379:
528:
404:
150:
446:, U.S. naval commanders in the Pacific were ordered by the U.S. Navy Chief of Staff to "execute unrestricted air and submarine warfare against Japan" on the afternoon of 7 December 1941, six hours after the Japanese attack. This order authorized all U.S. submarines in the Pacific to attack and sink any warship, commercial vessel, or civilian passenger ship flying the Japanese flag, without warning.
1160:
511:, on 1 March. (They would remain in Australia, on the most hazardous and unproductive stations for U.S. submarines, for the duration.) By this date, the Asiatic Fleet's 27 submarines had sunk 12 Japanese ships for the loss of four U.S. boats. Following the fall of the DEI, only a handful of British and Dutch submarines were based in the
180:
The U.S. had the largest and most powerful submarine force of all the Allied countries in the
Pacific at the outbreak of war. Pre-war U.S. Navy doctrineâlike that of all major naviesâspecified that the main role of submarines was to support the surface fleet by conducting reconnaissance and attacking
128:
torpedoes. They were mass produced without adequate testing during development, leaving four major engineering faults and only a 20% success rate from
December 1941 to late 1943. For those two years U.S. submarines struggled to sink any Japanese warships or merchant ships. For example, during the
751:
By March 1945, British boats had gained control of the Strait of
Malacca, preventing any supplies from reaching the Japanese forces in Burma by sea. By this time, there were few large Japanese ships in the region, and the submarines mainly operated against small ships which they attacked with their
706:
that
Japanese depth charges were not set deep enough to destroy U.S. submarines. While it has never been definitively established that May's disclosure actually prompted the Japanese to augment their strategy, Japanese anti-submarine warfare grew in effectiveness, particularly after the debut of
694:
From 1943, Allied submarines waged an increasingly effective campaign against
Japanese merchant shipping and the IJN. By the end of the war in August 1945, the Japanese merchant marine had less than a quarter of the tonnage it had in December 1941. Overall, U.S. Navy submarines sank around 1,300
1150:
slave labourers. It is estimated that 10,800 POWs died at sea. Most of these deaths were the result of an Allied submarine attack. Donald L. Miller has estimated the loss of life among POWs was twice that, asserting "approximately 21,000 Allied POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by
332:
was accorded a low priority and few warships and aircraft were allocated to protecting merchant shipping. Japanese destroyers formed the bulk of convoy protection; they had impressive night fighting capabilities, but had deficiencies in sonar and radar compared to equivalents of other navies.
280:
Japan's shipping capacity was much greater than that, totaling 7,600,000 long tons (7,700,000 t) of shipping: the
Japanese merchant fleet was capable of 6,400,000 long tons (6,500,000 t), and smaller craft were capable of an additional 1,200,000 long tons (1,200,000 t).
736:, and attack U-boats operating from Penang. The Eastern Fleet's submarine force continued to expand during 1944, and by October 1944 had sunk a cruiser, three submarines, six small naval vessels, 40,000 long tons (41,000 t) of merchant ships, and nearly 100 small vessels.
1279:, arrived in Australia in April 1945 but was almost disbanded in May as no suitable targets could be found. The Flotilla's fortunes improved in early June, however, when undersea telegraph lines in the South China Sea were identified as being worthwhile targets along with a
503:. These submarines sank two Japanese merchant ships and damaged four others, but three of the attackers were sunk. The two surviving Dutch submarines were withdrawn to defend the DEI where they were assisted by two British submarines, which had been transferred from the
20:
1122:
One
Japanese reference reports 15,518 civilian ships lost. JANAC reports 2,117 Japanese merchant ships lost with a total tonnage of 7,913,858 long tons (8,040,851 t) and 611 IJN ships lost with a total tonnage of 1,822,210 long tons (1,851,450 t).
731:
to the
Equator. Few large Japanese cargo ships operated in this area, and the British submarines' main targets were small craft operating in inshore waters. The submarines were deployed to conduct reconnaissance, interdict Japanese supplies travelling to
327:
Despite an awareness that shipping was vital, the
Japanese military seriously underestimated the (eventual) threat from Allied submarines. This overconfidence was reinforced by the ineffectiveness of Allied submarines in the early part of the war.
224:
stationed a force of submarines in the Far East prior to the outbreak of war, no boats were available in
December 1941. The British had 15 modern submarines in the Far East in September 1939. These submarines formed part of the
1215:
surveyed and mapped the minefields around Okinawa prior to the US invasion, and the boats of Operation Barney used the sonar to map and penetrate the minefields of Tsushima Strait prior to operating inside the Sea of Japan.
367:. As a result of all of these developments, U.S. submarines inflicted devastating losses on Japanese merchant shipping in 1943 and 1944, and by January 1945 had effectively destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet.
1171:
Allied submarines served in a range of other duties during the Pacific War. U.S. Navy submarines were often used for surveillance. This included taking photos of areas of interest (such as potential beaches for
759:
in the Philippines and the 4th Flotilla replaced it at Fremantle. At this time, there were 38 British and Dutch submarines in the theater, and an additional five boats on their way from Europe. The submarine
739:
The British submarine force expanded its areas of operation in the last months of the war. In late 1944, the 8th Flotillaâwith 11 British and Dutch submarinesâwas transferred to Fremantle and operated in the
635:
As a result of several key improvements the previous year, U.S. submarines inflicted tremendous losses to the heavy units of the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1944. They destroyed the Japanese fleet carriers
63:
losses; other Allied navies added to the toll. The war against shipping was the single most decisive factor in the collapse of the Japanese economy. Allied submarines also sank a large number of
1478:
344:
The size and effectiveness of the Allied submarine force increased greatly during the Pacific War. The U.S. increased production of modern submarines from 1942 onward. The efforts of Admiral
1250:
From early 1944 U.S. submarines were also used to rescue the crews of aircraft which had been forced down over the ocean. By the end of the war, submarines had rescued 504 airmen (including
2508:
1135:
were also sunk. This resulted in the loss of thousands of Japanese troops, who were being transported to bolster Japan's already declining manpower on land in the final years of the war.
472:'s 27 submarines (including more fleet boats than at Pearl Harbor) also went into action on the first day of U.S. involvement in the war, beginning war patrols in the waters around the
450:, commander in chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, issued the same order at 03:45 Manila time (09:15 in Hawaii, 14:45 in DC) on his own initiative (but knowing U.S. Navy Chief of Operations
97:, in large part because of the efforts of Allied governments to ensure their own submarines' actions were not reported in the media. The U.S. Navy adopted an official policy of
348:
were crucial for the rectification of the Mark 14's problems (which were nevertheless not resolved until September 1943). He also selected more aggressive submarine skippers.
699:
better suited for convoy duties, while it also did not have the industrial might to replace the losses of its heavily armed destroyers, nor of its ill-protected merchantmen.
137:
23 modern state-of-the-art submarines failed to sink a single Japanese warship even when scoring direct hits, because the torpedoes all failed to explode for myriad reasons.
695:
Japanese merchant ships, as well as roughly 200 warships. Despite the need to maintain sea lanes for its empire, the Japanese never successfully developed a cost-effective
1494:
1183:
In late 1944 and 1945 several submarines were fitted with a newly developed FM (frequency modulated) sonar that was intended for detection of submerged mines, first
2699:
2694:
1473:
1136:
67:(IJA) troop transports, killing many thousands of Japanese soldiers and hampering the deployment of IJA reinforcements during the battles on the Pacific islands.
229:
and were organised into the 4th Flotilla. Although the number of British submarines in the Far East increased in early 1940 when the 8th Flotilla arrived at
189:, to which the U.S. was a signatory. The U.S. Navy built large submarines which boasted long range, a relatively fast cruising speed and a heavy armament of
1448:
cited the statement as part of the reason Dönitz's sentence was "not assessed on the ground of his breaches of the international law of submarine warfare".
2704:
181:
large enemy warships. Merchant ships were regarded as secondary targets, and the circumstances in which they could be attacked were greatly limited by
1462:
1139:
with greater than 1,000 casualties in 33 of them. The threat of submarine attack seriously hampered the ability of the Japanese Army to move troops.
485:
2250:
109:(commonly known as "cruiser rules"). It did not prohibit arming merchantmen, but arming them, or having them report contact with submarines (or
1468:
1177:
2596:
2554:
2535:
2516:
2490:
2452:
2433:
2414:
1532:
1483:
1180:
and played a role in sustaining the guerrilla movement in the Philippines, at the cost of their diversion from attacks on Japanese commerce.
2565:
193:. United States submarines were better suited for long patrols in the tropics than those of the other major powers due to amenities such as
2638:
981:
504:
378:
2302:
Blair, pp.308â9. This had unintended consequences, drawing Japanese attention to the weak defenses, which were strengthened when the U.S.
566:
130:
641:
383:
2471:
686:
1649:
484:, nor for placing submarines on station around the Philippines, nor off enemy harbors, the Asiatic Fleet's efforts to counter the
359:" in January 1943, after a gaffe by U.S. Customs pre-war had caused Japan to change it, and American aircraft engaged in aerial
2709:
1445:
680:
214:
1255:
217:) in the Pacific, 38 submarines elsewhere, and 73 under construction. (By war's end, the U.S. had completed 228 submarines.)
98:
117:
naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot.
1551:(Bantam, 1947), pp.508, 521â2, 568, 574, 576, 609, 646, 724, 745â6, 784, 806, 818, 825, 827, 829, 842, 865â6, & 868â9.
1324:
579:
2091:
662:
647:
508:
268:
and supply its military at garrisons across the Pacific. Before the war, Japan estimated the nation required 5,900,000
745:
499:
and the DEI in late 1941 and early 1942. In December 1941, five Dutch submarines attacked the Japanese invasion fleet
469:
458:
627:
2679:
768:
1272:
to the Far East which were used to conduct sabotage raids. The Fourteenth Flotilla, which was equipped with six
813:
Different sources provide varying figures for the size of the Japanese merchant marine and its wartime losses.
264:
Throughout the war, Japan was dependent on sea transport to provide adequate resources, including food, to the
2611:
2239:
1907:
to the Mk18, both from circular runs; given the prevalence of circulars, there were probably others. Blair,
559:
249:
1437:
451:
334:
329:
277:
87:
64:
38:
2174:
Norman Friedman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945. Naval Institute Press. p. 355. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
1896:
1425:
Allied actions in the Pacific are believed to have been a mitigating factor in reducing the sentence of
1224:
795:
618:
596:
585:
389:
1444:
provided Dönitz with a statement saying his boats behaved no differently. The official judgment of the
101:, and it appears the policy was executed without the knowledge or prior consent of the government. The
715:
The British submarine force in the Far East was greatly expanded from August 1943 onward. The British
2500:
1488:
1397:
1353:
1240:
761:
658:
603:
595:
temporarily away from the main fleet to drop depth charges, and the destroyer's return was traced by
462:
364:
349:
265:
2634:
434:
In a break with pre-war doctrine (which, like Japan's, had presumed a rush across the Pacific and a
2530:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1723:
1375:
1342:
1230:
651:
443:
345:
276:) of shipping to maintain the domestic economy and military during a major war. At the time of the
238:
186:
102:
488:
were unsuccessful and the fleet's surviving submarines were forced to withdraw to Surabaya in the
2569:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1284:
1273:
1173:
788:
56:
28:
2228:
2592:
2584:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2429:
2410:
1902:
1528:
1441:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1364:
1251:
724:
489:
79:
75:
2680:
In the Shadow of the Titanic: Merchant Ships Lost With Greater Fatalities by David L Williams
1433:
1414:
1381:
1359:
1348:
1320:
1290:
1269:
696:
572:
563:
500:
496:
194:
110:
94:
606:
to the Japanese task force, where the dive bombers promptly set on fire the fleet carriers
2386:
2303:
1499:
312:
Poor dispositions â the fleet were scattered on close surveillance of Japan's major bases.
292:
284:
At the start of the war, the U.S. submarine fleet was ineffective, for multiple reasons:
210:
125:
121:
82:
tasks. The majority of the submarines involved were from the U.S. Navy, with the British
49:
205:
units. The submarines' commanders and crewmen were considered elite and enjoyed a strong
1638:
2382:
1429:
1262:
1236:
1176:), and reporting on the movements of IJN warships. U.S. submarines landed and supplied
447:
221:
71:
60:
527:
403:
149:
2688:
1280:
781:
774:
720:
716:
703:
624:
615:
507:, and several U.S. boats. The U.S. Asiatic Fleet's submarine force left Surabaya for
320:
315:
Command was divided, which kept submarines out of one of the best hunting areas, the
226:
134:
19:
2261:
1300:
1131:
In addition to taking a heavy toll on Japan's merchant shipping, a large number of
512:
435:
316:
202:
1159:
2152:
1522:
1465:â Gun crews for Japanese troop transports and defensively equipped merchant ships
1408:
1330:
473:
288:
A high proportion of the submarines deployed against the Japanese were obsolete.
245:
182:
120:
A major reason why the U.S. submarine campaign is little known is the defective
106:
45:
16:
Pacific Submarine Warfare conducted by the Allied forces in the Second World War
2635:"Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes"
2402:
2378:
2083:
1695:(Navies of the Second World War Series; New York: Doubleday, 1973), p.5 table.
1244:
1147:
802:
667:(being the only Japanese battleship lost to a submarine), the escort carriers
576:
481:
439:
370:
Poor torpedoes claimed at least two U.S. submarines out of 48 lost on patrol.
360:
83:
2229:
Axis History Forum âą View topic â Questions concerning the IJA merchant fleet
305:
Skippers were insufficiently aggressive, and they exhibited an undue fear of
2674:
1564:, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, pp.212â217 & 232â249
1457:
1304:
1289:
cut the submerged Singapore-Saigon telegraph cable near Cape St. Jacques in
1143:
1132:
756:
477:
306:
41:
2163:
2141:
1265:
troops, rescued airmen, and shelled shore installations on nine occasions.
480:. Due to inadequate prewar planning, which made no provision for defensive
1612:
North Atlantic run: the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys
461:
submarine force had emerged unscathed from the attack on Pearl Harbor and
248:
also maintained a submarine force in the Far East in order to protect the
2653:
2568:. Chief of Naval Operations Submarine Operations Division. Archived from
1220:
748:. The 4th Flotilla and the newly formed 2nd Flotilla remained at Ceylon.
741:
269:
253:
234:
442:), with the London Naval Treaty, and with long-standing U.S. defense of
728:
468:
departed on the fleet's first offensive war patrol on 11 December. The
190:
1850:
93:
The Allied submarine campaign is one of the least-publicized feats in
2608:"United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (Pacific War)"
1625:
Pig Boats: The True Story of the Fighting Submariners of World War II
338:
237:
and all their submarines were withdrawn in mid-1940 to reinforce the
230:
198:
2566:"Results of the American Pacific Submarine Campaign of World War II"
780:
Three British submarines were sunk by the Japanese during the war:
562:, the U.S. Navy detached eight submarines to finish off the damaged
2607:
105:, to which the U.S. was signatory, required submarines to abide by
1158:
733:
377:
353:
299:
273:
2240:
HyperWar: Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses (Chapter 2)
2219:
Blair, pp.360, 552, 816, 878, 970, 975, 977, 979, 980, & 982.
1524:
Japan's sea lane security, 1940â2004: a matter of life and death?
291:
U.S. boats were hampered by defects in their primary weapon, the
1956:, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005.(page needed).
691:, the latter being the largest vessel ever sunk by a submarine.
252:(NEI). In December 1941, this force comprised 15 boats based at
1755:
1753:
1728:
Allies in Adversity. Australia and the Dutch in the Pacific War
1969:, Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 2005, pp.212â217
522:
515:, and these had little impact on Japanese forces in the area.
398:
144:
1936:
War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897â1945
1479:
List of most successful American submarines in World War II
614:. Overall in 1942, U.S. submarines had managed to sink the
1137:
Allied submarines sank an estimated 44 Japanese troopships
2509:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
388:
photographed through the periscope of American submarine
2606:
United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) (1946).
1323:
where they severely damaged the Japanese heavy cruiser
817:
Size of the Japanese merchant fleet during World War II
539:
415:
161:
2409:(reprint ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1261:
British and Dutch submarines also landed and supplied
86:
committing the second largest number of boats and the
1938:. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute Press.
2407:
Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan
70:They also conducted reconnaissance patrols, landed
2589:Eagle Against the Sun. The American War with Japan
2272:"Donald L. Miller "D-Days in the Pacific", p. 317"
1495:United States Submarine Operations in World War II
978:Japanese merchant fleet losses during World War II
719:was responsible for submarine operations in the
48:and were a key contributor to the defeat of the
777:, taking down some 1,200 Japanese army troops.
744:and surrounding areas under the command of the
1474:List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll
727:as far as Singapore, and the western coast of
298:Poor training led to an excessive reliance on
2633:Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee (1947).
1167:during the raid on the island in August 1942.
591:had been unsuccessful, it drew the destroyer
8:
2547:The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II
1436:, who was accused of similar actions in the
2115:(Sterling Publishing Company, 2001), p.134.
2084:"IJN KIRISHIMA: Tabular Record of Movement"
1981:
1979:
1163:Photograph of Makin Island taken from USS
1146:, which were transporting Allied POWs and
661:. Also sunk that year were the battleship
497:the unsuccessful defense of British Malaya
495:British, and U.S. submarines took part in
2445:U.S. Subs Down Under. Brisbane, 1942â1945
2424:Christley, Jim; Tony Bryan (2006-01-31).
2164:Matsu-class Destroyer | Nihon Kaigun
1589:
1587:
1463:Imperial Japanese Army shipping artillery
2511:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1516:
1514:
1299:cut the Hong Kong-Saigon cable close to
1142:Allied submarines also sank a number of
1127:Attacks on IJA troopships and hell ships
986:
821:
702:In 1943, U.S. Congressman Andrew J. May
201:, for instance, lacked) and fresh water
18:
2528:Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions
2251:Wrecksite List of Casualties - Japanese
1724:"Dutch submarines in Australian waters"
1637:Matthews, David F. (26 February 2011).
1510:
1337:Submarine captain Medal of Honor awards
90:contributing smaller numbers of boats.
2700:United States Navy in the 20th century
1469:Japanese submarines in the Pacific War
711:British and Dutch submarine operations
2695:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
2641:from the original on 17 February 2009
1610:(T. Y. Crowell, 1969); Milner, Marc.
1484:List of lost United States submarines
767:torpedoed and sank the heavy cruiser
571:, but she evaded all of them. At the
209:. On 7 December 1941, the USN had 55
7:
2656:. Historical Naval Ships Association
2549:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2447:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1268:Britain also deployed a flotilla of
486:Japanese invasion of the Philippines
59:were responsible for 56% of Japan's
2464:British Submarines at War 1939â1945
2443:Jones, David; Nunan, Peter (2005).
2333:Jones and Nunan (2005), pp.239â242.
1948:Spector (1984), pp.478â479; Blair,
1655:from the original on April 19, 2019
1219:They also occasionally transported
1178:reconnaissance and guerrilla forces
755:In April the 8th Flotilla moved to
2362:Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days
1604:Memoirs: Ten Years and Twenty Days
213:- and 18 medium-sized submarines (
55:During the war, submarines of the
14:
2705:Submarine warfare in World War II
2094:from the original on 10 June 2007
980:(all figures in tons, taken from
374:Countering the Japanese offensive
44:were used extensively during the
2614:from the original on 16 May 2008
2153:Long Lancers | Nihon Kaigun
526:
402:
148:
2564:Poirier, Michel Thomas (1999).
2526:Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) .
2481:McCartney, Innes (2006-11-28).
1730:. Australian War Memorial. 2006
1608:The German Navy in World War II
1446:International Military Tribunal
256:, most of which were obsolete.
27:sinks after being torpedoed by
2654:"Submarine war patrol reports"
2128:p. 213; Parshall & Tully,
1861:Parillo; Peattie & Evans,
1704:Mars (1971), pg 27, 62 and 64.
1256:President of the United States
99:unrestricted submarine warfare
1:
2505:The Rising Sun in the Pacific
2485:. Oxford: Ospery Publishing.
2428:. Oxford: Ospery Publishing.
1639:"Mark XIV Torpedo Case Study"
1606:; von der Poorten, Edward P.
657:cruisers at the start of the
650:, and sank or disabled three
575:, although the attack on the
382:Torpedoed Japanese destroyer
1254:, who later became the 41st
648:Battle of the Philippine Sea
509:Fremantle, Western Australia
131:1941-42 Philippines campaign
2591:. London: Cassel & Co.
2315:Christley (2006), pp.42â44.
2306:the atoll in November 1943.
2262:Britain at war - Hell ships
2201:McCartney (2006), pp.42â43.
2192:McCartney (2006), pp.40â42.
2090:. combinedfleet.com. 2006.
2064:Morison (1948), pp.303â305.
1673:Spector (1984), pp.480â483.
2726:
2483:British Submarines 1939â45
2466:. London: William Kimber.
1952:, p.106; Holwitt, Joel I.
1934:Miller, Edward S. (1991).
1887:Blair, pp.819 & 967ff.
1614:(Vanwell Publishing, 2006)
1283:at Singapore. On 31 July,
2545:Parillo, Mark P. (1993).
2281:Adamson, Hans Christian.
1841:Parillo (1993), pg 63â73.
1747:Parillo (1993), pg 37â38.
679:, and the fleet carriers
133:the United States Navy's
2073:Mars (1971), pp.214â215.
2055:Mars (1971), pp.211â213.
809:Merchant shipping losses
337:doctrine in relation to
2462:Mars, Alastair (1971).
2342:McCartney (2006), p.43.
2324:McCartney (2006), p.42.
2210:Parillo (1993), pg 242.
2009:Barrier and the Javelin
1998:Christley (2006), p.39.
1967:"Execute Against Japan"
1954:"Execute Against Japan"
1562:"Execute Against Japan"
1024:1942 (including 12/41)
560:Battle of the Coral Sea
250:Netherlands East Indies
2710:Allies of World War II
2675:Combined Fleet Website
2142:World War 2 Submarines
2046:Morison (1948), p.303.
1682:Morison (1949), p.188.
1438:Battle of the Atlantic
1168:
819:(all figures in tons)
396:
330:Anti-submarine warfare
278:attack on Pearl Harbor
260:Strategic implications
88:Royal Netherlands Navy
65:Imperial Japanese Army
35:
2501:Morison, Samuel Eliot
2426:US Submarines 1941â45
1776:, pp.361, 553, &
1162:
381:
309:' sonar and aircraft.
78:troops and performed
22:
2283:Guerrilla Submarines
1713:Mars (1971), pg 212.
1521:Euan Graham (2006).
1489:Operation Starvation
1307:. At the same time,
659:Battle of Leyte Gulf
454:intended to do so).
452:Harold "Betty" Stark
365:Operation Starvation
350:Signals intelligence
2351:Mars (1971), p.225.
2183:Mars (1971), p.216.
1851:Japanese Destroyers
1806:, pp.361 & 551.
1693:American Submarines
1174:amphibious landings
505:Mediterranean Fleet
444:freedom of the seas
346:Charles A. Lockwood
239:Mediterranean Fleet
187:London Naval Treaty
103:London Naval Treaty
23:Japanese freighter
2585:Spector, Ronald H.
2126:Incredible Victory
1623:Roscoe, Theodore.
1440:; indeed, Admiral
1169:
707:radar in the IJN.
538:. You can help by
414:. You can help by
397:
160:. You can help by
57:United States Navy
36:
2598:978-0-304-35979-0
2556:978-1-55750-677-1
2537:978-0-252-06995-6
2518:978-0-252-06973-4
2492:978-1-84603-007-9
2454:978-1-59114-644-5
2435:978-1-84176-859-5
2416:978-1-55750-217-9
2379:Judgement: Dönitz
1965:Holwitt, Joel I.
1560:Holwitt, Joel I.
1547:Blair, Clay, Jr.
1534:978-0-415-35640-4
1404:Howard W. Gilmore
1371:Eugene B. Fluckey
1277:-class submarines
1270:midget submarines
1252:George H. W. Bush
1120:
1119:
975:
974:
725:Strait of Malacca
704:revealed the fact
556:
555:
490:Dutch East Indies
436:"decisive battle"
432:
431:
178:
177:
80:search and rescue
34:on 21 March 1943.
2717:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2602:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2541:
2522:
2496:
2477:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2007:Willmott, H. P.
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1518:
1434:Nuremberg Trials
1415:George L. Street
1382:Lawson P. Ramage
1360:John P. Cromwell
1349:Samuel D. Dealey
1321:Straits of Johor
1291:French Indochina
1151:friendly fire."
996:Starting tonnage
987:
822:
697:destroyer escort
573:Battle of Midway
564:aircraft carrier
551:
548:
530:
523:
519:War of attrition
427:
424:
406:
399:
395:on 25 June 1942.
339:commerce defense
272:(6,000,000
195:air conditioning
173:
170:
152:
145:
95:military history
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2685:
2684:
2671:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:Further reading
2617:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2519:
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2493:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2455:
2442:
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2423:
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2401:
2398:
2393:
2387:Yale Law School
2372:
2368:
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2350:
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2205:
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2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2136:
2130:Shattered Sword
2123:
2119:
2111:Bicheno, Hugh.
2110:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1977:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1874:Blair; Farago,
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1840:
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1831:
1827:
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1542:
1535:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1500:Theodore Roscoe
1454:
1423:
1339:
1319:penetrated the
1157:
1129:
1017:
847:
811:
713:
552:
546:
543:
536:needs expansion
521:
428:
422:
419:
412:needs expansion
376:
341:was very bad.
293:Mark 14 torpedo
262:
207:esprit de corps
185:set out in the
174:
168:
165:
158:needs expansion
143:
135:Asiatic Fleet's
61:merchant marine
50:Empire of Japan
17:
12:
11:
5:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2669:External links
2667:
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2587:(2001-10-11).
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2383:Avalon Project
2366:
2360:Dönitz, Karl.
2353:
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2035:Silent Victory
2026:
2022:Silent Victory
2013:
2000:
1991:
1987:Silent Victory
1975:
1958:
1950:Silent Victory
1941:
1926:
1922:Silent Victory
1913:
1909:Silent Victory
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1817:Silent Victory
1808:
1804:Silent Victory
1795:
1791:Silent Victory
1782:
1774:Silent Victory
1765:
1761:Silent Victory
1749:
1740:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1691:Lenton, H. T.
1684:
1675:
1666:
1629:
1616:
1602:Dönitz, Karl.
1595:
1583:
1570:
1553:
1549:Silent Victory
1540:
1533:
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1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1432:following the
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1393:Richard O'Kane
1384:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1338:
1335:
1263:special forces
1237:Marine Raiders
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1125:
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712:
709:
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533:
531:
520:
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448:Thomas C. Hart
430:
429:
409:
407:
375:
372:
325:
324:
319:, for fear of
313:
310:
303:
296:
289:
261:
258:
197:(which German
176:
175:
155:
153:
142:
139:
72:special forces
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
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2673:
2672:
2668:
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2636:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2572:on 2007-11-09
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2473:0-7183-0202-8
2469:
2465:
2460:
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2450:
2446:
2441:
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2422:
2418:
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2354:
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2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2293:Blair, p.357.
2290:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2247:
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2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
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2171:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:, pp.302â303.
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2024:, pp.157â158.
2023:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:to the Mk14,
1900:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
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1707:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1651:
1647:
1646:apps.dtic.mil
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1593:Holwitt, p.6.
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1527:. Routledge.
1526:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
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1400:
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1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
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1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:heavy cruiser
1278:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:abortive raid
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:End of period
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
983:
979:
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967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
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930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
874:
870:
867:
865:
863:
861:
858:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:End of period
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
818:
814:
808:
806:
804:
800:
799:
793:
792:
786:
785:
778:
776:
775:Bangka Strait
772:
771:
766:
765:
758:
753:
749:
747:
746:U.S 7th Fleet
743:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
721:Bay of Bengal
718:
717:Eastern Fleet
710:
708:
705:
700:
698:
692:
690:
689:
684:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
656:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
633:
631:
630:
626:
625:light cruiser
622:
621:
617:
616:heavy cruiser
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
594:
590:
589:
583:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
565:
561:
550:
541:
537:
534:This section
532:
529:
525:
524:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Asiatic Fleet
467:
466:
460:
459:Pacific Fleet
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
426:
417:
413:
410:This section
408:
405:
401:
400:
394:
393:
387:
386:
380:
373:
371:
368:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
335:Japanese Navy
331:
322:
321:friendly fire
318:
314:
311:
308:
304:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:China Station
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
172:
163:
159:
156:This section
154:
151:
147:
146:
140:
138:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
116:
113:), made them
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
40:
33:
32:
26:
21:
2658:. Retrieved
2643:. Retrieved
2637:. Hyperwar.
2616:. Retrieved
2588:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:the original
2546:
2527:
2504:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2425:
2406:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2257:
2246:
2235:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2159:
2148:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2096:. Retrieved
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1924:, pp.991â92.
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1645:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1523:
1493:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1331:limpet mines
1325:
1315:
1309:
1301:Lamma Island
1295:
1285:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1249:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:, and later
1188:
1184:
1182:
1170:
1164:
1155:Other duties
1141:
1130:
1121:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
977:
976:
956:1/45 â 8/45
852:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
816:
815:
812:
797:
790:
783:
779:
769:
763:
754:
750:
738:
714:
701:
693:
687:
681:
676:
672:
668:
663:
652:
642:
637:
634:
628:
619:
611:
607:
598:
592:
587:
580:
567:
557:
544:
540:adding to it
535:
513:Indian Ocean
494:
464:
456:
433:
420:
416:adding to it
411:
391:
384:
369:
354:
343:
326:
317:Luzon Strait
283:
266:home islands
263:
243:
219:
206:
203:distillation
179:
166:
162:adding to it
157:
119:
114:
92:
69:
54:
37:
30:
24:
2403:Blair, Clay
2037:, pp.156â8.
1876:Broken Seal
1627:. pp. 29â48
1430:Karl Dönitz
1427:GroĂadmiral
1245:Makin Atoll
1193:Flying Fish
1113:-3,903,000
1104:end of war
1076:â2,076,000
1056:â1,323,000
965:â1,097,100
945:â2,380,000
859:12/07/1941
801:(which was
752:deck guns.
474:Philippines
440:battleships
352:broke the "
246:Netherlands
183:prize rules
107:prize rules
46:Pacific War
25:Nittsu Maru
2689:Categories
2660:2009-06-12
2645:2009-03-15
2618:2008-06-07
2576:2008-06-07
2396:References
2098:2007-06-06
1734:2008-06-08
1223:, such as
1144:hell ships
1133:troopships
1116:1,983,000
1099:2,472,000
1087:2,887,000
1079:2,887,000
1073:2,700,000
1067:4,963,000
1059:4,963,000
1053:1,500,000
1047:5,886,000
1039:5,886,000
1027:5,975,000
1011:Net change
968:1,466,900
962:1,562,100
948:2,564,000
942:4,115,100
939:1,735,100
928:4,494,400
922:2,065,700
919:1,067,100
908:5,942,600
902:1,095,800
888:6,376,600
868:6,384,000
841:Net change
798:Stonehenge
599:Enterprise
577:battleship
558:After the
501:off Malaya
482:minelaying
361:minelaying
333:Moreover,
307:destroyers
141:Background
84:Royal Navy
42:submarines
2503:(2001) .
2405:(2001) .
1819:, pp.509
1577:Holwitt,
1458:Hell ship
1305:Hong Kong
1221:commandos
1189:Spadefish
1096:â415,000
1001:Additions
925:â998,600
905:â434,000
831:Additions
796:HMS
789:HMS
784:Stratagem
782:HMS
764:Trenchant
762:HMS
757:Subic Bay
597:USS
586:USS
581:Kirishima
547:June 2008
478:Indochina
463:USS
423:June 2008
390:USS
270:long tons
235:flotillas
191:torpedoes
169:June 2008
76:guerrilla
29:USS
2639:Archived
2612:Archived
2092:Archived
1898:Tullibee
1832:Parillo.
1793:, p.156.
1763:, p.439.
1659:29 April
1650:Archived
1452:See also
1421:Post-war
1235:landing
1232:Argonaut
1226:Nautilus
1205:Crevalle
1201:Bonefish
1165:Nautilus
1093:415,000
1070:624,000
1050:177,000
1036:â89,000
1033:725,000
1030:111,000
959:465,000
899:661,800
876:12/1941
791:Porpoise
770:Ashigara
742:Java Sea
623:and the
588:Nautilus
438:between
392:Nautilus
385:Yamakaze
254:Surabaya
115:de facto
2385:at the
2373:Blair,
2304:invaded
2088:Senkan!
2033:Blair,
2020:Blair,
1985:Blair,
1920:Blair,
1815:Blair,
1802:Blair,
1789:Blair,
1772:Blair,
1759:Blair,
1410:Tirante
1399:Growler
1355:Sculpin
1239:for an
1209:Sea Dog
1148:rĆmusha
885:â7,400
882:51,600
879:44,200
773:in the
729:Sumatra
688:Shinano
669:Shin'yĆ
646:in the
638:ShĆkaku
568:ShĆkaku
492:(DEI).
465:Gudgeon
233:, both
222:Britain
215:S-boats
199:U-boats
126:Mark 15
122:Mark 14
111:raiders
2595:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2489:
2470:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2375:passim
2124:Lord,
2113:Midway
1971:passim
1863:Kaigun
1821:et al.
1778:passim
1579:passim
1566:passim
1531:
1442:Nimitz
1377:Parche
1344:Harder
1213:Tinosa
1207:, and
1185:Tinosa
1006:Losses
836:Losses
794:, and
655:-class
629:Tenryƫ
593:Arashi
231:Ceylon
220:While
39:Allied
1653:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1506:Notes
1329:with
1326:Takao
1197:Skate
1084:1945
1064:1944
1044:1943
1018:total
982:JANAC
936:1944
916:1943
896:1942
853:Index
848:total
803:mined
734:Burma
682:Unryu
677:Un'yĆ
673:TaiyĆ
664:KongĆ
653:Takao
643:TaihĆ
608:Akagi
300:sonar
211:fleet
31:Wahoo
2593:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2449:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2381:the
1904:Tang
1661:2021
1529:ISBN
1388:Tang
1366:Barb
1313:and
1293:and
1229:and
1187:and
991:Date
871:100
826:Date
685:and
675:and
640:and
620:Kako
612:Kaga
610:and
604:VB-6
476:and
457:The
357:code
355:maru
244:The
124:and
74:and
1498:by
1413:âą
1402:âą
1358:âą
1316:XE3
1310:XE1
1296:XE5
1286:XE4
1258:).
1243:on
971:23
951:40
931:77
911:93
891:99
805:).
602:'s
584:by
542:.
418:.
363:in
164:.
2691::
2610:.
2507:.
2086:.
1978:^
1752:^
1726:.
1648:.
1644:.
1586:^
1513:^
1391:âą
1380:âą
1369:âą
1347:âą
1333:.
1303:,
1275:XE
1247:.
1211:.
1203:,
1199:,
1195:,
1090:?
984:)
787:,
723:,
671:,
632:.
241:.
52:.
2663:.
2648:.
2621:.
2601:.
2579:.
2559:.
2540:.
2521:.
2495:.
2476:.
2457:.
2438:.
2419:.
2389:.
2377:;
2364:.
2101:.
2011:?
1989:.
1973:.
1911:.
1878:.
1865:.
1823:.
1780:.
1737:.
1663:.
1581:.
1568:.
1537:.
549:)
545:(
425:)
421:(
323:.
302:.
295:.
274:t
171:)
167:(
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