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Almost surely

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to be hit. Since the square has area 1, the probability that the dart will hit any particular subregion of the square is equal to the area of that subregion. For example, the probability that the dart will hit the right half of the square is 0.5, since the right half has area 0.5.
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In this case, any infinite sequence of heads and tails is a possible outcome of the experiment. However, any particular infinite sequence of heads and tails has probability 0 of being the exact outcome of the (infinite) experiment. This is because the
1331:" will also happen almost surely (i.e., with probability 1). But if instead of an infinite number of flips, flipping stops after some finite time, say 1,000,000 flips, then the probability of getting an all-heads sequence, 1222: 61:
1 (with respect to the probability measure). In other words, the set of outcomes on which the event does not occur has probability 0, even though the set might not be empty. The concept is analogous to the concept of
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In general, an event can happen "almost surely", even if the probability space in question includes outcomes which do not belong to the event—as the following examples illustrate.
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of the unit square. Since the area of the diagonals of the square is 0, the probability that the dart will land exactly on a diagonal is 0. That is, the dart will
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not land on a diagonal), even though the set of points on the diagonals is not empty, and a point on a diagonal is no less possible than any other point.
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to be strictly between 0 and 1. In fact, the same result even holds in non-standard analysis—where infinitesimal probabilities are allowed.
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by assumption. The result is the same no matter how much we bias the coin towards heads, so long as we constrain
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if a tail is flipped. For this particular coin, it is assumed that the probability of flipping a head is
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Consider the case where a (possibly biased) coin is tossed, corresponding to the probability space
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and the assumption that each flip's outcome is independent of all the others (i.e., they are
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Now, suppose an experiment were conducted where the coin is tossed repeatedly, with outcomes
1966: 1931: 1919: 1892: 1847: 1814: 1497: 1436: 817:, from which it follows that the complement event, that of flipping a tail, has probability 606: 466: 219: 1431:(a.a.s.) if over a sequence of sets, the probability converges to 1. This is equivalent to 1019: 741: 715: 390: 98: 1848: 520:. If it is necessary to emphasize this dependence, it is customary to say that the event 93:
Some examples of the use of this concept include the strong and uniform versions of the
1813:; Marx, Maarten; Spencer, Joel; Vardi, Moshe Y.; Venema, Yde; Weinstein, Scott (2007). 1553: 1533: 1314: 1291: 1074: 1046: 523: 503: 421: 274: 254: 67: 2040: 1815: 1810: 1669: 1951: 1444: 87: 83: 71: 1761: 1435:. For instance, in number theory, a large number is asymptotically almost surely 598: 58: 1896: 1683: 1673: 292: 1943: 1904: 1370:, would no longer be 0, while the probability of getting at least one tails, 1217:{\displaystyle P(X_{i}=H,\ i=1,2,\dots ,n)=\left(P(X_{1}=H)\right)^{n}=p^{n}} 74:
with a non-zero probability for each outcome, there is no difference between
86:); however, this distinction becomes important when the sample space is an 30:"Probability 1" redirects here. For Rudolf Carnap's notion of "probability 1726:, which says that probabilities should almost never be set as zero or one 618: 415: 1935: 90:, because an infinite set can have non-empty subsets of probability 0. 1701: 1975:. Algorithms and Combinatorics. Vol. 22. Springer. p. 4. 1415:, would no longer be 1 (i.e., the event is no longer almost sure). 1071:
assumption implies that the probability of flipping all heads over
915:). Define the sequence of random variables on the coin toss space, 617:
Next, consider the event that the dart hits exactly a point in the
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Moreover, the event "the sequence of tosses contains at least one
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The notion of almost sureness depends on the probability measure
2022:. Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. 602: 609:
in the square, in such a way that each point in the square is
1657:{\displaystyle p_{n}>{\frac {(1+\varepsilon )\ln n}{n}}.} 447: 372: 197: 151: 82:(since having a probability of 1 entails including all the 2003:. Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press. 19:"Almost never" redirects here. For the Biota album, see 121:: an event that happens with probability zero happens 1604: 1576: 1556: 1536: 1500: 1453: 1376: 1337: 1317: 1294: 1256: 1230: 1097: 1077: 1049: 1022: 969: 921: 867: 823: 770: 744: 718: 649: 551: 526: 506: 469: 444: 424: 393: 369: 343: 301: 277: 257: 222: 188: 139: 1918:Friedgut, Ehud; Rödl, Vojtech; Rucinski, Andrzej; 1656: 1588: 1562: 1542: 1521: 1481: 1407: 1362: 1323: 1300: 1280: 1242: 1216: 1083: 1055: 1035: 1004: 955: 899: 850: 809: 756: 730: 704: 568: 532: 512: 490: 454: 430: 406: 379: 355: 329: 283: 263: 243: 204: 167: 557: 1881:"How probable is an infinite sequence of heads?" 900:{\displaystyle \omega _{1},\omega _{2},\ldots } 2001:Diffusions, Markov Processes, and Martingales 1709:, the corresponding concept in measure theory 8: 1924:Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society 751: 745: 725: 719: 688: 676: 665: 653: 605:of 1) so that the dart always hits an exact 271:happens almost surely if the probability of 956:{\displaystyle (X_{i})_{i\in \mathbb {N} }} 1999:Rogers, L. C. G.; Williams, David (2000). 1738:, a theorem using the aforementioned terms 1005:{\displaystyle X_{i}(\omega )=\omega _{i}} 625:land on a diagonal (equivalently, it will 168:{\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},P)} 1618: 1609: 1603: 1575: 1555: 1535: 1499: 1470: 1452: 1387: 1375: 1342: 1336: 1316: 1293: 1255: 1229: 1208: 1195: 1175: 1108: 1096: 1076: 1048: 1027: 1021: 996: 974: 968: 947: 946: 939: 929: 920: 885: 872: 866: 822: 769: 743: 717: 675: 648: 550: 525: 505: 468: 446: 445: 443: 423: 398: 392: 371: 370: 368: 342: 312: 300: 276: 256: 221: 196: 195: 187: 150: 149: 138: 70:. In probability experiments on a finite 23:. For the British television series, see 1817:Finite Model Theory and Its Applications 1752: 909:independent and identically distributed 705:{\displaystyle (\{H,T\},2^{\{H,T\}},P)} 1809:Grädel, Erich; Kolaitis, Phokion G.; 7: 1243:{\displaystyle n\rightarrow \infty } 205:{\displaystyle E\in {\mathcal {F}}} 1972:The Strange Logic of Random Graphs 1879:Williamson, Timothy (2007-07-01). 1237: 356:{\displaystyle E\subseteq \Omega } 350: 143: 14: 1589:{\displaystyle \varepsilon >0} 738:occurs if a head is flipped, and 544:-almost surely, or almost surely 97:, the continuity of the paths of 1686: 1570:) is true a.a.s. when, for some 569:{\displaystyle \left(\!P\right)} 1715:, for "almost sure convergence" 1713:Convergence of random variables 1550:vertices with edge probability 1408:{\displaystyle 1-p^{1,000,000}} 810:{\displaystyle P(H)=p\in (0,1)} 1786:"Almost surely - Math Central" 1732:, for "almost surely constant" 1633: 1621: 1516: 1504: 1476: 1457: 1275: 1263: 1234: 1187: 1168: 1153: 1101: 986: 980: 936: 922: 833: 827: 804: 792: 780: 774: 699: 650: 479: 473: 455:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} 380:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} 318: 305: 232: 226: 162: 140: 1: 1846:Jacod, Jean; Protter (2004). 1427:, a property is said to hold 1363:{\displaystyle p^{1,000,000}} 2020:Probability with Martingales 1429:asymptotically almost surely 1419:Asymptotically almost surely 1930:(845). AMS Bookstore: 3–4. 1742:List of mathematical jargon 1043:records the outcome of the 387:) happens almost surely if 36:Probability interpretations 2068: 1967:"0. Two Starting Examples" 1672:, this is referred to as " 1482:{\displaystyle G(n,p_{n})} 1433:convergence in probability 1281:{\displaystyle p\in (0,1)} 636: 337:. More generally, any set 330:{\displaystyle P(E^{C})=0} 117:describes the opposite of 53:(sometimes abbreviated as 29: 18: 1965:Spencer, Joel H. (2001). 633:Tossing a coin repeatedly 2052:Mathematical terminology 2018:Williams, David (1991). 851:{\displaystyle P(T)=1-p} 25:Almost Never (TV series) 1897:10.1093/analys/67.3.173 1736:Infinite monkey theorem 1730:Degenerate distribution 639:Infinite monkey theorem 103:infinite monkey theorem 1850:Probability Essentials 1790:mathcentral.uregina.ca 1658: 1590: 1564: 1544: 1530:denotes the graphs on 1523: 1522:{\displaystyle G(n,p)} 1483: 1409: 1364: 1325: 1302: 1282: 1244: 1218: 1085: 1057: 1037: 1006: 957: 901: 852: 811: 758: 732: 706: 570: 534: 514: 492: 491:{\displaystyle P(N)=0} 456: 432: 408: 381: 357: 331: 285: 265: 245: 244:{\displaystyle P(E)=1} 206: 169: 113:(a.a.) are also used. 1766:mathworld.wolfram.com 1719:With high probability 1659: 1591: 1565: 1545: 1524: 1484: 1410: 1365: 1326: 1303: 1283: 1245: 1219: 1086: 1058: 1038: 1036:{\displaystyle X_{i}} 1007: 958: 902: 853: 812: 759: 757:{\displaystyle \{T\}} 733: 731:{\displaystyle \{H\}} 707: 581:Illustrative examples 571: 535: 515: 493: 457: 433: 409: 407:{\displaystyle E^{C}} 382: 358: 332: 286: 266: 246: 207: 170: 57:) if it happens with 1854:. Springer. p.  1821:. Springer. p.  1602: 1574: 1554: 1534: 1498: 1451: 1441:prime number theorem 1374: 1335: 1315: 1292: 1254: 1228: 1095: 1075: 1047: 1020: 967: 919: 865: 821: 768: 742: 716: 647: 549: 524: 504: 467: 442: 422: 391: 367: 363:(not necessarily in 341: 299: 275: 255: 220: 186: 137: 95:law of large numbers 21:Almost Never (album) 1760:Weisstein, Eric W. 1445:random graph theory 1425:asymptotic analysis 593:Imagine throwing a 2047:Probability theory 1694:Mathematics portal 1664:    1654: 1586: 1560: 1540: 1519: 1479: 1405: 1360: 1321: 1298: 1278: 1240: 1214: 1081: 1053: 1033: 1002: 953: 897: 848: 807: 754: 728: 712:, where the event 702: 601:(a square with an 566: 530: 510: 488: 452: 428: 414:is contained in a 404: 377: 353: 327: 281: 261: 241: 202: 165: 49:is said to happen 43:probability theory 16:Probability saying 1936:10.1090/memo/0845 1832:978-3-540-00428-8 1707:Almost everywhere 1649: 1563:{\displaystyle p} 1543:{\displaystyle n} 1447:, the statement " 1324:{\displaystyle T} 1301:{\displaystyle p} 1125: 1084:{\displaystyle n} 1056:{\displaystyle i} 533:{\displaystyle E} 513:{\displaystyle P} 431:{\displaystyle N} 291:not occurring is 284:{\displaystyle E} 264:{\displaystyle E} 177:probability space 129:Formal definition 64:almost everywhere 2059: 2033: 2014: 1987: 1986: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1865:978-3-540-438717 1853: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1820: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1757: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1250:yields 0, since 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1179: 1123: 1113: 1112: 1091:flips is simply 1090: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1001: 1000: 979: 978: 962: 960: 959: 954: 952: 951: 950: 934: 933: 906: 904: 903: 898: 890: 889: 877: 876: 857: 855: 854: 849: 816: 814: 813: 808: 763: 761: 760: 755: 737: 735: 734: 729: 711: 709: 708: 703: 692: 691: 575: 573: 572: 567: 565: 561: 539: 537: 536: 531: 519: 517: 516: 511: 499: 497: 495: 494: 489: 461: 459: 458: 453: 451: 450: 437: 435: 434: 429: 413: 411: 410: 405: 403: 402: 386: 384: 383: 378: 376: 375: 362: 360: 359: 354: 336: 334: 333: 328: 317: 316: 290: 288: 287: 282: 270: 268: 267: 262: 251:. Equivalently, 250: 248: 247: 242: 211: 209: 208: 203: 201: 200: 174: 172: 171: 166: 155: 154: 107:almost certainly 2067: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2017: 2011: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1762:"Almost Surely" 1759: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1724:Cromwell's rule 1692: 1685: 1682: 1620: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1572: 1571: 1552: 1551: 1532: 1531: 1496: 1495: 1466: 1449: 1448: 1421: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1313: 1312: 1290: 1289: 1252: 1251: 1226: 1225: 1204: 1171: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1104: 1093: 1092: 1073: 1072: 1045: 1044: 1023: 1018: 1017: 992: 970: 965: 964: 935: 925: 917: 916: 881: 868: 863: 862: 819: 818: 766: 765: 740: 739: 714: 713: 671: 645: 644: 641: 635: 591: 589:Throwing a dart 583: 556: 552: 547: 546: 522: 521: 502: 501: 465: 464: 463: 440: 439: 420: 419: 394: 389: 388: 365: 364: 339: 338: 308: 297: 296: 273: 272: 253: 252: 218: 217: 184: 183: 135: 134: 131: 99:Brownian motion 39: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2029:978-0521406055 2028: 2015: 2010:978-0521775946 2009: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1982:978-3540416548 1981: 1957: 1920:Tetali, Prasad 1910: 1891:(3): 173–180. 1871: 1864: 1838: 1831: 1811:Libkin, Leonid 1801: 1777: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1681: 1678: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1559: 1539: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1420: 1417: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1320: 1297: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1080: 1052: 1030: 1026: 999: 995: 991: 988: 985: 982: 977: 973: 949: 945: 942: 938: 932: 928: 924: 896: 893: 888: 884: 880: 875: 871: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 753: 750: 747: 727: 724: 721: 701: 698: 695: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 674: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 634: 631: 611:equally likely 590: 587: 582: 579: 564: 560: 555: 529: 509: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 449: 427: 401: 397: 374: 352: 349: 346: 326: 323: 320: 315: 311: 307: 304: 280: 260: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 199: 194: 191: 164: 161: 158: 153: 148: 145: 142: 130: 127: 68:measure theory 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2064: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1670:number theory 1651: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1557: 1537: 1529: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1416: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1318: 1309: 1295: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1231: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1078: 1070: 1064: 1050: 1028: 1024: 1015: 997: 993: 989: 983: 975: 971: 943: 940: 930: 926: 914: 910: 894: 891: 886: 882: 878: 873: 869: 859: 845: 842: 839: 836: 830: 824: 801: 798: 795: 789: 786: 783: 777: 771: 748: 722: 696: 693: 685: 682: 679: 672: 668: 662: 659: 656: 640: 632: 630: 628: 627:almost surely 624: 620: 615: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 588: 586: 580: 578: 576: 562: 558: 553: 543: 527: 507: 485: 482: 476: 470: 425: 417: 399: 395: 347: 344: 324: 321: 313: 309: 302: 294: 278: 258: 238: 235: 229: 223: 215: 214:almost surely 192: 189: 182: 178: 159: 156: 146: 128: 126: 124: 120: 119:almost surely 116: 112: 111:almost always 108: 104: 100: 96: 91: 89: 85: 84:sample points 81: 77: 76:almost surely 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 51:almost surely 48: 44: 37: 26: 22: 2019: 2000: 1971: 1960: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1849: 1841: 1816: 1804: 1793:. Retrieved 1789: 1780: 1769:. Retrieved 1765: 1755: 1667: 1428: 1422: 1310: 1068: 1065: 1013: 912: 860: 642: 626: 623:almost never 622: 616: 592: 584: 545: 541: 213: 132: 123:almost never 122: 118: 115:Almost never 114: 110: 106: 105:. The terms 92: 88:infinite set 79: 75: 72:sample space 54: 50: 40: 599:unit square 418:: a subset 109:(a.c.) and 59:probability 2041:Categories 1993:References 1795:2019-11-16 1771:2019-11-16 1674:almost all 1224:. Letting 637:See also: 462:such that 101:, and the 1944:0065-9266 1905:0003-2638 1640:⁡ 1631:ε 1578:ε 1493:" (where 1491:connected 1443:; and in 1439:, by the 1437:composite 1381:− 1261:∈ 1238:∞ 1235:→ 1145:… 1063:th flip. 994:ω 984:ω 944:∈ 895:… 883:ω 870:ω 843:− 790:∈ 619:diagonals 351:Ω 348:⊆ 193:∈ 144:Ω 1885:Analysis 1680:See also 416:null set 212:happens 1952:9143933 540:occurs 34:", see 2026:  2007:  1979:  1950:  1942:  1903:  1862:  1829:  1702:Almost 1124:  1069:i.i.d. 963:where 80:surely 1948:S2CID 1748:Notes 1016:each 913:i.i.d 607:point 597:at a 181:event 179:. An 175:be a 66:" in 47:event 45:, an 2024:ISBN 2005:ISBN 1977:ISBN 1940:ISSN 1901:ISSN 1860:ISBN 1827:ISBN 1616:> 1581:> 1014:i.e. 603:area 595:dart 293:zero 133:Let 78:and 55:a.s. 1932:doi 1928:179 1893:doi 1823:232 1668:In 1489:is 1423:In 1401:000 1395:000 1356:000 1350:000 438:in 216:if 41:In 2043:: 1969:. 1946:. 1938:. 1926:. 1899:. 1889:67 1887:. 1883:. 1858:. 1856:37 1825:. 1788:. 1764:. 1637:ln 1012:. 911:; 858:. 577:. 295:: 125:. 2032:. 2013:. 1985:. 1954:. 1934:: 1907:. 1895:: 1868:. 1835:. 1798:. 1774:. 1652:. 1647:n 1643:n 1634:) 1628:+ 1625:1 1622:( 1611:n 1607:p 1584:0 1558:p 1538:n 1517:) 1514:p 1511:, 1508:n 1505:( 1502:G 1477:) 1472:n 1468:p 1464:, 1461:n 1458:( 1455:G 1398:, 1392:, 1389:1 1385:p 1378:1 1353:, 1347:, 1344:1 1340:p 1319:T 1296:p 1276:) 1273:1 1270:, 1267:0 1264:( 1258:p 1232:n 1210:n 1206:p 1202:= 1197:n 1192:) 1188:) 1185:H 1182:= 1177:1 1173:X 1169:( 1166:P 1162:( 1157:= 1154:) 1151:n 1148:, 1142:, 1139:2 1136:, 1133:1 1130:= 1127:i 1121:, 1118:H 1115:= 1110:i 1106:X 1102:( 1099:P 1079:n 1051:i 1029:i 1025:X 998:i 990:= 987:) 981:( 976:i 972:X 948:N 941:i 937:) 931:i 927:X 923:( 892:, 887:2 879:, 874:1 846:p 840:1 837:= 834:) 831:T 828:( 825:P 805:) 802:1 799:, 796:0 793:( 787:p 784:= 781:) 778:H 775:( 772:P 752:} 749:T 746:{ 726:} 723:H 720:{ 700:) 697:P 694:, 689:} 686:T 683:, 680:H 677:{ 673:2 669:, 666:} 663:T 660:, 657:H 654:{ 651:( 563:) 559:P 554:( 542:P 528:E 508:P 498:. 486:0 483:= 480:) 477:N 474:( 471:P 448:F 426:N 400:C 396:E 373:F 345:E 325:0 322:= 319:) 314:C 310:E 306:( 303:P 279:E 259:E 239:1 236:= 233:) 230:E 227:( 224:P 198:F 190:E 163:) 160:P 157:, 152:F 147:, 141:( 62:" 38:. 32:1 27:.

Index

Almost Never (album)
Almost Never (TV series)
Probability interpretations
probability theory
event
probability
almost everywhere
measure theory
sample space
sample points
infinite set
law of large numbers
Brownian motion
infinite monkey theorem
probability space
event
zero
null set
dart
unit square
area
point
equally likely
diagonals
Infinite monkey theorem
independent and identically distributed
asymptotic analysis
convergence in probability
composite
prime number theorem

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