33:
733:(ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009, the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects", and in 2014, after further review of the data, the EFSA restored the prior ADI levels. In 2015, the EFSA found that the exposure estimates did not exceed the ADI of 7 mg/kg per day in any population.
282:
192:
718:(a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended.
676:
450:
665:
455:
501:
454:
1121:
Kwon, Yun Han; Banskota, Suhrid; Wang, Huaqing; Rossi, Laura; Grondin, Jensine A.; Syed, Saad A.; Yousefi, Yeganeh; Schertzer, Jonathan D.; Morrison, Katherine M.; Wade, Michael G.; Holloway, Alison C.; Surette, Michael G.; Steinberg, Gregory R.; Khan, Waliul I. (20 December 2022).
996:
Zhang, Qi; Chumanevich, Alexander A.; Nguyen, Ivy; Chumanevich, Anastasiya A.; Sartawi, Nora; Hogan, Jake; Khazan, Minou; Harris, Quinn; Massey, Bryson; Chatzistamou, Ioulia; Buckhaults, Phillip J.; Banister, Carolyn E.; Wirth, Michael; Hebert, James R.; Murphy, E. Angela (2023).
453:
1191:
Zhang, Qi; Chumanevich, Alexander; Nguyen, Ivy; Chumanevich, Anastasiya; Sartawi, Nora; Hogan, Jake; Khazan, Minou; Harris, Quinn; Massey, Bryson; Chatzistamou, Ioulia; Buckhaults, Phillip; Banister, Carolyn; Wirth, Michael; Herbert, James; Hofsetha, Lorne (19 March 2024).
686:
Allura Red has been heavily studied by food safety groups in North
America and Europe, and remains in wide use. However, chronic exposure to the dye has been shown to increase susceptibility to bowel disorders in mice. The dye has shown to damage the DNA of mice.
129:
1355:"Degradation products of the artificial azo dye, Allura red, inhibit esterase activity of carbonic anhydrase II: A basic in vitro study on the food safety of the colorant in terms of enzyme inhibition"
1271:
617:
approved Allura Red AC as a food colorant in 1994, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants were preserved. In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the FDA for use in
305:
InChI=1S/C18H16N2O8S2.2Na/c1-10-7-14(16(28-2)9-17(10)30(25,26)27)19-20-18-13-5-4-12(29(22,23)24)8-11(13)3-6-15(18)21;;/h3-9,21H,1-2H3,(H,22,23,24)(H,25,26,27);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b20-19+;;
315:
InChI=1/C18H16N2O8S2.2Na/c1-10-7-14(16(28-2)9-17(10)30(25,26)27)19-20-18-13-5-4-12(29(22,23)24)8-11(13)3-6-15(18)21;;/h3-9,21H,1-2H3,(H,22,23,24)(H,25,26,27);;/q;2*+1/p-2/b20-19+;;
514:
1272:"Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children:date"
456:
1426:
606:
Allura Red AC is a popular dye used worldwide. Annual production in 1980 was greater than 2.3 million kilograms. It was originally introduced as a replacement for
331:
740:
in 2008, requesting the FDA ban several food additives, the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence, but found no evidence to justify changes.
763:. This changed in 2008, when the EU adopted a common framework for authorizing food additives, under which Allura Red AC is not currently banned. In
737:
1492:
901:
Sharma, Vinita; McKone, Harold T.; Markow, Peter G. (2011). "A Global
Perspective on the History, Use, and Identification of Synthetic Food Dyes".
1284:
478:
594:
Allura Red AC is manufactured by coupling diazotized 5-amino-4-methoxy-2-toluenesulfonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid in an
1124:"Chronic exposure to synthetic food colorant Allura Red AC promotes susceptibility to experimental colitis via intestinal serotonin in mice"
1501:
1353:
Esmaeili, Sajjad; Ashrafi-Kooshk, Mohammad Reza; Khaledian, Koestan; Adibi, Hadi; Rouhani, Shohre; Khodarahmi, Reza (15 December 2016).
832:
771:, it was banned between 1978 and 2001, a period in which azo dyes were only legally used in alcoholic beverages and some fish products.
1400:
471:
859:
296:
736:
The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the
Southampton study, but following a citizen petition filed by the
1430:
1611:
722:
625:
it is disclosed as Red 40 Lake or Red 40 Aluminum Lake. It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as
1616:
805:
521:
1485:
1279:
787:
239:
648:, for purely aesthetic reasons. It is by far the most commonly used red dye in the United States, completely replacing
1621:
558:
260:
1194:"The synthetic food dye, Red 40, causes DNA damage, causes colonic inflammation, and impacts the microbiome in mice"
999:"The synthetic food dye, Red 40, causes DNA damage, causes colonic inflammation, and impacts the microbiome in mice"
1601:
1064:"Extraction, Analytical and Advanced Methods for Detection of Allura Red AC (E129) in Food and Beverages Products"
464:
1606:
1478:
730:
726:
187:
1404:
149:
1128:
691:
32:
837:
82nd Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) - Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA)
1354:
1591:
1205:
1137:
1010:
910:
584:
45:
961:
European
Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs
703:
277:
95:
1316:
Reconsideration of the temporary ADI and refined exposure assessment for Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110)
1305:
Sarah
Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland. March 2011
1519:
80:
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 6-hydroxy-5-((2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-, disodium salt
1596:
1549:
1382:
1374:
1241:
1223:
1173:
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855:
169:
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568:
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105:
715:
971:
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998:
914:
281:
191:
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675:
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614:
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492:
1585:
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707:
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421:
180:
1331:
1315:
228:
1565:
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645:
626:
622:
595:
1454:
876:
1218:
1022:
1534:
756:
653:
17:
1150:
937:"Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Allura red AC (HMDB0032884)"
1544:
1524:
809:
711:
699:
695:
669:
664:
630:
588:
400:
160:
1378:
1227:
1159:
1089:
1080:
1030:
791:
1332:"Refined exposure assessment for Allura Red AC (E 129) | European Food"
618:
576:
1386:
1245:
1177:
1107:
1048:
656:
in most applications due to the negative health effects of those two dyes.
936:
1570:
1062:
Rovina, Kobun; Siddiquee, Shafiquzzaman; Shaarani, Sharifudin M. (2016).
545:
477:
470:
463:
436:
207:
199:
768:
748:
744:
572:
554:
538:
215:
1314:
EFSA Panel on Food
Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food (ANS)
922:
641:
products. It is occasionally used to dye medicinal pills, such as the
764:
760:
752:
634:
565:
140:
839:– via Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
491:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
674:
663:
638:
580:
128:
118:
788:"From Shampoo to Cereal: Seeing to the Safety of Color Additives"
1474:
551:
265:
1318:
EFSA Journal 2014;12(7):3765 . doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3765
448:
339:..COc3cc(c(C)cc3/N=N/c1c2ccc(cc2ccc1O)S()(=O)=O)S()(=O)=O
1465:
557:
commonly used in food. It was developed in 1971 by the
509:
200:
1558:
1512:
831:Barrows, Julie N. (2016). Wallin, Harriet (ed.).
729:, required labelling and temporarily reduced the
637:-flavored products, children's medications, and
426:> 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
227:
1301:
1299:
1297:
452:
104:
1466:List of Foods and Drugs containing Red Dye #40
1486:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
8:
1326:
1324:
743:Allura Red AC has previously been banned in
62:Disodium 6-hydroxy-5--2-naphthalenesulfonate
50:Disodium 7-hydroxy-5-naphthalene-2-sulfonate
972:"FD&C Red No. 40 (Inactive Ingredient)"
1493:
1479:
1471:
1461:International Programme on Chemical Safety
280:
190:
168:
24:
16:"E129" redirects here. For the train, see
1235:
1217:
1167:
1149:
1097:
1079:
1038:
738:Center for Science in the Public Interest
247:
725:(EFSA), with a stronger emphasis on the
779:
694:commissioned a study of six food dyes (
336:
301:
276:
621:, drugs, and food. When prepared as a
181:
854:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
308:Key: CEZCCHQBSQPRMU-LLIZZRELSA-L
148:
7:
714:(dubbed the "Southampton 6")), and
561:, who gave the substance its name.
318:Key: CEZCCHQBSQPRMU-JGGVBICHBN
218:
1334:. Efsa.europa.eu. 13 February 2015
602:Use as a consumable coloring agent
579:salts. These salts are soluble in
564:It is usually supplied as its red
14:
1427:"Norwegian Food Safety Authority"
499:
372:
366:
31:
1401:"Food additives - EU Framework"
495:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1371:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.078
723:European Food Safety Authority
390:
384:
378:
360:
1:
903:Journal of Chemical Education
1280:Food and Drug Administration
1219:10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.08.006
1023:10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.08.006
668:Allura Red AC in strawberry
571:but can also be used as the
850:Zvi Rappoport, ed. (2004).
591:lies at about 504 nm.
559:Allied Chemical Corporation
1638:
1151:10.1038/s41467-022-35309-y
15:
1068:Frontiers in Microbiology
941:Human Metabolome Database
489:
430:
347:
327:
292:
88:
56:
44:
39:
30:
1081:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00798
881:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
852:The Chemistry of Phenols
1559:For specific foods only
731:acceptable daily intake
727:precautionary principle
1513:Approved for all foods
683:
672:
610:in the United States.
459:
1612:Naphthalenesulfonates
1270:FDA (30 March 2011).
1129:Nature Communications
692:Food Standards Agency
678:
667:
458:
1617:Organic sodium salts
441:(fire diamond)
46:Preferred IUPAC name
1210:2023ToxR...11..221Z
1142:2022NatCo..13.7617K
1015:2023ToxR...11..221Z
943:. 11 September 2012
915:2011JChEd..88...24S
654:erythrosine (Red 3)
652:and also replacing
408: g·mol
27:
1622:E-number additives
1407:on 6 February 2024
1198:Toxicology Reports
1003:Toxicology Reports
806:"Food Color Facts"
794:on 15 January 2008
684:
673:
522:Infobox references
460:
25:
1602:Benzenesulfonates
1579:
1578:
923:10.1021/ed100545v
812:on 1 October 2007
679:Allura Red AC in
660:Studies on safety
530:Chemical compound
528:
527:
261:CompTox Dashboard
130:Interactive image
1629:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:on 4 August 2012
1429:. Archived from
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1397:
1391:
1390:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1283:. Archived from
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1267:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1221:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1153:
1118:
1112:
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1059:
1053:
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1042:
993:
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968:
962:
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948:
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889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
847:
841:
840:
828:
822:
821:
819:
817:
808:. Archived from
803:
801:
799:
790:. Archived from
784:
704:Quinoline Yellow
650:amaranth (Red 2)
536:, also known as
512:
506:
503:
502:
480:
473:
466:
451:
407:
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355:Chemical formula
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877:"Allura Red AC"
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833:"Allura Red AC"
830:
829:
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815:
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797:
795:
786:
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777:
716:sodium benzoate
662:
604:
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517: ?)
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74:FD&C Red 40
52:
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5:
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1607:Food colorings
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1506:food colorings
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1449:External links
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1359:Food Chemistry
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1293:
1290:on 2 May 2017.
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26:Allura Red AC
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1566:Citrus Red 2
1539:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1395:
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1358:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
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909:(1): 24–28.
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796:. Retrieved
792:the original
782:
742:
735:
720:
689:
685:
646:fexofenadine
627:cotton candy
623:lake pigment
612:
605:
596:azo coupling
593:
563:
544:
537:
533:
532:
437:
150:ChEMBL174821
89:Identifiers
57:Other names
22:
1592:2-Naphthols
1365:: 494–504.
1338:8 September
1204:: 221–232.
1136:(1): 7617.
1009:: 221–232.
981:12 November
947:22 November
757:Switzerland
631:soft drinks
416:Red powder
413:Appearance
348:Properties
188:100.043.047
68:Food Red 17
18:E129 series
1586:Categories
1504:certified
1457:on PubChem
886:21 October
775:References
712:carmoisine
700:Ponceau 4R
696:tartrazine
670:soft drink
598:reaction.
589:absorbance
401:Molar mass
249:WZB9127XOA
161:ChemSpider
117:3D model (
106:25956-17-6
96:CAS Number
71:C.I. 16035
65:Allura Red
1379:0308-8146
1228:0195-315X
1160:2041-1723
1090:1664-302X
1031:2214-7500
976:drugs.com
875:PubChem.
816:18 August
690:The UK's
619:cosmetics
577:potassium
208:(colours)
1597:Azo dyes
1571:Orange B
1550:Yellow 6
1545:Yellow 5
1502:FD&C
1387:27451209
1246:37719200
1237:10502305
1178:36539404
1108:27303385
1049:37719200
1040:10502305
608:amaranth
585:solution
539:FD&C
438:NFPA 704
431:Hazards
201:E number
170:11588224
1530:Green 3
1411:6 March
1206:Bibcode
1169:9768151
1138:Bibcode
1099:4882322
1074:: 798.
1011:Bibcode
911:Bibcode
769:Iceland
749:Belgium
745:Denmark
573:calcium
555:azo dye
550:, is a
515:what is
513: (
229:6093299
216:PubChem
1540:Red 40
1525:Blue 2
1520:Blue 1
1437:9 July
1385:
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1234:
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1176:
1166:
1158:
1106:
1096:
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1037:
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798:4 June
765:Norway
761:Sweden
759:, and
753:France
635:cherry
566:sodium
541:Red 40
510:verify
507:
406:496.42
332:SMILES
141:ChEMBL
40:Names
1535:Red 3
1288:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
639:dairy
583:. In
581:water
297:InChI
206:E129
119:JSmol
1439:2007
1413:2024
1383:PMID
1375:ISSN
1340:2018
1242:PMID
1224:ISSN
1174:PMID
1156:ISSN
1104:PMID
1086:ISSN
1045:PMID
1027:ISSN
983:2023
949:2022
888:2021
856:ISBN
818:2006
800:2008
767:and
721:The
613:The
575:and
569:salt
240:UNII
77:E129
1367:doi
1363:213
1232:PMC
1214:doi
1164:PMC
1146:doi
1094:PMC
1076:doi
1035:PMC
1019:doi
919:doi
552:red
548:129
543:or
266:EPA
219:CID
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