1849:
1885:
1897:. There are local anisotropies of different orientations without an external field due to spontaneous magnetization. The precipitate structure is a "barrier" against magnetization changes, as it prefers few magnetization states requiring much energy to get the material into any intermediate state. Also, a weak magnetic field shifts the magnetization of the matrix phase only and is reversible.
1812:
1906:
187:) can be up to 5.5 MG·Oe (44 T·A/m). Therefore, alnico can produce a strong magnetic flux in closed magnetic circuits, but has relatively small resistance against demagnetization. The field strength at the poles of any permanent magnet depends very much on the shape and is usually well below the remanence strength of the material.
20:
1872:
bonded sand molds, which can be intricate and detailed, thereby allowing for complex shapes to be produced. The produced alnico magnet typically has a rough surface. This process has higher initial tooling costs for mold creation. Sintered alnico magnets are formed using powdered metal manufacturing
1828:
Alnico magnets are traditionally classified using numbers assigned by the
Magnetic Materials Producers Association (MMPA), for example, alnico 3 or alnico 5. These classifications indicate chemical composition and magnetic properties. (The classification numbers themselves do not directly relate to
1876:
Most alnico produced is anisotropic, meaning that the magnetic direction of the grains is randomly oriented when initially made. Anisotropic alnico magnets are oriented by heating above a critical temperature and cooling in the presence of a magnetic field. Both isotropic and anisotropic alnico
1892:
Alnico's anisotropy is oriented along the desired magnetic axis by applying an external magnetic field to it during the precipitate particle nucleation, which occurs when cooling from 900 °C (1,650 °F) to 800 °C (1,470 °F), near the
96:
The composition of alnico alloys is typically 8–12% Al, 15–26% Ni, 5–24% Co, up to 6% Cu, up to 1% Ti, and the rest is Fe. The development of alnico began in 1931, when T. Mishima in Japan discovered that an alloy of iron, nickel, and aluminum had a
1877:
require proper heat treatment to develop optimal magnetic properties. Without it, alnico's coercivity is about 10 Oe, comparable to technical iron, a soft magnetic material. After the heat treatment alnico becomes a composite material, named "
207:
bonding between aluminum and other constituents. They are also one of the most stable magnets if handled properly. Alnico magnets are electrically conductive, unlike ceramic magnets. Alnico 3 has a melting temperature of 1200 - 1450 °C.
194:
of any magnetic material, around 800 °C (1,470 °F), although the maximal working temperature is typically limited to around 538 °C (1,000 °F). They are the only magnets that have useful magnetism even when heated
2124:
3012:
2377:
Chu, W.G; Fei, W.D; Li, X.H; Yang, D.Z; Wang, J.L (2000). "Evolution of Fe-Co rich particles in Alnico 8 alloy thermomagnetically treated at 800 °C".
1888:
Assortment of Alnico magnets in 1956. Alnico 5, developed during World War 2, led to a new generation of compact permanent magnet motors and loudspeakers.
2454:
1856:
in 1945. As illustrated, Alnico 5 allowed a dramatic reduction in size and weight of magnet needed to produce a given flux, from 90 oz in 1930 to 4.6 oz.
1873:
methods. While sintering can also produce a range of shapes, it may not be as suitable for extremely intricate or detailed designs compared to casting.
1832:
These classification numbers, while still in use, have been deprecated in favor of a new system by the MMPA, which designates Alnico magnets based on
113:
and have a high coercivity (resistance to demagnetization), thus making strong permanent magnets. Of the more commonly available magnets, only
2218:
2149:
2101:
2044:
2017:
1990:
1913:, used to bind sharp metal wire and other iron objects that may be ingested by the animal and otherwise cause damage to the digestive tract
149:, or orientation. Anisotropic alloys generally have greater magnetic capacity in a preferred orientation than isotropic types. Alnico's
2068:
2317:
Rottmann, P.F.; Polonsky, A.T. (2021). "TriBeam tomography and microstructure evolution in additively manufactured Alnico magnets".
3512:
1960:
The high-temperature resistance of alnico magnets leads to many uses that cannot be filled by less resistant magnets, such as in
1917:
Alnico magnets are widely used in industrial and consumer applications where strong permanent magnets are needed. Examples are
2898:
2800:
2447:
2303:
2117:
3451:
3355:
2849:
2621:
2829:
2760:
3151:
3497:
2440:
134:
3507:
85:
in the 1970s, they were the strongest permanent magnet type. Other trade names for alloys in this family are:
3502:
1878:
3280:
35:, which is placed across the poles when the magnet is not in use. This helps to preserve the magnetization.
3522:
3334:
3329:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3235:
3230:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3046:
2997:
2992:
2972:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2839:
2834:
2819:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2635:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
1861:
1833:
176:
122:
1829:
the magnet's properties; for instance, a higher number does not necessarily indicate a stronger magnet.)
3517:
3025:
2497:
3466:
3339:
3324:
3319:
3289:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3136:
3126:
3111:
3096:
3086:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3021:
3002:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2907:
2878:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2755:
2750:
2730:
2695:
2690:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2487:
2386:
2250:
2206:
141:
and can be efficiently magnetized in any direction. Other types, such as alnico 5 and alnico 8, are
1848:
142:
3385:
2402:
125:
are stronger. Alnico magnets produce magnetic field strength at their poles as high as 1500
3400:
2297:
2214:
2097:
2091:
2040:
2034:
2013:
2007:
1986:
1946:
191:
114:
82:
2200:
3471:
3446:
2463:
2394:
2357:
2326:
2258:
1961:
118:
78:
24:
2141:
2060:
3461:
2482:
1884:
2390:
2254:
2210:
3436:
1918:
110:
2278:
3491:
2406:
1922:
204:
196:
146:
74:
32:
2423:
2175:"Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials (MMPA Standard No. 0100-00)"
101:
of 400 oersteds (32 kA/m), double that of the best magnet steels of the time.
2174:
1881:
material"—it consists of iron- and cobalt-rich precipitates in a rich-NiAl matrix.
165:
161:
130:
126:
2330:
3416:
3395:
1934:
1926:
1894:
1853:
2398:
2263:
2238:
1811:
3410:
1942:
1910:
1837:
98:
2362:
2345:
2239:"Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part I—Sintering and Casting"
203:
and high melting point, results from the strong tendency toward order due to
3441:
3431:
3405:
2477:
1938:
1865:
1816:
150:
138:
50:
3476:
70:
3456:
3360:
200:
1905:
3421:
3390:
3380:
3365:
1930:
66:
58:
54:
2346:"Additively Manufactured Alnico Permanent Magnet Materials—A Review"
19:
2432:
3426:
3375:
2006:
Brady, George Stuart; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. (2002).
1904:
1883:
1869:
1847:
1819:
tube in an early microwave oven. About 3 in (8 cm) long.
1810:
46:
18:
1957:) allow smaller-size magnets to be used for a given application.
1868:
processes. Cast alnico is produced by conventional methods using
43:
28:
2436:
1801:
1852:
2093:
Magnetic domains: the analysis of magnetic microstructures
1840:
as kilo oersted, as well as an IEC classification system.
2428:
175:) can be up to 1000 oersteds (80 kA/m), its
49:
which, in addition to iron are composed primarily of
1945:. In many applications they are being superseded by
3348:
3279:
3150:
3011:
2897:
2848:
2799:
2620:
2496:
2470:
2205:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–38.
109:Alnico alloys can be magnetised to produce strong
2148:. Magnet Sales & Manufacturing Company, Inc.
2202:Permanent magnet materials and their application
2009:Materials Handbook: An Encyclopedia for Managers
1800:As of 2018, Alnico magnets cost about 44
2448:
2169:
2167:
8:
2232:
2230:
1985:. Facts On File Publications. p. 115.
2455:
2441:
2433:
2180:. Magnetic Materials Producers Association
2361:
2262:
2012:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 577.
2130:from the original on September 13, 2024.
2061:"Alnico Magnets & Custom Assemblies"
210:
2071:from the original on September 13, 2024
1973:
190:Alnico alloys have some of the highest
145:, each having a preferred direction of
133:), or about 3000 times the strength of
2344:Dussa, Saikumar; Joshi, S. S. (2024).
2295:
2033:Cullity, B. D.; Graham, C. D. (2008).
2090:Hubert, Alex; Rudolf Schäfer (1998).
225:
7:
2152:from the original on March 12, 2019
2036:Introduction to Magnetic Materials
31:high. The metal bar (bottom) is a
14:
1953:) and larger energy products (B·H
2379:Materials Science and Technology
2237:Cui, Jun; Ormerod, John (2022).
199:. This property, as well as its
1860:Alnico magnets are produced by
87:Alni, Alcomax, Hycomax, Columax
1804:/kg (US$ 20/lb) or US$ 4.30/BH
1:
2331:10.1016/j.mattod.2021.05.003
2142:"Frequently Asked Questions"
2118:"ALNICO 3 Safety Data Sheet"
2065:Arnold Magnetic Technologies
1458:Anisotropic sintered AlNiCo
81:. Before the development of
27:" made of Alnico 5, about 1
2039:. Wiley-IEEE. p. 485.
1962:magnetic stirring hotplates
3539:
2399:10.1179/026708300101508810
2302:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2264:10.1007/s11837-022-05156-9
1983:The Insomniac's Dictionary
1949:, whose stronger fields (B
1836:in megagauss-oersteds and
1815:Alnico 5 magnet used in a
1457:
1365:Isotropic sintered AlNiCo
1364:
708:
432:
3452:Aluminium–scandium alloys
2096:. Springer. p. 557.
327:
322:
315:
306:
297:
294:
287:
282:
279:
269:
261:
253:
243:
238:
235:
232:
230:(Fe comprises remainder)
218:
213:
160:) may exceed 12,000
137:. Some alnico brands are
3356:Aluminium–lithium alloys
2363:10.3390/magnetism4020010
2199:Campbell, Peter (1996).
2146:Total Magnetic Solutions
1838:intrinsic coercive force
709:Anisotropic cast AlNiCo
61:(Co), hence the acronym
3513:Ferromagnetic materials
77:, and are used to make
1981:Hellweg, Paul (1986).
1914:
1889:
1857:
1834:maximum energy product
1820:
433:Isotropic cast AlNiCo
177:maximum energy product
135:Earth's magnetic field
36:
2123:. September 2, 2014.
1908:
1887:
1851:
1844:Manufacturing process
1814:
22:
16:Family of iron alloys
3467:Hypereutectic piston
2488:History of aluminium
236:Physical properties
233:Magnetic properties
73:. Alnico alloys are
65:. They also include
2391:2000MatST..16.1023C
2255:2022JOM....74.1279C
2211:1996pmma.book.....C
239:Thermal properties
168:), its coercivity (
3386:Aluminium granules
2500:1000 series (pure)
1947:rare-earth magnets
1915:
1890:
1858:
1821:
192:Curie temperatures
115:rare-earth magnets
83:rare-earth magnets
37:
3485:
3484:
3413:(aka R.R. alloys)
2220:978-0-521-56688-9
2103:978-3-540-64108-7
2046:978-0-471-47741-9
2019:978-0-07-136076-0
1992:978-0-8160-1364-7
1798:
1797:
316:Reversible temp.
79:permanent magnets
3530:
3498:Aluminium alloys
3472:Aluminium bronze
3447:Nickel aluminide
2483:Aluminium alloys
2464:Aluminium alloys
2457:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2411:
2410:
2385:(9): 1023–1028.
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2283:Stanford Magnets
2279:"AlNiCo Magnets"
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2249:(4): 1279–1295.
2234:
2225:
2224:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1978:
211:
69:, and sometimes
25:horseshoe magnet
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3508:Magnetic alloys
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3462:Al-Ca composite
3401:Devarda's alloy
3344:
3275:
3146:
3007:
2893:
2844:
2795:
2616:
2492:
2466:
2461:
2420:
2418:Further reading
2415:
2414:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1956:
1952:
1919:electric motors
1903:
1846:
1826:
1807:
416:
412:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
331:
329:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
308:
303:
301:
299:
291:
289:
284:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
186:
174:
159:
123:samarium-cobalt
111:magnetic fields
107:
42:is a family of
17:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3503:Ferrous alloys
3500:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Magnox (alloy)
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2369:
2356:(2): 125–156.
2336:
2309:
2270:
2226:
2219:
2191:
2163:
2133:
2109:
2102:
2082:
2052:
2045:
2025:
2018:
1998:
1991:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1923:guitar pickups
1902:
1899:
1845:
1842:
1825:
1824:Classification
1822:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
706:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
409:
400:
397:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:
326:
321:
314:
311:at 20 °C
305:
296:
293:
286:
281:
278:
275:
268:
265:
260:
257:
252:
249:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
224:
217:
184:
172:
157:
106:
103:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
3524:
3523:Nickel alloys
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:5154&5254
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:5052&5652
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:5005&5657
2906:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:3102&3303
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:2224&2324
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2288:September 13,
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2083:
2075:September 13,
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:precipitation
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
707:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
410:
401:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
318:coefficient,
309:resistivity,
242:
212:
209:
206:
205:intermetallic
202:
198:
193:
188:
182:
178:
171:
167:
163:
156:
152:
148:
147:magnetization
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:ferromagnetic
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3518:Loudspeakers
3370:
3349:Named alloys
2471:Introduction
2427:
2424:MMPA 0100-00
2382:
2378:
2372:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2246:
2242:
2201:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2154:. Retrieved
2145:
2136:
2112:
2092:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2035:
2028:
2008:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1959:
1935:loudspeakers
1916:
1891:
1875:
1859:
1854:loudspeakers
1831:
1827:
1799:
304:(10 per °C)
302:coefficient
256:induction, B
244:Max. energy
226:Composition
189:
180:
169:
154:
108:
95:
90:
86:
62:
39:
38:
3417:Hydronalium
3396:Birmabright
3281:8000 series
3154:7000 series
3015:6000 series
2901:5000 series
2852:4000 series
2803:3000 series
2624:2000 series
2184:9 September
1943:cow magnets
1941:tubes, and
1927:microphones
1921:, electric
1895:Curie point
1727:Alnico 8HC
1175:Alnico 8HC
897:Alnico 5-7
809:Alnico 5DG
320:(% per °C)
307:Electrical
290:modulus of
288:Transverse
201:brittleness
143:anisotropic
129:(0.15
3492:Categories
3411:Hiduminium
1968:References
1911:cow magnet
300:expansion
270:Intrinsic
228:by weight
164:(1.2
105:Properties
99:coercivity
57:(Ni), and
3442:MKM steel
3432:Magnalium
3406:Duralumin
2478:Aluminium
2407:137015369
2350:Magnetism
2325:: 23–34.
2156:March 12,
1939:magnetron
1866:sintering
1817:magnetron
1639:Alnico 8
1551:Alnico 6
1463:Alnico 5
1370:Alnico 2
1270:Alnico 9
1080:Alnico 8
985:Alnico 6
714:Alnico 5
621:Alnico 3
526:Alnico 2
438:Alnico 1
285:strength
272:coercive
262:Coercive
254:Residual
246:product,
151:remanence
139:isotropic
119:neodymium
51:aluminium
3477:AlSi10Mg
3013:Al-Mg-Si
2298:cite web
2150:Archived
2125:Archived
2069:Archived
1730:R1-1-13
1642:R1-1-12
1554:R1-1-11
1466:R1-1-10
376:(lb/in)
358:(gauss)
330:service
313:(μΩ·cm)
298:Thermal
292:rupture
283:Tensile
280:Density
274:force, H
264:force, H
117:such as
71:titanium
63:al-ni-co
3457:Y alloy
3361:AlBeMet
3283:(misc.)
2387:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2207:Bibcode
1931:sensors
1909:Alnico
1862:casting
1608:100000
1373:R1-0-4
1342:-0.025
1273:R1-1-6
1247:-0.025
1178:R1-1-7
1152:-0.025
1083:R1-1-5
1060:-0.015
988:R1-1-4
900:R1-1-3
812:R1-1-2
789:-0.015
717:R1-1-1
624:R1-0-2
529:R1-0-4
441:R1-0-1
406:energy
379:(g/cm)
373:(kA/m)
367:(kA/m)
355:(kJ/m)
352:(MGOe)
197:red-hot
91:Ticonal
3422:Italma
3391:Alusil
3381:Alumel
3371:Alnico
3366:Alclad
2405:
2217:
2100:
2043:
2016:
1989:
1782:55000
1772:0.252
1696:55000
1690:50000
1684:0.252
1602:55000
1596:0.250
1520:55000
1514:50000
1508:0.250
1490:10900
1436:123.4
1427:70000
1421:65000
1415:0.246
1348:+0.01
1345:-0.01
1315:0.262
1297:10600
1253:+0.01
1250:-0.01
1232:30000
1226:10000
1220:0.262
1158:+0.01
1155:-0.01
1137:30000
1131:10000
1125:0.262
1063:+0.03
1057:-0.02
1042:45000
1036:23000
1030:0.265
1012:10500
942:0.264
924:13500
854:0.264
836:13300
792:+0.01
786:-0.02
771:10500
759:0.264
741:12800
678:23000
672:12000
666:0.249
604:-0.02
601:-0.02
598:-0.03
571:0.256
495:14000
483:0.249
408:prod.
391:(MPa)
388:(psi)
385:(MPa)
382:(psi)
332:temp.
325:temp.
323:Curie
216:class
89:, and
67:copper
59:cobalt
55:nickel
53:(Al),
47:alloys
40:Alnico
33:keeper
3427:Lo-Ex
3376:AlSiC
3152:Al-Zn
3026:6005A
2899:Al-Mg
2850:Al-Si
2801:Al-Mn
2622:Al-Cu
2403:S2CID
2319:Mater
2178:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
2121:(PDF)
1870:resin
1791:11.0
1766:2020
1760:1800
1754:6700
1751:35.8
1705:11.0
1678:1690
1672:1500
1666:7400
1663:31.8
1617:11.4
1578:9400
1575:23.1
1529:11.3
1493:1090
1487:31.0
1397:7100
1394:11.9
1360:1020
1354:1580
1336:110.
1327:8000
1321:7000
1309:1500
1303:1500
1300:1060
1294:71.6
1265:1020
1259:1580
1241:11.0
1214:2170
1208:1900
1202:7200
1199:39.8
1170:1020
1164:1580
1146:11.0
1119:1860
1113:1650
1107:8200
1104:42.2
1069:1580
1051:11.4
1015:1050
1009:31.0
963:11.4
954:8000
948:5000
927:1350
921:59.7
875:11.4
866:9000
860:5200
839:1330
833:57.7
798:1580
780:11.4
765:5400
744:1280
738:43.8
687:13.0
648:7000
645:10.7
642:1.35
610:1490
592:12.4
583:7000
577:3000
553:7500
550:13.5
504:12.6
489:4000
465:7200
462:11.1
428:(°F)
425:(°C)
422:(°F)
419:(°C)
411:Near
404:max.
402:Near
394:Near
370:(Oe)
364:(Oe)
361:(mT)
328:Max.
223:ref.
221:code
214:MMPA
131:tesla
127:gauss
3340:8176
3335:8093
3330:8091
3325:8090
3320:8030
3315:8025
3310:8019
3305:8014
3300:8011
3295:8009
3290:8006
3271:7475
3266:7255
3261:7178
3256:7150
3251:7129
3246:7116
3241:7093
3236:7091
3231:7090
3226:7085
3221:7079
3216:7075
3211:7072
3206:7068
3201:7065
3196:7055
3191:7050
3186:7046
3181:7039
3176:7034
3171:7022
3166:7010
3161:7005
3142:6951
3137:6463
3132:6351
3127:6262
3122:6205
3117:6201
3112:6162
3107:6151
3102:6113
3097:6105
3092:6101
3087:6082
3082:6081
3077:6070
3072:6066
3067:6065
3062:6063
3057:6061
3052:6060
3047:6022
3042:6013
3037:6010
3032:6009
3022:6005
3003:5754
2998:5557
2993:5457
2988:5456
2983:5454
2978:5356
2973:5252
2968:5182
2958:5086
2953:5083
2948:5059
2943:5056
2933:5050
2928:5026
2923:5024
2918:5019
2913:5010
2889:4543
2884:4047
2879:4043
2874:4032
2869:4015
2864:4007
2859:4006
2840:3203
2835:3105
2825:3102
2820:3005
2815:3004
2810:3003
2791:2618
2786:2524
2781:2519
2776:2397
2771:2319
2766:2297
2756:2219
2751:2218
2746:2198
2741:2197
2736:2196
2731:2195
2726:2124
2721:2099
2716:2098
2711:2097
2706:2095
2701:2094
2696:2091
2691:2090
2686:2080
2681:2055
2676:2048
2671:2036
2666:2029
2661:2025
2656:2024
2651:2020
2646:2017
2641:2014
2636:2011
2631:2004
2612:1469
2607:1464
2602:1461
2597:1460
2592:1450
2587:1445
2582:1441
2577:1440
2572:1430
2567:1424
2562:1421
2557:1420
2552:1370
2547:1350
2542:1230
2537:1200
2532:1199
2527:1145
2522:1100
2517:1070
2512:1060
2507:1050
2304:link
2290:2024
2215:ISBN
2186:2015
2158:2019
2098:ISBN
2077:2024
2041:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1901:Uses
1785:379
1775:7.0
1769:161
1763:143
1757:670
1748:4.5
1699:379
1693:345
1687:7.0
1681:134
1675:119
1669:740
1660:4.0
1611:689
1605:379
1599:6.9
1590:820
1584:790
1581:940
1572:2.9
1523:379
1517:345
1511:6.9
1502:630
1496:620
1484:3.9
1430:483
1424:448
1418:6.8
1409:570
1403:550
1400:710
1391:1.5
1357:550
1351:860
1318:7.3
1312:119
1306:119
1291:9.0
1262:550
1256:860
1235:207
1223:7.3
1217:173
1211:151
1205:720
1196:5.0
1167:550
1161:860
1140:207
1128:7.3
1122:148
1116:131
1110:820
1101:5.3
1075:975
1072:525
1066:860
1045:310
1039:158
1033:7.3
1024:800
1018:780
1006:3.9
945:7.3
936:740
930:740
918:7.5
857:7.3
848:670
842:670
830:6.5
804:975
801:525
795:860
762:7.3
753:640
747:640
735:5.5
681:158
669:6.9
660:500
654:480
651:700
616:840
613:450
607:810
574:7.1
565:580
559:560
556:750
547:1.7
486:6.9
477:480
471:470
468:720
459:1.4
295:HRC
248:(BH)
219:IEC
121:and
44:iron
29:inch
2395:doi
2358:doi
2327:doi
2259:doi
2243:JOM
1955:max
1864:or
1806:max
1802:USD
1794:54
1788:45
1739:38
1736:14
1708:54
1702:45
1651:35
1648:15
1620:54
1614:45
1593:65
1587:63
1563:24
1560:15
1532:50
1526:45
1505:50
1499:49
1475:24
1472:14
1439:68
1433:45
1412:45
1406:44
1382:13
1379:19
1376:10
1339:53
1333:55
1330:55
1324:48
1282:35
1279:15
1244:54
1238:55
1229:59
1187:38
1184:14
1149:53
1143:55
1134:59
1092:35
1089:15
1054:50
1048:50
1027:64
1021:62
997:24
994:16
966:47
960:50
957:55
951:34
939:59
933:59
909:24
906:14
878:47
872:50
869:62
863:36
851:53
845:53
821:24
818:14
783:47
777:50
774:72
768:37
756:51
750:51
726:24
723:14
690:60
684:45
675:83
663:40
657:38
630:25
627:12
595:65
589:45
586:48
580:21
568:46
562:45
538:13
535:19
532:10
507:75
501:45
498:97
492:28
480:38
474:37
447:21
444:12
349:Ti
346:Cu
343:Co
340:Ni
337:Al
250:max
185:max
23:A "
3494::
2498:Al
2426:,
2401:.
2393:.
2383:16
2381:.
2352:.
2348:.
2323:49
2321:.
2300:}}
2296:{{
2281:.
2257:.
2247:74
2245:.
2241:.
2229:^
2213:.
2166:^
2144:.
2067:.
2063:.
1964:.
1937:,
1933:,
1929:,
1925:,
1745:8
1742:3
1733:7
1657:5
1654:4
1645:7
1569:1
1566:3
1557:8
1481:-
1478:3
1469:8
1388:-
1385:3
1288:5
1285:4
1276:7
1193:8
1190:3
1181:8
1098:5
1095:4
1086:7
1003:1
1000:3
991:8
915:-
912:3
903:8
827:-
824:3
815:8
732:-
729:3
720:8
639:-
636:3
633:-
544:-
541:3
456:-
453:3
450:5
276:ci
181:BH
179:((
93:.
3028:)
3024:(
2456:e
2449:t
2442:v
2409:.
2397::
2389::
2366:.
2360::
2354:4
2333:.
2329::
2306:)
2292:.
2267:.
2261::
2253::
2223:.
2209::
2188:.
2160:.
2106:.
2079:.
2049:.
2022:.
1995:.
1951:r
1808:.
415:c
413:H
398:r
396:B
266:c
258:r
183:)
173:c
170:H
166:T
162:G
158:r
155:B
153:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
