799:. In 1969 the Megalopoli power company opened a lignite-burning facility to the NW of the city on the right bank of the Alpheios, finishing two plants in 1970 and one in 1975. To obtain the lignite, they began strip-mining the region to the west of the city, working the mine southward, then eastward. Stripping essentially removed many meters of the hill. Areas so flattened were then planted with grass. Today the original strip mine is grassy, but the south is open over a rough rectangle 1.3 km (0.81 mi) N–S by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) E–W, or 4.4 km (1.7 sq mi). Despite the original sanguine engineering reports of how little land would be consumed, which are still being published, the open area is about 2.5% of the total valley area, with no end to expansion in sight. The main pollutants are the gases. White plumes from the plant facilities have become a feature of the Arcadia landscape. During unfavorable meteorological conditions an opaque smog hangs over the valley.
844:, 380 m (1,250 ft) of elevation. The point falls within a forested morass about 755 m (826 yd) long by 68 m (74 yd) wide, beginning slightly to the west on the north side of a field with a characteristic semicircular north end. The morass is bisected by the old railway to Anthochori. This sink is supplied with water from several intermittent streams forming the apex of a dendritic pattern. They fall into a basin below the 400 m (440 yd) contour lines. The crossing points are marked by V-gullies located 1 to 2 km from the morass: one due south, two west, one NE, and one N from Megalopoli through the mine. These streams are in the small tributary category, some mere thicketed ditches, others with pebble beds and forested banks cutting across the rolling upland. Water levels vary from zero to meandering flows or trickles. They are visible at roads crossing over them; for example, crossing Rt. 7 at
692:, in which the mountains of the Earth were believed to have been raised by compression of large depressions, or geosynclines, caused by shrinkage, and infilled with sediment. It was hypothesized that the mountains of Greece, called the Hellenides, arose from a Hellenic geosyncline in two phases, a volcanic breakthrough in the center, resulting in the "inner Hellenides," and a subsequent orogeny at the west periphery from the wrinkling of sediment running off the central mountains. The peripheral range was the "outer Hellenides." As both theories featured a compressional regime, the Hellenides terminology was kept, but it had to be matched to the isopic zones.
740:
through the island zone depends on the stream chosen or the average decided upon. If the river has been impounded or widened by the works of man, the estimator must decide which course through the impoundment applies. The length also depends on the method of estimation. Representation of the river by small straight-line segments depends entirely on the segmentation decisions made. Nature itself does not provide reliable and exact lengths. Rivers change course in history (let alone geologic history) to such a degree that they are typically different from century to century, as the geology of erosion teaches they must be.
989:
different from the fields they traverse. Rt. 7 goes over a pass to
Tripoli, while Rt. E65 goes under it through tunnels. Long before the tunnel point the dendritic ditches have disappeared into the mountainside. There is nothing like a source in the entire upper valley, but if there were, it is clear that it wouldn't be located in the villages of Asea or Dorizos perched on the mountain ridges. Those names are simply convenient hooks on which to hang a source imagined to be there by offsite geographers looking for a mystic connection to Tripoli.
51:
810:("flowery place"), once a pleasant village, and still advertised as that in the media. It does not exist, except for a few outlying farm buildings. The villagers in 2006 coming under pressure to sell and move away yielded in 2008 after painful negotiations. The village was demolished. The last building down, a church atop a standing column, became the subject of some prize-winning photography internationally.
525:(WFD) of 2000. The EU was interested in identifying quality problems with the waters of Europe and rescuing degraded waters. The Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR) therefore added the study of water quality in Greece to its previously existing AQEM program. Select river sites were monitored for three seasons of 2000–2001, spring, summer, and winter, the results appearing in an online report of 2005.
776:
1521:
744:
110 km (68 mi), 111 km (69 mi), 112 km (70 mi), 113 km (70 mi). Encyclopædia
Britannica uses 110 km with a stock phrase "the largest of the Peloponnesus," paraphrased by most of the sources, without definition or evidence. These lengths, representing the general trend, aim at a single location, about 4.2 km (2.6 mi) due south of
1744:
981:. It is still a deep, thicketed ditch cutting through the farmland. The elevation is 652 m (2,139 ft). The drop from there to 400 is innocuous for the 12.52 km (7.78 mi) straight-line distance, approximating the stream fairly well. Over that distance various tributary ditches descend from the mountains, which should not be confused with the main stream.
784:
517:, one of the many Greek governmental agencies that have been responsible for the monitoring and care of Greek rivers, noted that of the 765 recorded rivers in Greece, 45 were permanently flowing, of which the Alpheios is one. Although the Greek government had been monitoring some rivers since the 1970s, classification and monitoring of rivers was not mandated by the
63:
772:
sits on the high point of the central valley, while the
Alpheios, sourced in the southeast, skirts the hill to the south, the west, and exits to the NW dropping through a steep and impassible gorge. A former defense against enemies on foot, the gorge is popular for its recreational rafting over rapids, justifying the ancient etymology of "whitewater."
949:
Above the 400 m line the stream drops in a long flow across the base of the
Mainalo Mountains from the valley leading up to Tripoli on the high plateau. It generally follows the direction of Rt. E65, the lowland version of Rt. 7, which winds through the mountains. They all start from the same place,
413:
terrain, such as the
Peloponnesus, the population is acutely aware that rivers may run underground for some distance. Thus the "source" of the Alpheios has always been a subject of debate and literary fantasies, some wild by modern geologic standards. Most recently attempts have been made to connect
1546:
Many maps are put forward as current, but they show
Anthochori still extant. Such a map must precede 2008. Advertisers perpetuate the illusion of a standing Anthochori by juxtaposing scenic pictures of Anthochori, Thessaly as "pictures of Anthochori." There are no views, no facilities at Anthochori
909:
As to whether this uppermost "tree" of streams is to be considered the
Alpheios, no strict definition applies. Local names do not appear on the maps; instead any or all are likely to be labeled Alpheios. The stepped-off length of the river up to the morass, about 101 km (63 mi), does not
771:
Megalopolis is the only city of a smaller rift valley elliptical in shape trending North-northwest–south-southeast, 18 km (11 mi) long, area 180 km (69 sq mi), implying an average width of 10 km (6.2 mi). Average altitude is 410 m (1,350 ft). Megalopolis
732:. They do not take the curvature of the Earth into consideration nor the elevations of the terrain. For example, seen from above, a waterfall is only a few feet of river length, yet the stream may fall hundreds of uncounted feet. Map work for measuring the general morphology of rivers relies on the
433:
Despite the recent alterations of man and the apparently random dendritic pattern in parts of the valley, a geologic pattern emerges that is too regular to be entirely random. The valley is a regular trough, or basin, from the coast to the interior. The dendrism is mainly right-bank. On the left is
802:
The course of the
Alpheios around the mined area is the natural one around the base of the hill. Mining began on the slopes and worked its way down the hill. The river was not diverted or rerouted, as there is no other possible course. Rather, until recently, the river was respected as a border to
429:
The
Alpheios of today bears little resemblance to the historical Alpheios. Much of it has been widened by damming; large sections have been straightened by embankments; flood control works have been constructed; water for municipal use and irrigation is diverted all along the course; some sections
405:
The concept of a single source has little meaning for most of the rivers of Greece, which begin as a confluence of multiple springs in the mountain valleys. There is almost never just one, although most may be unreported or neglected. Thus it is appropriate to speak "a source" or "the sources" but
984:
The 13.52 km to kato Asea does much to fill the gap between the morass and the legacy distances, but there is a further fiction involved. The main village, Asea or ano Asea ("upper Asea" as opposed to "lower Asea") is located at 840 m (2,760 ft), 2.64 km (1.64 mi) up on a
913:
Flow in the intermittent streams is guided by two tilts of the valley floor: a drop from N to S draining the
Mainalo Mountains and a drop from E to W draining Taygetus. The generally preferred candidate for the title of upper Alpheios drops through the 400 m (1,300 ft) elevation line at
763:
mountains, which are well over 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Unsupported speculation throughout the ages wishes to connect the Alpheios of Megalopoli to Tripoli. If the Alpheios is defined as a continuously flowing stream, then it must begin at Megalopoli. Intermittent dendritic streams come from
724:
Mathematical hydrology requires definite numbers: rivers have lengths, cross-sections, measurable linear and volumetric (discharge) rates of flow. The length of a river requires a source. If the Alpheios is a permanently flowing river, then there must be a place of higher elevation where the flow
988:
The head of the valley is labelled kato Dorizos on some maps. Ano Dorizos like ano Asea is up on a ridge and has no identifiable connection to the streams below, which are in a highly dendritic pattern of dry and wet ditches. The land around Dorizos displays a network of shallow ditches, hardly
743:
The publication sources therefore give riverine lengths and locations that are different from each other, unless one source copies another. The length can be assumed to have been measured at least one or more years before publication, many years if one source relies on another. Some lengths are
739:
The length of a river by any system of measurement is not a constant either of measurement or of nature. The measurer working his way along the river encounters many points requiring a decision. For example, the Alpheios divides itself around midstream islands at many points. The river distance
541:
reported 3,658 km (1,412 sq mi), and a 2020 study by a consortium of academic departments including the HCMR reported 3,610 km (1,390 sq mi). The value 3,810 km (1,470 sq mi) has been reported by the Greek Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate
985:
severely dendritic ridge from which there is no clear connection to the stream below. In ancient times it must have had its own springs, or it could not have survived, but the streams coming from the mountain are more of a tributary nature. The stream below comes from further up the valley.
430:
are used for gravel mining; and waste water, fertilizer, and pesticides pollute it from one end to the other. It has been necessary to establish regular monitoring by the government and create substructure to make important decisions concerning the fate of the river.
992:
The failure to find a source in the valley causes some to abandon the upper Alpheios in favor of its tributary, the Elisson, flowing out of the mountains NE of Megalopoli with a much stronger flow. It is more of a mountain stream, as can be seen from the bridge at
748:, where the topographic maps show the beginning of a single stream. Megalopoli is situated on a divide between the Alpheios and its tributary, the Elisson, at about 405 m (1,329 ft). The start of the single stream is at about 380 m (1,250 ft).
643:
The 2006 HCMR article defines three river zones of Greece, a "zone" being a region of a similar geophysical terrain, which influences the chemical composition and physical morphology of the rivers in it. Zones 1, 2, and 3, are based on the geologic isopic ("same
910:
fit any of the lengths or source locations given by the publications. These lengths must include the continuous stream plus one intermittent stream, the dictum of one source preventing the choice of more than one. Every stream has been proposed by someone.
615:
The maximum elevation is 2,253 m (7,392 ft) with a mean elevation of 648 m (2,126 ft). The mean slope is about 14 deg. The catchment is about 25% of the 15,511 km (5,989 sq mi) map area of the Peloponnesus.
1168:
The river disappears several times into the limestone Arcadian mountains and reemerges after flowing some distance underground. This is the origin of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge's reference to the river, by the name Alph, in his poem
803:
the mine. Currently the mine has pushed across the river on the SW side of the hill. When the river is full, it occupies parts of the mine, giving it the appearance of a lake on the maps. The lake is, however, only an intermittent puddle.
402:. The entrance into the gulf through agricultural land and across an unpopulated, sandy beach partially blocked by a spit is hydrologically unspectacular, with the water too shallow to be navigable by any but the smallest craft.
703:). The isopic zones included, west to east, are The Ionian, the Tripolitsa, the Pindos, and the Parnassos. To the east are the inner Hellenides, partly volcanic, with the dividing line down the center of Greece. They end at the
764:
higher, but there is no evidence that they follow any tunnel through the Mainalo Mountains to trickle out as springs at this or that lower location. The main lower locations promulgated by some are Davia, Dorizas, and
1815:
945:
as it crosses under Rt. 7 and turns to the SW to enter the morass about 1 km away. From the road the river appears as a deep V-shaped ditch lined densely with trees over which a plank walkway has been placed.
725:
begins, and that is by definition the source. Water comes from a multiplicity of sources. A definite river, however, must have a definite source. The distance along the river from mouth to source is the length.
652:
of Greece, which are ridges of distinct rock trending northwest to southeast. It is theorized that these ridges are their own types of rock because they represent separate microcontinents that migrated across
1024:. It begins shortly upstream at Falanthos, next to Davia, which is closer to Tripoli than Dorizos. Those who hold this view refer to the Elisson as the Alpheios, as though it were the true upper Alpheios.
635:. Arcadia accounts for most of the mountainous and hilly terrain. Achaea shares some of the mountainous terrain to the north, while Elis contains the lowlands and some of the hilly terrain.
457:, caused by the ridges on each side moving away from each other. The whole, finger-like arrangement of the ridges in the south Peloponnesus is currently explained as a stretching, or
751:
The dendritic terrain of the upper Alpheios ascends to central Arcadia by steps. The plateau of Megalopoli is intermediate between the lowlands and the capital of Arcadia, modern
1577:
446:. The entire southwest Peloponnesus is split from Arcadia by this great trough, considered two basins, which must have been in place in some form before any extensive dendrism.
1826:
699:
of the Balkans into western Greece, comprising most of the Peloponnesus, and including the southernmost arc of Aegean islands, with Crete, around to the coast of Anatolia (
1236:
1437:
Otherwise unreferenced altitudes and distances were estimated or taken from topographical maps, mainly of Google Maps, or calculated using the Google distance estimator.
461:, of the Peloponnesus in a NE-SW direction, pulling the troughs apart. The division between the ridges occurs because they were primordially compressed together in the
438:, relatively uneroded, suggesting that different types of rock occur on either side. After a divide the ridge continues as Mount Taygetus, and the valley as the
1556:
View available in Google Street View at that location. It may be necessary to search along the road for the culvert, as the thickets are dense and concealing.
409:
Nevertheless, competing villages sometimes claim to own "the source." Moreover, the sources are not geologically stable, but change frequently in history. In
1881:
1256:, p. 4, Fig. 1-1 The figure depicts a catchment outlined in black with the tributaries shown in detail and a terrain map color coding the altitudes.
1607:
1547:
Arcadia, nor would anyone care to visit an open pit-mine except professionally. The damage, however, does not reach to the Alpheios at this location.
1906:
1816:"Spatial Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Values Based on Support Vector Machines Optimized by Genetic Algorithms: The Case of Alfeios Basin, Greece"
1626:"Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Samothraki mafic suite, NE Greece: Trace-element, isotopic and zircon age constraints"
1851:
480:
Fortuitously the right bank of the Alpheios Valley became a defensive zone for the protection of central Arcadia. During the so-called
1896:
1745:"Analysis of factors driving stream water composition and synthesis of management tools—A case study on small/medium Greek catchments"
492:
population there, but could not ascend the right-bank mountains to take central Arcadia. The population there maintained its culture (
542:
Change. A research group of the National Technical University of Athens found the same area, within (but not equal to) the rectangle
1901:
514:
1240:
604:. By HCMR standards, this makes the Alpheios a large river (over 1000 km. basin). The uppermost part of the Alpheios basin, at
375:
1856:
1789:"Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads in Greek Rivers: Implications for Management in Compliance with the Water Framework Directive"
1617:
1739:
This source is a professional study of pollution at Megalopolis due to the coal-burning power plants and open-pit mining.
1484:
254:
1841:
This source publishes mathematical correlations of rainfall in the studied catchment with several geophysical factors.
1105:
390:, where it turns to the west and, after being impounded by the Flokas Dam, a hydroelectric facility, empties into the
1173:, although he transferred the location of the river to Kublai Khan's Mongolia, "where Alph, the sacred river, ran".
917:
1886:
996:
953:
847:
1891:
522:
878:
816:
619:
The major part of the basin is mountainous, with 52.5% of the catchment map being over 600 m. The rest is hilly
488:) from central Greece overran the bronze-age coastal regions of the Peloponnesus, expelling or subjugating the
624:
177:
123:
1876:
576:
359:
1239:(in Greek). Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change. December 2012. p. 38. Archived from
1037:
545:
458:
1659:"Adverse Effects on Alfeios River Basin and an Integrated Management Framework Based on Sustainability"
1658:
1620:(ELSTAT) summarizes population, cultural, and geophysical statistics for the various regions of Greece.
1759:
1714:
1637:
1158:
628:
538:
128:
1165:
because it was believed that her stream had a subterraneous communication with the river Alpheius.
1117:
807:
745:
649:
493:
414:
the Alpheios through underground channels to the "40 rivers" region of the high plateau of central
1413:
496:) and political independence. The Dorians kept the valley, which accounts for the predominance of
1730:
1703:"Environmental study for pollution in the area of Megalopolis power plant (Peloponnesos, Greece)"
1689:
1061:
391:
338:
240:
695:
The Alpheios falls within river zone 3, the Outer Hellenides, an arc-like range continuing the
1775:
1681:
708:
677:
1800:
1767:
1722:
1673:
1645:
685:
662:
489:
462:
415:
50:
1109:
1101:
1065:
792:
752:
681:
481:
439:
387:
28:
669:, when parts of the African plate were being pushed against the Eurasian plate and being
1763:
1718:
1641:
1447:
1125:
1121:
666:
534:
518:
466:
351:
96:
1363:
813:
The single, continuous stream is marked on the current internet topographical maps at
1870:
1734:
1702:
1625:
1057:
806:
The source of the river is on the southeast of the mine in the district still called
733:
443:
435:
334:
77:
1771:
1693:
1073:
765:
700:
696:
654:
470:
399:
465:, becoming different modern zones of rock. Subsequent to the compressional regime
1589:
1388:
1649:
1338:
1049:
689:
513:
In their 2003 master plan for the management of Greek water resources, the then
497:
450:
383:
223:
775:
1726:
1677:
1170:
1069:
1053:
704:
670:
474:
395:
228:
1124:
in a single day, a task which had been presumed to be impossible. A poem by
1011:
998:
968:
955:
932:
919:
893:
880:
862:
849:
831:
818:
591:
578:
560:
547:
269:
256:
192:
179:
1041:
783:
756:
605:
423:
1779:
1685:
950:
Kato Asea. The stream is visible there from the Agorianis-Koronias Road at
1113:
1089:
658:
537:
of the Alpheios. A 2004 study by the Civil Engineering Department of the
379:
163:
645:
17:
1147:
1045:
1033:
796:
760:
729:
609:
485:
477:
and initiated the extensional regime that is opening the Peloponnesus.
330:
1805:
1788:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1085:
1048:
flows into the Alpheios, which continues northwest, passing north of
632:
454:
133:
113:
623:
and flat along the coast (10.5%). The political distribution is 60%
736:, pieced together from satellite photographs and topographic maps.
1823:
Spatial Modeling in GIS and R for Earth and Environmental Sciences
782:
774:
661:
and docked against Eurasia during the compressional regime of the
419:
410:
62:
1578:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Alpheias
67:
Topographical map showing the Alpheios and its major tributaries.
374:, is the main stream of the Alpheios Valley drainage system, a
1092:
ran along this river for most of the length east of Olympia.
1825:. Amsterdam; Oxford; Cambridge: Elsevier Inc. Archived from
386:
of Greece, and flowing to the northwest to the vicinity of
1861:
1821:. In Pourghasemi, Hamid Reza; Gokceoglu, Candan (eds.).
1132:(the Alpheus River), is mainly about this river. In the
684:, which prevailed after 1958. The earliest ideas of the
449:
Scarps along the trough suggest that the two basins are
755:
at 652 m (2,139 ft). Between the two are the
1064:
flow into the Alpheios, which then flows west along
324:
316:
311:
303:
295:
285:
246:
234:
222:
208:
169:
157:
149:
140:
119:
109:
104:
84:
72:
39:
1328:, p. 12, Table 5, Principal rivers of Greece.
1161:, who was transformed into a fountain, was called
1787:Stefanidis, Konstantinos; et al. (2020).
1814:Tsangaratos, Paraskevas; et al. (2019).
1280:, p. 11, Table 1. Surface Area of Greece
484:starting about 1000 BC iron-age highlanders (
8:
1657:Manariotis, Ioannis D.; et al. (2004).
612:, is 868.6 km (335.4 sq mi).
1522:"Εκκλησία στο Ορυχείο της ΔΕΗ στο Ανθοχώρι"
1301:
1289:
1265:
1253:
1211:
728:Lengths, however, like catchments, are not
533:Several figures have been reported for the
88:
1223:
1199:
1804:
1146:as flowing under the sea to resurface at
378:type, originating on the north slopes of
43:Alpheus (Latinized), Alphios (Anglicized)
1743:Skoulikidis, N.Th.; et al. (2006).
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
676:The isotopic zones are a product of the
608:, upstream from its confluence with the
473:, the outer ring of islands, opened the
1701:Sarris, Apostolos; et al. (2009).
1181:
791:The uppermost river is blighted by the
1508:
1471:
1325:
1313:
1277:
36:
1448:"Map of Tripoli, Peloponnese, Greece"
1268:, pp. 214–215, Table 1c, site 32
1120:in order to clean the filth from the
307:3,658 km (1,412 sq mi)
7:
1624:Koglin, Nikola; et al. (2009).
1590:"Alpheus River | river, Greece"
1237:"Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment"
680:theory and its modern development,
442:valley, which extends south to the
1096:Literary fantasies of the Alpheios
25:
1882:Landforms of Arcadia, Peloponnese
1414:"Elevation of Megalopoli, Greece"
1857:Miagric.gr – Alpheios (in Greek)
1752:Science of the Total Environment
1036:it receives its right tributary
707:Peninsula, beyond which are the
529:Classification by catchment area
515:Hellenic Ministry of Development
61:
49:
1772:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.018
382:, located in the center of the
27:For the Greek river deity, see
1907:Rivers of Peloponnese (region)
1618:Hellenic Statistical Authority
1418:Worldwide Elevation Map Finder
1040:, and continues north towards
688:are a product of the previous
509:Classification of the Alpheios
248: • coordinates
171: • coordinates
1:
1112:were two rivers re-routed by
711:and Serbomacedonian massifs.
141:Physical characteristics
1084:The ancient highway linking
287: • elevation
210: • elevation
1650:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.028
650:tectono-stratigraphic units
236: • location
159: • location
1923:
720:The question of the source
504:Hydrologic characteristics
363:
214:380 m (1,250 ft)
26:
1897:Geography of ancient Elis
1727:10.1007/s00254-008-1676-3
1678:10.1007/s00267-004-0069-y
1154:, or "so runs the tale".
1080:The Alpheios in antiquity
933:37.3763095°N 22.1481159°E
779:The valley on a good day.
523:Water Framework Directive
500:architecture at Olympia.
355:
218:
145:
89:
60:
48:
1902:Rivers of Western Greece
1666:Environmental Management
1616:This publication by the
787:The valley on a bad day.
326: • right
299:112 km (70 mi)
34:River in Achaea , Greece
1862:Arcadians.gr (in Greek)
1012:37.545394°N 22.275098°E
969:37.399260°N 22.284982°E
863:37.359884°N 22.136688°E
1600:Reference bibliography
1044:. Below Karytaina the
938:37.3763095; 22.1481159
788:
780:
639:Classification by zone
1707:Environmental Geology
1316:, p. 54, Fig. 1.
1304:, p. 207, Fig. 1
1068:and empties into the
894:37.37650°N 22.14809°E
832:37.36499°N 22.13397°E
786:
778:
370:), sometimes spelled
270:37.61250°N 21.45167°E
80:under Ἀλφός, "white")
1474:, pp. 1772–1773
1243:on 15 February 2020.
1226:, p. 4, Table 1
1017:37.545394; 22.275098
974:37.399260; 22.284982
868:37.359884; 22.136688
621:(100 - 600 m, 36.9%)
539:University of Patras
406:never "the source."
291:0 m (0 ft)
1852:Alpheios (in Greek)
1764:2006ScTEn.362..205S
1719:2009EnGeo..58.1769S
1642:2009Tectp.473...53K
1608:"Greece in Figures"
1568:, Book III, 694–696
1028:Stages of the river
1008: /
965: /
929: /
890: /
859: /
828: /
588: /
557: /
312:Basin features
266: /
189: /
1343:landlifetravel.com
899:37.37650; 22.14809
837:37.36499; 22.13397
789:
781:
690:Geosyncline theory
665:, a branch of the
467:back-arc extension
453:, depressions, or
434:the long ridge of
392:Gulf of Kyparissia
275:37.61250; 21.45167
241:Gulf of Kyparissia
1887:Landforms of Elis
1806:10.3390/w12061531
1612:Greece in Figures
1368:waterdatabase.com
678:Continental drift
592:37.333°N 22.333°E
561:38.000°N 21.250°E
344:
343:
193:37.202°N 22.138°E
16:(Redirected from
1914:
1892:Rivers of Greece
1840:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1783:
1758:(362): 205–241.
1749:
1738:
1713:(8): 1769–1783.
1697:
1663:
1653:
1615:
1614:(January–March).
1594:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
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1360:
1354:
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1351:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:Skoulikidis 2006
1299:
1293:
1290:Tsangaratos 2019
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1266:Skoulikidis 2006
1263:
1257:
1254:Tsangaratos 2019
1251:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1212:Skoulikidis 2006
1209:
1203:
1197:
1130:Le fleuve Alphée
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
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840:
839:
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833:
829:
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825:
824:
821:
715:River morphology
686:Hellenic orogeny
663:Hellenic orogeny
622:
603:
602:
600:
599:
598:
593:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
572:
571:
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463:Hellenic orogeny
365:
357:
327:
281:
280:
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276:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
211:
204:
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185:
182:
172:
160:
100:
92:
91:
65:
53:
37:
21:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1867:
1866:
1848:
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1833:
1829:
1818:
1813:
1786:
1747:
1742:
1700:
1661:
1656:
1623:
1606:ELSTAT (2018).
1605:
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1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1564:
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1489:wondergreece.gr
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1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1389:"Alpheus River"
1387:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1364:"Alfeios River"
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1339:"Alfeios River"
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1224:Stefanidis 2020
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1200:Manariotis 2004
1198:
1183:
1179:
1102:Greek mythology
1098:
1082:
1030:
1016:
1014:
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1007:
1002:
999:
997:
995:
994:
973:
971:
967:
964:
959:
956:
954:
952:
951:
937:
935:
931:
928:
923:
920:
918:
916:
915:
898:
896:
892:
889:
884:
881:
879:
877:
876:
867:
865:
861:
858:
853:
850:
848:
846:
845:
836:
834:
830:
827:
822:
819:
817:
815:
814:
793:open-pit mining
722:
717:
682:plate tectonics
641:
620:
596:
594:
590:
587:
582:
579:
577:
575:
574:
565:
563:
559:
556:
551:
548:
546:
544:
543:
531:
511:
506:
482:Dorian invasion
444:Gulf of Lakonia
325:
288:
274:
272:
268:
265:
260:
257:
255:
253:
252:
249:
237:
209:
197:
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183:
180:
178:
176:
175:
170:
158:
132:
127:
94:
68:
56:
44:
41:
35:
32:
29:Alpheus (deity)
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1846:External links
1844:
1843:
1842:
1811:
1799:(1531): 1531.
1784:
1740:
1698:
1672:(2): 261–269.
1654:
1636:(473): 53–68.
1630:Tectonophysics
1621:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1581:
1570:
1558:
1549:
1539:
1513:
1511:, p. 1775
1501:
1476:
1464:
1452:ClimaTemps.com
1439:
1430:
1405:
1393:Britannica.com
1380:
1355:
1330:
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1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1142:describes the
1126:Roger Caillois
1122:Augean Stables
1097:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1029:
1026:
721:
718:
716:
713:
667:Alpine orogeny
640:
637:
597:37.333; 22.333
566:38.000; 21.250
535:catchment area
530:
527:
519:European Union
510:
507:
505:
502:
494:Arcado-Cypriot
380:Mount Taygetus
342:
341:
328:
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198:37.202; 22.138
173:
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161:
155:
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151:
147:
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143:
142:
138:
137:
121:
120:Regional units
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
86:
82:
81:
76:"whitewater" (
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
55:Lower Alpheios
54:
46:
45:
42:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1919:
1908:
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1878:
1877:Alfeios basin
1875:
1874:
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1850:
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1832:on 2021-06-07
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1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:, p. 206
1213:
1208:
1205:
1202:, p. 262
1201:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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990:
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785:
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762:
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735:
734:conformal map
731:
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702:
698:
693:
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648:") zones, or
647:
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536:
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526:
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487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
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460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Eurotas River
437:
436:Mount Lykaion
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
360:Ancient Greek
353:
349:
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336:
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323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
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298:
294:
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284:
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98:
87:
83:
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64:
59:
52:
47:
38:
30:
19:
1834:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1822:
1796:
1792:
1755:
1751:
1710:
1706:
1669:
1665:
1633:
1629:
1611:
1584:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1241:the original
1231:
1219:
1207:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1118:fifth labour
1099:
1083:
1031:
991:
987:
983:
948:
912:
908:
812:
805:
801:
790:
770:
750:
742:
738:
727:
723:
701:Hellenic arc
694:
675:
642:
618:
614:
532:
512:
479:
471:Hellenic arc
451:rift valleys
448:
432:
428:
408:
404:
384:Peloponnesus
371:
367:
347:
345:
1509:Sarris 2009
1472:Sarris 2009
1326:ELSTAT 2018
1314:Koglin 2009
1292:, p. 4
1278:ELSTAT 2018
1056:the rivers
1050:Andritsaina
1015: /
972: /
936: /
897: /
866: /
835: /
595: /
564: /
317:Tributaries
273: /
196: /
85:Native name
1871:Categories
1836:2021-06-07
1528:(in Greek)
1526:Greece.com
1177:References
1171:Kubla Khan
1157:The nymph
1070:Ionian Sea
1062:Erymanthos
1054:Tripotamia
1003:22°16′30″E
1000:37°32′43″N
960:22°17′06″E
957:37°23′57″N
924:22°08′53″E
921:37°22′35″N
885:22°08′53″E
882:37°22′35″N
854:22°08′12″E
851:37°21′36″N
823:22°08′02″E
820:37°21′54″N
808:Anthochori
746:Megalopoli
673:under it.
655:Tethys Sea
631:, and 10%
521:until the
475:Aegean Sea
396:Ionian Sea
339:Erymanthos
304:Basin size
258:37°36′45″N
229:Ionian Sea
184:22°08′17″E
181:37°12′07″N
1735:129089488
1485:"Alfeios"
1128:, called
1072:south of
1042:Karytaina
1038:Elissonas
757:Tsemperou
705:Chalcidic
697:Dinarides
671:subducted
606:Karytaina
490:Mycenaean
459:extension
426:, etc.).
424:Mantineia
398:south of
376:dendritic
261:21°27′6″E
73:Etymology
1780:16183103
1694:28253690
1686:15559949
1163:Alpheias
1159:Arethusa
1114:Heracles
1090:Kalamata
730:geodetic
659:Gondwana
418:(around
366:, Latin
348:Alpheios
164:Falaisia
153:Alpheios
105:Location
40:Alpheios
18:Alpheios
1760:Bibcode
1715:Bibcode
1638:Bibcode
1532:25 June
1494:22 June
1457:20 June
1423:18 June
1398:20 June
1373:20 June
1348:19 June
1148:Ortygia
1144:Alpheus
1116:in his
1110:Alpheus
1066:Olympia
1052:. Near
1046:Lousios
1034:Thoknia
797:lignite
761:Mainalo
753:Tripoli
709:Rhodope
625:Arcadia
610:Lousios
583:22°20′E
580:37°20′N
552:21°15′E
486:Dorians
469:of the
416:Arcadia
394:of the
388:Olympia
372:Alfeiós
368:Alpheus
364:Ἀλφειός
356:Αλφειός
331:Lousios
124:Arcadia
110:Country
90:Αλφειός
1778:
1733:
1692:
1684:
1566:Aeneid
1152:Sicily
1140:Virgil
1135:Aeneid
1106:Peneus
1104:, the
1086:Patras
1074:Pyrgos
646:facies
633:Achaea
627:, 30%
549:38°0′N
455:graben
400:Pyrgos
320:
296:Length
150:Source
134:Achaea
114:Greece
93:
1830:(PDF)
1819:(PDF)
1793:Water
1748:(PDF)
1731:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1662:(PDF)
1058:Ladon
657:from
498:Doric
420:Tegea
411:karst
352:Greek
335:Ladon
224:Mouth
97:Greek
78:Frisk
1776:PMID
1682:PMID
1534:2021
1496:2021
1459:2021
1425:2021
1400:2021
1375:2021
1350:2021
1108:and
1088:and
1060:and
766:Asea
759:and
629:Elis
573:and
422:and
346:The
129:Elis
1801:doi
1768:doi
1756:362
1723:doi
1674:doi
1646:doi
1634:473
1150:on
1100:In
1032:At
875:or
795:of
136:10%
131:30%
126:60%
1873::
1797:12
1795:.
1791:.
1774:.
1766:.
1754:.
1750:.
1729:.
1721:.
1711:58
1709:.
1705:.
1688:.
1680:.
1670:34
1668:.
1664:.
1644:.
1632:.
1628:.
1610:.
1524:.
1487:.
1450:.
1416:.
1391:.
1366:.
1341:.
1184:^
1138:,
1076:.
906:.
768:.
362::
358:,
354::
337:,
333:,
1839:.
1809:.
1803::
1782:.
1770::
1762::
1737:.
1725::
1717::
1696:.
1676::
1652:.
1648::
1640::
1592:.
1536:.
1498:.
1461:.
1427:.
1402:.
1377:.
1352:.
350:(
99:)
95:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
