of the monks had recognized him as a brother of a temple-goer, then shot all of the victims in the head with the rifle, while Garcia shot four of them again in the torso
295:. Garcia pleaded guilty in 1993 to avoid the death penalty and was sentenced to 271 years in prison. Doody was convicted in 1994 and sentenced to 281 years in prison. Garcia, along with his girlfriend Michelle Hoover, also pled guilty to murdering Alice Cameron two months after the temple massacre.
343:
It was also discovered that the investigation was beginning to focus on Doody and Garcia following the discovery of the murder weapon. But that part of the investigation stopped after McGraw's phone call led to the Tucson Four's arrest – the actual murder weapon sat behind a door in a detective's
247:
deputies, confessed in writing following the interrogation. The fourth suspect maintained his innocence through two extensive rounds of interrogation and was later released, after investigators finally looked into his alibi and found video evidence showing him working at a dog racing operation
356:
The initial suspects, excluding McGraw, later filed lawsuits against
Maricopa County, and in 1994, two received $ 1.1 million each (equivalent to $ 2.3 million in 2023), while a third received $ 240,000 (equivalent to $ 493,000 in 2023).
347:
Eventually, it was discovered that the men were coerced into confessing, with investigators extracting false confessions by exaggerating evidence, badgering them with leading questions, and threatening the death penalty. A homicide chief for
1844:
1300:
526:
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430:, having been confiscated when found during a traffic stop on the base as it was the type of weapon the Sheriff's Office was looking for. The rifle was then left sitting behind a random door at the Sheriff's Office for weeks.
728:
640:
439:
Doody was not eligible for the death penalty because he was 17 at the time of the murders. Execution of anyone for crimes committed while they were under the age of 18 was held to be unconstitutional in 2005 with the
1746:
742:
706:
1293:
369:
ruled in 2011 that Doody's confession was illegally coerced. Gary L. Stuart, a lawyer with deep knowledge of the case, said Doody's confession never should have stood up in court at the 1994 trial.
298:
Doody's attorneys later appealed, claiming Doody's father had not been present during the interrogation and that Doody's confession was not voluntary because authorities improperly administered the
243:
Three of the four men, some having been kept awake for more than 30 hours and all interrogated for long periods – one for 13 hours straight – by shifts of well-rested
798:
929:"Youth Pleads Guilty to Buddhist Massacre : Murder: He agrees to testify against accomplice in deal that spares him the death penalty. Slayings in Phoenix temple had been well-planned"
1762:
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1754:
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480:
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in
Thailand. That led the investigation to Doody and 16-year-old Allesandro Garcia (born June 12, 1975). According to Garcia, he and Doody went with the .22-caliber rifle and his
340:
scene at the time of the crime, deemed McGraw a reliable witness because they believed he was hospitalized as a psychiatric patient only out of suicidal guilt over the killings.
1839:
240:
were arrested. Mike McGraw, a patient in a mental hospital in Tucson, had called sheriff's investigators in
Maricopa County, saying he knew who did it and providing names.
1869:
1819:
1849:
1129:"Arizona Murder Probes Put Wrong Men Behind Bars : Crime: Experts say the interrogation techniques used show how the innocent can be pushed into confessions"
1095:
312:
The third trial concluded in
January 2014 and found Doody guilty on all counts, including the nine murders. The jury based its findings on Garcia's testimony and
696:
389:
agent at the time, campaigned on a promise to restore credibility to the office. Agnos was eventually defeated by Arpaio in the
November 1992 general election.
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729:"Johnathan Doody who killed nine people, including six monks and a nun at a Phoenix temple gets 249 years in prison"
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Interrogation techniques similar to those used on the Tucson Four were also used against Doody and Garcia and the
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The initial arrests of the Tucson Four have generated controversy over how the investigation was conducted.
313:
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with the shotgun. According to Garcia, the crime had been planned and leaving no witnesses was part of it.
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belonging to a 16-year-old, in the car of a friend of 17-year-old
Johnathan Doody, an ethnic Thai born in
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271:
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1100:
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457:, which allowed the execution of perpetrators over the age of 16 if they committed a capital offense.
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697:"Old Time Crime: Two teenagers held responsible for a mass murder that caused international outrage"
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427:
292:
88:
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Innocent Until
Interrogated: The True Story of the Buddhist Temple Massacre and the Tucson Four
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during the early hours of August 10. The victims were all linked to the temple and either
205:
93:
450:. At the time of Doody and Garcia's original conviction, controlling case law was still
316:. Doody was sentenced to 9 consecutive life terms. Johnathan Doody is imprisoned at the
1629:
960:"On the 25th anniversary of infamous Buddhist temple murders, community honors victims"
833:
481:"The Charleston shooting is the largest mass shooting in a house of worship since 1991"
213:
516:"27 years later, Waddell Buddhist temple commemorates victims of 1991 temple massacre"
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The victims were shot in the back of the head and placed face down in a circle.
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82:
66:
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180:, killing nine people. At the time, this was the deadliest mass shooting at a
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1777:
1096:"Montini: Arpaio tweets a reminder about how a mass murder made him sheriff"
378:
1208:"Penzone wins Maricopa County Sheriff race; Arpaio loses bid for 7th term"
377:
The investigation led to public outrage over then-Maricopa County
Sheriff
309:
and again in 2011. Doody's second trial resulted in a mistrial in 2013.
1212:
1029:
701:
630:"Judge declares mistrial in temple killings retrial of Johnathan Doody"
135:
70:
328:
The investigation process into the murders is now viewed as botched.
264:
251:
It was later discovered one of the murder weapons – a
96:
192:
in Texas in 2017. As of 2024, it is the deadliest mass shooting in
188:
in 2015, which also killed nine people, and then superseded by the
1845:
Attacks on religious buildings and structures in the United States
267:
169:
99:
592:"Jurors find Johnathan Doody guilty in Buddhist temple massacre"
1282:
1052:"Arizona man gets nine life terms for Buddhist temple murders"
1025:"Arizona man gets nine life terms for Buddhist temple murders"
151:
788:"Valley Buddhist temple massacre has had lasting impact"
627:
Merrill, Laurie; Otarola, Miguel (October 24, 2013).
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37:
32:
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401:– Thailand politician with involvement in the case
381:. It eventually turned into a campaign issue when
248:hundreds of miles away at the time of the murder.
778:
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766:
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663:"Teen-ager convicted in Buddhist temple massacre"
305:Doody's conviction was overturned in 2008 by the
184:in U.S. history, until it was paralleled by the
1890:Massacres in religious buildings and structures
1835:Mass murder in the United States in the 1990s
1294:
1006:"Arizona mass murderer gets 9 life sentences"
204:The shooting happened at the Wat Promkunaram
8:
1840:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1991
1122:
1120:
1118:
914:, MUGSHOTS.COM. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
622:
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29:
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675:. July 13, 1993. p. A12 – via
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582:
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143:In the early hours of August 10, 1991, a
1870:History of Buddhism in the United States
1820:1991 mass shootings in the United States
988:"Plea deal rejected for teen in killing"
287:Both men were charged with the crime of
1850:August 1991 crimes in the United States
690:
688:
686:
478:Pulliam Bailey, Sarah (June 18, 2015).
470:
418:The weapon had been turned over to the
411:
1166:
1154:
899:
859:
546:
544:
344:office for weeks before being tested.
127:Johnathan Doody and Allesandro Garcia
7:
1127:Sahagun, Louis (February 13, 1993).
785:Hermann, William (August 14, 2011).
589:Kiefer, Michael (January 23, 2014).
551:Martin, Philip (December 11, 1991).
1743:mass shootings in the United States
1310:Mass shootings in the United States
1910:Thai diaspora in the United States
1865:Events in Maricopa County, Arizona
1600:Colebrook, NH & Bloomfield, VT
1181:"Ex-sheriff Agnos commits suicide"
958:Egeland, Alexis (August 6, 2016).
927:Laughlin Laura (January 7, 1993).
513:Vandell, Perry (August 20, 2018).
263:Police found the murder weapon, a
236:After the shooting, four men from
190:Sutherland Springs church shooting
25:
1825:1991 murders in the United States
1023:David Schwartz (March 14, 2014).
1179:Smith, Kim (December 21, 2004).
837:. Season - Specials. Episode 4.
420:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
350:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
245:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
33:Waddell Buddhist temple shooting
1255:The University of Arizona Press
879:The University of Arizona Press
872:Gary L. Stuart (12 July 2017).
801:from the original on 2015-05-31
745:from the original on 2016-06-23
709:from the original on 2016-06-23
643:from the original on 2015-06-19
605:from the original on 2015-03-28
565:from the original on 2021-04-17
529:from the original on 2021-09-19
494:from the original on 2015-06-21
1895:Massacres in the United States
1880:Robberies in the United States
1094:Montini, EJ (August 8, 2016).
424:U.S. Air Force Security Police
324:Controversy over investigation
318:La Palma Correctional Facility
1:
874:"Innocent Until Interrogated"
1860:Deaths by firearm in Arizona
912:Profile – Allessandro Garcia
695:Enea, Joe (August 8, 2016).
367:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
307:9th Circuit Court of Appeals
170:
1926:
1900:Murder committed by minors
186:Charleston church shooting
1875:Mass shootings in Arizona
1739:
829:The Buddhist Monk Murders
159:
1243:Stuart, Gary L. (2010).
553:"The Sheriff's Suspects"
27:1991 shooting in Arizona
314:circumstantial evidence
1791:33.53064°N 112.42979°W
1796:33.53064; -112.42979
1653:Jefferson County, AR
1647:Craighead County, AR
1478:Garden City Park, NY
1437:Great Barrington, MA
1101:The Arizona Republic
992:The Arizona Republic
965:The Arizona Republic
794:The Arizona Republic
636:The Arizona Republic
598:The Arizona Republic
522:The Arizona Republic
453:Stanford v. Kentucky
1830:Mass murder in 1991
1787: /
1588:North Hollywood, CA
1186:East Valley Tribune
1078:"Inmate Datasearch"
677:Google News Archive
487:The Washington Post
428:Luke Air Force Base
385:, who was a former
293:first-degree murder
89:pump-action shotgun
1325:Quitman County, MS
1220:. November 8, 2016
839:Medstar Television
834:Medical Detectives
741:. March 15, 2014.
172:Wat Phrom Khunaram
1905:Murder in Arizona
1885:Massacres in 1991
1770:
1769:
1582:New York City, NY
1536:New York City, NY
1466:San Francisco, CA
1264:978-0-8165-2924-7
1134:Los Angeles Times
1012:. March 14, 2014.
994:. Newspapers.com.
934:Los Angeles Times
558:Phoenix New Times
283:Legal proceedings
168:
154:Wat Promkunaram (
141:
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52:August 9–10, 1991
18:Allesandro Garcia
16:(Redirected from
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1798:
1797:
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1785:
1784:
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1747:1980s and before
1745:by time period (
1624:West Paducah, KY
1472:Fayetteville, NC
1337:Jacksonville, FL
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1058:. March 14, 2014
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447:Roper v. Simmons
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399:Mano Laohavanich
276:20-gauge shotgun
182:place of worship
178:Waddell, Arizona
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42:Waddell, Arizona
30:
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1815:1991 in Arizona
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1718:Los Angeles, CA
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1665:Springfield, OR
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1618:Channelview, TX
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1251:Tucson, Arizona
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1056:Chicago Tribune
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444:'s decision in
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300:Miranda warning
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253:Marlin Firearms
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232:Initial arrests
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206:Buddhist temple
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194:Arizona history
152:Buddhist temple
94:Marlin Model 60
59:
28:
23:
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1724:Fort Worth, TX
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1677:Washington, DC
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1331:Las Cruces, NM
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902:, p. 258.
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862:, p. 121.
852:
841:. 2001-10-22.
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1700:Columbine, CO
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1772:
1730:Honolulu, HI
1683:Muskegon, MI
1659:Edinboro, PA
1532:(Jun. 17–21)
1454:Palatine, IL
1377:
1343:Berkeley, CA
1339:(Jun. 17–18)
1312:in the 1990s
1268:. Retrieved
1245:
1222:. Retrieved
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214:Thai descent
203:
171:
147:occurred at
142:
124:Perpetrators
1794: /
1782:112°25′47″W
1712:Atlanta, GA
1594:Detroit, MI
1559:Jackson, MS
1530:NJ & NY
1507:Gadsden, AL
1501:Bucyrus, OH
1460:Langley, VA
1431:Houston, TX
1390:Killeen, TX
1378:Waddell, AZ
1167:Stuart 2010
1155:Stuart 2010
900:Stuart 2010
860:Stuart 2010
734:News.com.au
332:Tucson Four
272:Nakon Nayok
265:.22-caliber
97:.22-caliber
83:Stevens 67E
67:mass murder
58:Attack type
1809:Categories
1779:33°31′50″N
1671:Tacoma, WA
1630:Bartow, FL
1576:Bethel, AK
1484:Aurora, CO
1408:Austin, TX
1372:Denver, CO
1366:Florin, CA
1360:Boston, MA
1270:August 16,
1224:August 16,
1192:August 16,
1140:August 16,
1107:August 16,
971:August 16,
885:August 16,
805:August 16,
749:August 15,
713:August 15,
569:August 15,
533:August 15,
465:References
383:Joe Arpaio
1726:(Sep. 15)
1720:(Aug. 10)
1714:(Jul. 29)
1702:(Apr. 20)
1685:(Nov. 29)
1679:(Jul. 24)
1661:(Apr. 24)
1655:(Mar. 25)
1649:(Mar. 24)
1620:(Nov. 13)
1612:Pearl, MS
1608:(Sep. 15)
1606:Aiken, SC
1602:(Aug. 19)
1596:(Mar. 11)
1590:(Feb. 28)
1584:(Feb. 23)
1578:(Feb. 19)
1561:(Apr. 25)
1509:(Apr. 16)
1503:(Feb. 13)
1486:(Dec. 14)
1462:(Jan. 25)
1439:(Dec. 14)
1433:(Jun. 20)
1404:(Nov. 14)
1392:(Oct. 16)
1380:(Aug. 10)
1374:(Jun. 16)
1362:(Jan. 12)
1345:(Sep. 28)
1333:(Feb. 10)
1237:Citations
1010:USA Today
379:Tom Agnos
1741:Part of
1732:(Nov. 2)
1708:(Jun. 3)
1673:(Jul. 5)
1667:(May 21)
1632:(Dec. 3)
1626:(Dec. 1)
1614:(Oct. 1)
1555:(Feb. 2)
1538:(Dec. 8)
1515:(Nov. 7)
1480:(Dec. 7)
1474:(Aug. 6)
1468:(Jul. 1)
1456:(Jan. 8)
1410:(Dec. 6)
1398:(Nov. 1)
1386:(Sep. 2)
1368:(Apr. 4)
1327:(Feb. 2)
1036:June 19,
940:June 19,
799:Archived
743:Archived
707:Archived
647:June 19,
641:Archived
609:June 19,
603:Archived
563:Archived
527:Archived
498:June 20,
492:Archived
393:See also
200:Overview
86:20-gauge
38:Location
1427:(May 1)
1213:KSAZ-TV
1062:May 26,
1030:Reuters
702:KNXV-TV
668:The Day
422:by the
167::
136:Robbery
116:Injured
77:Weapons
71:robbery
1261:
455:(1989)
373:Legacy
238:Tucson
216:: the
212:or of
132:Motive
108:Deaths
44:, U.S.
1763:2020s
1759:2010s
1755:2000s
1751:1990s
406:Notes
361:Doody
268:rifle
218:abbot
210:Thais
176:) in
100:rifle
1693:1999
1640:1998
1569:1997
1546:1996
1523:1995
1494:1994
1447:1993
1418:1992
1353:1991
1318:1990
1272:2020
1259:ISBN
1226:2020
1194:2020
1142:2020
1109:2020
1064:2024
1038:2015
973:2020
942:2015
887:2020
807:2020
751:2020
715:2020
649:2015
611:2015
571:2020
535:2020
500:2015
291:and
165:RTGS
156:Thai
149:Thai
49:Date
843:TLC
831:".
387:DEA
1811::
1761:,
1757:,
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