47:
810:, especially in his native land. The recruitment process reached its culmination in a massive drive in 1858 and 1859. It had the effect of undermining the power of the Almamy even more. The authority of the regional chiefs, and particularly that of the electors, was compromised much less than that of the Almamy. Some of these leaders became fully independent and fought off the French and Omar Tall on their own. As a result, the Almamy and the chiefs began to rely increasingly on French support. Omar was defeated by the French at
685:
972:, saying that Futa Jallon had spread towards the Senegal River until it met the Sisibo Fula . They had set up a joint system of government, with two Imams named Omar and Ibrahim, also called kings. Timbo was still the capital. Another source says the two Almamys, in 1876, were absolutely unknown to each other. They were Ibrahim-Sawri in Futa Djallon and Abd-ul-Bubakar in the Senegal Futa . The regnal title Almamy was a corruption of "el-Imam" and the governors were subordinate to the Almamy
303:
434:
251:
768:, by an electoral council, which contained a fixed core and a fluctuating periphery of members. Two families were eligible for the throne, the Wane family of Mbumba and the Ly family of Jaaba. Almamys continued to be enthronized in Futa Toro throughout the twentieth century, but by then the role had become ceremonial.
771:
The kingdom was ruled officially by the Almamy, but effective control lay with regional chiefs of the central provinces who possessed considerable land, followers and slaves. The struggle of various coalitions of electors and eligibles further hastened the decline of the
Almamyate. In the middle of
735:
of the theocratic
Almamyate of Futa Toro. He encouraged construction of mosques, and pursued an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. The Torodbe prohibited the trade in slaves on the river. In 1785 they obtained an agreement from the French to stop trading in Muslim slaves and to pay customs
860:
of Bossea, Ibra Wane of Law and Samba
Umahani in Toro when they attacked caravans in the region, since they hoped that it would discourage migration away from the region to Omar's new state. Fear of continuing Muslim migration, however, led the military authorities to attack France's remaining
817:
Futa Toro was annexed by France in 1859, although in practice it had long been within the French sphere of influence. In 1860 Omar concluded a treaty with the French in which he recognized their supremacy in Futa Toro, while he was recognized in
667:
to restore purity of religious observance in the Futa Toro. He gained support from the
Torodbe clerical clan against the warriors, but by 1677 the movement had been defeated. After this defeat, some of the Torodbe migrated south to
676:. The farmers of Futa Toro continued to suffer from attacks by nomads from Mauritania. By the 18th century there was growing resentment among the largely Muslim lower class at a lack of protection against these attacks.
776:. The Almamyate at this time was divided into three parts. The Central region contained the seat of the elected Almamy, subject to a council of 18 electors. The west, called the Toro region, was administered by the
826:. In the 1860s the Almamy of Futa Toro was Abdul Boubakar, but his power was nominal. In June 1864 the Moors and the Booseya group of Fula collaborated in plundering trade barges that had become stranded near
1804:
1799:
756:
around 1797. After his release the jihad impetus had been lost. By the time of Abdul Kader's death in 1806 the state was dominated by a few elite
Torodbe families.
861:
clients in 1890. Abdul Bokar Kan fled but was murdered in August 1891 by the
Berbers of Mauritania. The French consolidated their complete control of the region.
46:
644:, later spreading throughout the Fulbe territories. Two of the Torodbe clans in Futa Toro claimed to be descended from a seventh-century relative of one of the
462:
1531:
1794:
1769:
921:
pupils who supported themselves in that way. The label of begging was likely applied by the
Denanke court who made fun of the Muslim underclass.
904:
The word Futa was a general name the Fulbe gave to any area they lived in, while Toro was the actual identity of the region for its inhabitants.
652:
who was among a group of invaders of Futa Toro. The
Torodbe may well have already been a distinct group when the Denianke conquered Futa Toro.
1819:
1459:
1493:
1443:
1416:
1388:
1361:
1334:
1289:
1262:
1784:
837:
epidemic struck the region, killing around a quarter of the population of Futa Toro. The devastation prompted a religious revival led by
841:, who threatened the power of the traditional aristocracy. The French supported the authorities in cracking down, and the shaikh's
784:, but in practice he had only nominal authority. The Almamyate survived through the 20th century, albeit in a much weaker state.
455:
1814:
1809:
1524:
237:
212:
1779:
1824:
1774:
880:
448:
282:
1378:
1517:
302:
340:
952:
and Abdul
Bubaker of Futa Toro. According to Charles Augustus Ludwig Reichardt, in the introduction to his 1879
335:
317:
1646:
1596:
949:
711:
564:
395:
121:
795:, a native of Toro, launched a jihad in 1852. His forces succeeded in establishing several states in the
312:
1789:
718:. In 1776 the Torodbe threw out the ruling Denianke Dynasty. Sulayman died in 1776 and was succeeded by
684:
660:
400:
1233:
1621:
1556:
838:
719:
544:
422:
390:
217:
133:
1586:
1467:
689:
1483:
567:
in the mid-19th century, Futa Toro was eventually annexed in 1859. By the 1860s, the power of the
1215:
849:. In 1870 a French expedition pushed Amadu Ba's forces first into central Futa and then into the
291:
244:
1482:
Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M., eds. (2012-01-05).
1721:
1576:
1540:
1489:
1439:
1433:
1412:
1406:
1384:
1357:
1330:
1285:
1279:
1258:
1208:
875:
772:
the 19th century, the Futa Toro was threatened by the French under the leadership of
Governor
612:
560:
524:
95:
57:
1324:
1306:
1252:
1741:
1706:
1676:
1591:
1351:
850:
792:
624:
1746:
1701:
1696:
870:
857:
800:
773:
620:
496:
480:
417:
380:
72:
811:
1726:
1711:
1691:
1671:
1666:
1626:
796:
703:
669:
664:
438:
230:
17:
1763:
1656:
1561:
969:
961:
953:
945:
592:
584:
555:
and by his death in 1806, power became decentralized between a few elite families of
528:
514:
488:
1326:
Migration, Jihad, and Muslim Authority in West Africa: The Futanke Colonies in Karta
1736:
1631:
1611:
1581:
780:. The east, called the Futa Damga was theoretically administered by a chief called
765:
745:
715:
540:
360:
345:
656:
1661:
1651:
965:
957:
707:
697:
673:
536:
519:
504:
355:
82:
1606:
807:
330:
641:
532:
507:
405:
92:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
918:
827:
823:
714:. This was followed by a jihad in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by
649:
603:. They identify themselves by the language, which gives rise to the name
600:
510:
1485:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
935:
is derived from the Arabic al-Imam, meaning the one who leads in prayer.
1167:
1165:
834:
764:
The Almamyate was ruled by an Almamy elected, from a group of eligible
645:
636:
596:
572:
556:
269:
539:
in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the religious leader
1716:
1686:
1636:
1551:
931:
819:
741:
737:
731:
628:
616:
588:
568:
552:
548:
385:
350:
102:
67:
1509:
1731:
1681:
1641:
1616:
1571:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
846:
830:
in the east, drawing savage French reprisals against both groups.
753:
749:
723:
583:
Futa Toro is a strip of agricultural land along both sides of the
375:
370:
365:
1377:
Klein, Martin A. (2005). "Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century".
744:
to the north, but was defeated and captured when he attacked the
1566:
722:('Abd al-Qadir), a learned teacher and judge who had studied in
1513:
1254:
Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu
1081:
1010:
1238:. Brookline, MA: African Studies Center, Boston University
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
736:
duties to the state. Abdul Kader defeated the emirates of
1435:
Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa
1152:
1150:
571:
became nominal and the state was further weakened when a
1094:
1092:
1090:
803:
prevented him from including Futa Toro into his empire.
655:
In the last quarter of the 17th century the Mauritanian
1235:
Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890
575:
epidemic killed a quarter of its population in 1868.
543:
led a jihad in 1776. His successor, the expansionist
1171:
1141:
265:
175:
165:
155:
143:
127:
115:
101:
88:
78:
63:
53:
32:
1218:), 1995 reprinted 2004. Accessed 18 Apr 2014.
856:The French generally encouraged strongmen such as
619:. From 1495 to 1776, the country was part of the
1432:McDougall, James; Scheele, Judith (2012-06-08).
1129:
845:attacked any French shipping that ventured past
806:To achieve his goals, Omar recruited heavily in
799:to the east of Futa Toro, but the French under
1383:. Vol. 1. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 541.
956:grammar, the entire country between the upper
917:, meaning to beg for alms in reference to the
1805:States and territories disestablished in 1861
1525:
1350:Hughes, Arnold; Perfect, David (2008-09-11).
1110:
456:
8:
615:, a name derived from the ancient state of
1800:States and territories established in 1776
1532:
1518:
1510:
710:to the south, leading to formation of the
559:. Threatened by both the expansion of the
463:
449:
276:
45:
29:
1308:Notes de linguistique africaine: les Puls
1329:. Indiana University Press. p. 75.
683:
167:• Incorporated into Senegal Colony
1183:
1156:
1098:
984:
913:The name "Torodbe" comes from the verb
897:
290:
279:
1195:
968:. He placed the seat of government at
634:A class of Muslim scholars called the
631:Fulbe who ruled over most of Senegal.
1045:
1033:
814:in 1857, losing access to Futa Toro.
174:
164:
154:
150:
126:
114:
110:
100:
7:
1069:
1057:
1353:Historical Dictionary of The Gambia
484:
25:
1305:Grimal de Guiraudon, Th. (1887).
587:. The people of the region speak
1795:1861 disestablishments in Africa
1251:Gomez, Michael A. (2002-07-04).
1207:Fage, J, D. & al.
1011:Overview of Fuuta Tooro - Jamtan
944:There is some confusion between
432:
301:
249:
235:
210:
1770:Countries in precolonial Africa
1380:Encyclopedia of African History
1281:The Cambridge History of Africa
1210:The Cambridge History of Africa
1411:. Cambridge University Press.
1408:A History of Islamic Societies
1405:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22).
1356:. Scarecrow Press. p. 4.
1284:. Cambridge University Press.
1257:. Cambridge University Press.
607:(those who speak Pulaar). The
527:) in the middle valley of the
27:West African state (1776–1861)
1:
1820:1776 establishments in Africa
729:Abdul Kader became the first
672:and some continued on to the
1438:. Indiana University Press.
1278:Gray, Richard (1975-09-18).
1214:Cambridge University Press (
1130:McDougall & Scheele 2012
1785:Former monarchies of Africa
1232:Charles, Eunice A. (1977).
1212:, vol. 6, p. 261.
881:List of Rulers of Futa Toro
640:seem to have originated in
591:, a dialect of the greater
492:
1841:
695:
595:spanning West Africa from
1547:
1460:"Overview of Fuuta Tooro"
1111:Hughes & Perfect 2008
547:defeated the emirates of
531:, in the region known as
341:Senegambian stone circles
189:
185:
151:
139:
111:
44:
39:
1323:Hanson, John H. (1996).
1172:Grimal de Guiraudon 1887
1142:Grimal de Guiraudon 1887
712:Almamyate of Futa Jallon
336:Senegambia Confederation
692:of West Africa, c. 1830
1815:19th century in Africa
1810:18th century in Africa
950:Imamate of Futa Jallon
693:
500:
396:Almamyate of Futa Toro
177:• Disestablished
18:Almamyate of Futa Toro
687:
401:Royal African Company
64:Common languages
477:Imamate of Futa Toro
423:President of Senegal
391:Empire of Great Fulo
218:Empire of Great Fulo
34:Imamate of Futa Toro
1780:Kingdoms of Senegal
1470:on 23 February 2012
1082:Stanton et al. 2012
690:Fulani Jihad States
627:were a clan of non-
501:Imamat de Futa Toro
157:• Established
1825:Former theocracies
1775:French West Africa
1657:Mahdiyya caliphate
1036:, p. 541-542.
694:
611:are also known as
439:Senegal portal
245:French West Africa
1755:
1754:
1541:Sahelian kingdoms
1495:978-1-4129-8176-7
1445:978-0-253-00131-3
1418:978-0-521-77933-3
1390:978-1-57958-245-6
1363:978-0-8108-6260-9
1336:978-0-253-33088-8
1291:978-0-521-20413-2
1264:978-0-521-52847-4
1186:, pp. 69–70.
876:Toucouleur Empire
613:Toucouleur people
561:Toucouleur Empire
473:
472:
275:
274:
261:
260:
257:
256:
223:
222:
129:• 1875–1891
117:• 1776–1804
16:(Redirected from
1832:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1466:. Archived from
1455:
1453:
1452:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1219:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1174:, p. 19-20.
1169:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1014:
1008:
973:
964:was occupied by
942:
936:
928:
922:
911:
905:
902:
851:Kingdom of Jolof
793:Omar Saidou Tall
702:In 1726 or 1727
625:Denianke leaders
535:. Following the
493:Imaama Futa Toro
486:
465:
458:
451:
437:
436:
435:
413:
321:
305:
295:
277:
253:
252:
239:
238:
227:
226:
214:
213:
207:
206:
191:
190:
49:
30:
21:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1543:
1538:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1017:
1009:
986:
977:
976:
943:
939:
929:
925:
919:Qur'anic school
912:
908:
903:
899:
889:
871:Denanke Kingdom
867:
858:Abdul Bokar Kan
839:Shaikh Amadu Ba
801:Louis Faidherbe
790:
774:Louis Faidherbe
762:
706:led a jihad in
700:
682:
621:Denanke Kingdom
581:
537:trend of jihads
485:إمامة فوتة تورو
469:
433:
431:
418:Mali Federation
407:
381:Kingdom of Sine
315:
293:
286:
250:
236:
211:
178:
168:
158:
130:
118:
73:Pulaar language
71:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1838:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1672:Mossi kingdoms
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:Hausa kingdoms
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1494:
1479:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1402:
1389:
1374:
1362:
1347:
1335:
1320:
1302:
1290:
1275:
1263:
1248:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1161:
1159:, p. 425.
1146:
1134:
1132:, p. 151.
1115:
1103:
1101:, p. 419.
1086:
1084:, p. 148.
1074:
1072:, p. 206.
1062:
1060:, p. 205.
1050:
1038:
1015:
983:
975:
974:
937:
923:
906:
896:
895:
888:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
866:
863:
789:
786:
761:
758:
704:Karamokho Alfa
681:
678:
593:Fula languages
580:
577:
471:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
442:
441:
428:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
325:
324:
323:
322:
307:
306:
298:
297:
288:
287:
280:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
247:
241:
240:
233:
231:Tukulor Empire
224:
221:
220:
215:
203:
202:
197:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
134:Abdul Ba Bakar
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1198:, p. 75.
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:, p. 19.
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:, p. 36.
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
985:
982:
981:
971:
967:
963:
962:Senegal River
959:
955:
954:Fula language
951:
947:
946:Abdul Bubakar
941:
938:
934:
933:
927:
924:
920:
916:
910:
907:
901:
898:
894:
893:
886:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
769:
767:
759:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
733:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
699:
691:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:Haalpulaar'en
606:
605:Haalpulaar'en
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:Senegal River
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:Senegal River
526:
522:
521:
516:
515:Fula-speaking
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
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430:
429:
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419:
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397:
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389:
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379:
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369:
367:
364:
362:
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344:
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329:
328:
327:
326:
319:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
304:
300:
299:
296:
289:
284:
278:
271:
268:
266:Today part of
264:
248:
246:
243:
242:
234:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
209:
208:
205:
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201:
198:
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188:
184:
180:
170:
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146:
142:
138:
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132:
123:
120:
106:
104:
97:
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91:
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84:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1790:Fula history
1757:
1601:
1499:. Retrieved
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1463:
1449:. Retrieved
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1407:
1394:. Retrieved
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1253:
1240:. Retrieved
1234:
1224:
1223:
1209:
1203:
1191:
1184:Charles 1977
1179:
1157:Lapidus 2002
1137:
1113:, p. 4.
1106:
1099:Lapidus 2002
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
979:
978:
940:
930:
926:
914:
909:
900:
891:
890:
855:
842:
832:
816:
805:
797:Sudan region
791:
781:
777:
770:
763:
730:
728:
716:Sulayman Bal
701:
661:Nasir al-Din
654:
635:
633:
608:
604:
582:
541:Sulayman Bal
518:
505:West African
476:
474:
409:
361:Jolof Empire
346:Ghana Empire
200:Succeeded by
199:
194:
122:Abdul Kaader
1647:Kanem–Bornu
1597:Futa Jallon
1396:13 February
1311:. E. Leroux
1196:Hanson 1996
966:Fula people
958:Niger River
720:Abdul Kader
708:Futa Jallon
698:Fula jihads
674:Futa Jallon
663:launched a
545:Abdul Kader
525:Toucouleurs
406:Black Code
356:Mali Empire
316: [
292:History of
195:Preceded by
83:Sunni Islam
1764:Categories
1722:Toucouleur
1622:Great Fulo
1501:2013-02-10
1474:2013-02-17
1451:2013-02-16
1424:2013-02-13
1369:2013-02-17
1342:2013-02-16
1315:2013-02-16
1297:2013-02-10
1270:2013-02-13
1046:Gomez 2002
1034:Klein 2005
887:References
833:In 1868 a
808:Senegambia
760:Government
748:states of
696:See also:
646:companions
508:theocratic
331:Senegambia
93:Theocratic
89:Government
70:(official)
1742:Wassoulou
1602:Futa Toro
1216:Cambridge
1070:Gray 1975
1058:Gray 1975
980:Citations
659:reformer
642:Futa Toro
533:Futa Toro
410:Code Noir
79:Religion
40:1776–1859
1488:. SAGE.
960:and the
915:tooraade
865:See also
788:Collapse
778:Lam-Toro
766:lineages
650:Muhammad
601:Cameroon
563:and the
557:Torodbes
517:people (
511:monarchy
503:) was a
313:Timeline
283:a series
281:Part of
96:monarchy
58:Orefonde
1712:Songhai
1697:Shilluk
1667:Massina
1557:Bagirmi
1242:15 July
1225:Sources
948:of the
843:talibes
835:cholera
782:El-Feki
637:Torodbe
597:Senegal
579:Origins
573:cholera
513:of the
294:Senegal
270:Senegal
144:History
54:Capital
1727:Tunjur
1717:Takrur
1707:Sokoto
1692:Sennar
1687:Saloum
1637:Kaarta
1587:Darfur
1577:Dagbon
1562:Bamana
1552:Alodia
1492:
1464:Jamtan
1442:
1415:
1387:
1360:
1333:
1288:
1261:
932:Almami
820:Kaarta
812:Medine
742:Brakna
738:Trarza
732:Almamy
657:Zawāyā
629:Muslim
623:. The
617:Takrur
589:Pulaar
569:Almamy
565:French
553:Brakna
549:Trarza
497:French
481:Arabic
386:Saloum
351:Takrur
285:on the
147:
107:
103:Almamy
68:Arabic
1737:Wadai
1732:Waalo
1682:Niumi
1677:Niani
1642:Kaabu
1632:Jolof
1617:Gobir
1612:Ghana
1592:Dendi
1572:Cayor
970:Timbo
892:Notes
847:Podor
828:Saldé
824:Ségou
754:Waalo
750:Cayor
746:Wolof
724:Cayor
680:Jihad
670:Bundu
665:jihad
520:Fulɓe
376:Kaabu
371:Cayor
366:Waalo
320:]
1747:Wuli
1702:Sine
1662:Mali
1652:Kong
1582:Daju
1567:Baol
1490:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1398:2013
1385:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1244:2023
822:and
752:and
740:and
688:The
551:and
523:and
489:Fula
475:The
181:1859
171:1877
161:1776
1607:Gao
648:of
599:to
1766::
1462:.
1164:^
1149:^
1118:^
1089:^
1018:^
987:^
853:.
726:.
499::
495:;
491::
487:;
483::
318:fr
1533:e
1526:t
1519:v
1504:.
1477:.
1454:.
1427:.
1400:.
1372:.
1345:.
1318:.
1300:.
1273:.
1246:.
1013:.
479:(
464:e
457:t
450:v
412:)
408:(
20:)
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