165:
290:
158:
47:
1062:
1048:
884:; estimated precipitation rises from 200 millimetres per year (7.9 in/year) at 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) to 300–400 millimetres per year (12–16 in/year) at 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) elevation mostly during summer, although rainfall might exceed 400 millimetres per year (16 in/year). During the night the temperatures can fall to under −20 °C (−4 °F).
564:, the mountain was more extensively glaciated, with about nine glaciers surrounding it including a subsidiary summit to the south. Former glaciers did reach lengths of 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) and their tongues descended to elevations of 4,240 metres (13,910 ft) on the northern, eastern and southern flanks; they have left well developed
506:
The mountain is most commonly stated to be maximally 5,995 metres (19,669 ft) high, but a higher heights or a lower height of 5,982 metres (19,626 ft) are also possible. It is the highest peak in the region. Sillajhuay is part of a larger massif that rises 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above
2856:
Pritchard, M.E.; Henderson, S.T.; Jay, J.A.; Soler, V.; Krzesni, D.A.; Button, N.E.; Welch, M.D.; Semple, A.G.; Glass, B.; Sunagua, M.; Minaya, E.; Amigo, A.; Clavero, J. (June 2014). "Reconnaissance earthquake studies at nine volcanic areas of the central Andes with coincident satellite thermal and
2700:
Ward, K. M.; Wilder, A.; Spica, Z.; Perkins, J. P.; Muir, D.; McFarlin, H.; Naranjo, J. A.; Legrand, D.; Lopez, T.; Jay, J. A.; Henderson, S. T.; Farrell, A.; Diez, M.; Díaz, D.; Potro, R. del; Comeau, M. J.; Alvizuri, C.; Unsworth, M. J.; Sunagua, M.; Sparks, R. S. J.; Minaya, E.; Finnegan, N. J.;
608:
Erosion has cut steep valleys into the massif; these include clockwise the Rio Blanco southeast, Ricon
Tacurma south, Quebrada Mina Chucha southwest, Quebrada Seca northwest and Quebrada Quisimachiri north-northwest of the volcano. These valleys reach up to the summit plateau and contain perennial
511:
terrain to a median elevation of 5,030 metres (16,500 ft) elevation. Subsidiary summits in the massif include the 5,060 metres (16,600 ft) high Cerro
Carvinto southwest of Sillajhuay, the 5,403 metres (17,726 ft) Cerro Picavilque west-northwest of Sillajhuay, 5,234 metres
919:
can sometimes reach
Sillajhuay in winter but are uncommon. In the past, such as 28,000, 8,000 and 3,700 - 1,500 years ago the climate was more humid and this led frequently to glacier advances when it was also cold enough. In return, glaciers on Sillajhuay may have enhanced the
394:
lie 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) southeast and 18 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of
Sillajhuay, respectively, and a road runs west of the volcano. The volcano is also known as Alto Toroni, Sillajguay, or sometimes Candelaria. The name "Sillajhuay" means "devil's chair" in
737:
called the
Utayane Formation. Along with the Utayane, andesitic volcanism led to the emplacement of additional andesitic lava formations such as the Puchuldiza and Chojña Chaya Formations. Rhyolitic ignimbritic volcanism however continued and was accompanied during the
556:
of the Andes. Between 1989 and 2011 the firn lost over half of its surface, interrupted by some small advances, and further retreat is likely. Ice loss between 2000 and 2003 amounted to about 0.03 square kilometres (0.012 sq mi).
3005:
Tassi, F.; Aguilera, F.; Darrah, T.; Vaselli, O.; Capaccioni, B.; Poreda, R.J.; Delgado
Huertas, A. (April 2010). "Fluid geochemistry of hydrothermal systems in the Arica-Parinacota, Tarapacá and Antofagasta regions (northern Chile)".
623:
The valleys descending the volcano have steep slopes, the Rio Blanco valley for example has a 1.1 kilometres (0.68 mi) drop over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). All the drainages from
Sillajhuay eventually flow eastward towards the
687:
ones. These belts of active volcanism occur where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South
America Plate at a steep angle, while in the volcanically inactive gaps between them the subduction is much shallower; thus there is no
516:
due east and 5,874 metres (19,271 ft) Morro
Chuncaron and Alto Totoni northeast. Generally, the massif is elongated northeastwards and its summit region is poorly accessible. Above 4,100 metres (13,500 ft) elevation,
935:
leads to a strongly diurnal temperature cycle on the mountain with a day-night temperature gradient of about 45 K (81 °F) that in some environments can increase to over 80 K (140 °F); there are thus active
1532:
Karátson, D.; Telbisz, T.; Wörner, G. (15 February 2012). "Erosion rates and erosion patterns of
Neogene to Quaternary stratovolcanoes in the Western Cordillera of the Central Andes: An SRTM DEM based analysis".
1012:
although dates obtained directly on the volcanic rocks from Sillajhuay imply ages of as much as 2.47 ± 0.06 million years ago. Most volcanic activity probably took place around 600,000 - 400,000 years ago with
591:
are found on the southern side of Sillajhuay and mostly in the Rincon Tucuruma valley; they occur at elevations of 5,200 metres (17,100 ft) and the longest reaches a length of 500 metres (1,600 ft).
1017:
yielding an age of 890,000 ± 500,000 years ago. Very young activity may have formed some gravel plains in the river valleys, when the heat from the eruption melted the permafrost of the summit region.
1116:
1108:
671:
at a pace of 7–9 centimetres per year (2.8–3.5 in/year) and 2 centimetres per year (0.79 in/year), respectively, resulting in volcanic activity and geothermal manifestations in the
1004:
age, although the lack of detailed study precludes a precise dating of volcanic activity. The strong glacial modification implies that volcanism at Sillajhuay took place during the older
576:. The lowest moraines are found on the eastern flank, with the northern flanks having the highest moraines and the southern flank moraines reaching intermediate elevations. Some ancient
1697:
552:
unless they are buried beneath a snow cover. Some sources consider Sillajhuay's firn a glacier however, in which case it would be considered to be the southernmost glacier north of the
1080:
746:
and are mostly uneroded and not affected by tectonic deformation. Sillajhuay developed during this time period. Finally, the mountains were altered by at least two cycles of
452:(CVZ) are relatively poorly researched and many exceed 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) of elevation. Some of these volcanoes were active during historical time; these include
2006:
Ammann, Caspar; Jenny, Bettina; Kammer, Klaus; Messerli, Bruno (August 2001). "Late Quaternary Glacier response to humidity changes in the arid Andes of Chile (18–29°S)".
3816:
1020:
However, between 2007 and 2010 a ground uplift of about 6 centimetres (2.4 in) was observed as Sillajhuay over an area 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide. In addition
809:
rises north of Sillajhuay, the volcanic centres of Churullo northwest and the volcanic chain Pumiri northeast of Sillajhuay form the rest of the neighbouring centres.
3846:
2838:"Variación espacio-temporal de la extensión de la superfi cie glaciar en el cerro Sillajhuay entre 1989 y 2011, comuna de Pica-Colchane, Región de Tarapacá, Chile"
342:. The volcano was active within the last one million years, but not within recent times considering the heavy glacial erosion of the mountain and the widespread
2423:
892:
with rare trees form the vegetation, mostly on the eastern flank and sometimes reaching high elevations. Among the plant species that grow in the area are
1625:(1 September 1990). "The Nevados de Payachata volcanic region (18°S/69°W, N. Chile) II. Evidence for widespread crustal involvement in Andean magmatism".
3142:
2701:
Christensen, D. H.; Blundy, J.; West, M. E.; Gottsmann, J.; McNutt, S. R.; Zandt, G.; Michelfelder, G.; Silva, S. L. de; Pritchard, M. E. (1 June 2018).
548:
occurs on the mountain at elevations of over 5,750 metres (18,860 ft) and is visible over large distances but there are no presently active, moving
1231:
2757:
Barcaza, Gonzalo; Nussbaumer, Samuel U.; Tapia, Guillermo; Valdés, Javier; García, Juan-Luis; Videla, Yohan; Albornoz, Amapola; Arias, Víctor (2017).
1457:
RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics, Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Теория языка. Семиотика. Семантика
1354:
2358:"Geochemistry and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of lavas from Tunupa volcano, Bolivia: Implications for plateau volcanism in the central Andean Plateau"
628:. On the southern flank of Sillajhuay, the Rio Blanco and the Ricon Tacurma drain into the Rio Ocacucho; there was formerly a lake known as the
3806:
2917:
2433:
2406:
3831:
386:) although only a small easterly sector of the mountain is located in Bolivia. The volcano lies in a thinly inhabited region; the towns of
2895:
1768:
758:
The regional geography is characterized by north–south trending mountain chains which are separated by relatively flat plains covered by
525:; below that elevation volcanic landforms are more clearly expressed. The volcano was the source of 30–90 metres (98–295 ft) thick
675:. Present-day volcanism occurs within four discrete belts: the NVZ (between 2°N–5°S), the CVZ (16°S–28°S), the SVZ (33°S–46°S) and the
3821:
679:(AVZ) (49°S-55°S). Between them they contain about 60 active volcanoes and 118 volcanoes which appear to have been active during the
3826:
2962:
Nuevos antecedentes estratigráficos y geocronológicos del Altiplano de Tarapacá : Carta geológica del área Pampa Lirima-Cancosa
941:
114:
99:
915:
lead to the arrival of moisture, leading to a predominant summer precipitation. The climate becomes even drier farther south.
3135:
2809:
157:
2904:
3048:
3841:
107:
3811:
1842:
529:
that reached lengths of about 14–5 kilometres (8.7–3.1 mi) and valleys occur all around it. Farther west lie the
294:
3598:
3167:
1075:
833:
684:
545:
632:
south of Sillajhuay. There is evidence that during the middle Pleistocene, a landslide from Sillajhuay dammed the
3485:
3128:
3044:
2906:
Geomorphologische Kartierung und Diversitätsbestimmung der Periglazialformen am Cerro Sillajhuay (Chile/Bolivien)
2896:
Periglazial des Cerro Sillajhuay im Sommerregengebiet der Atacama (Chile/Bolivien) : Bericht zum DFG-Projekt
1622:
969:
797:
formation was increased. The mountain is also part of the Serranía Intersalar mountain chain which separates the
461:
347:
202:
3836:
1100:
3668:
1429:
2837:
2703:"Synthesis: PLUTONS: Investigating the relationship between pluton growth and volcanism in the Central Andes"
1145:
3688:
2821:
Dem Generation from Aster Satellite Data for Geomorphometric Analysis of Cerro Sillajhuay , Chile / Bolivia
1671:
1204:
530:
3350:
1838:
1371:
1141:
1014:
500:
496:
241:
82:
72:
3340:
3300:
1157:
676:
584:. The extent of glacial erosion suggests that at least two stages of glaciation occurred at Sillajhuay.
449:
323:. It is part of a volcanic chain that stretches across the border between Bolivia and Chile and forms a
263:
3663:
3608:
945:
907:
off the coast, which cools the atmosphere and reduces evaporation. Only during the summer months does
742:
by the uplift of mountain ranges. Eventually large central volcanoes developed during the Miocene and
416:
About 50 different volcanoes and geothermal features have been active in the Central Andes during the
3703:
3673:
3643:
3603:
3540:
3525:
3415:
3277:
3151:
3063:
3015:
2935:
2866:
2770:
2737:
2714:
2554:
2015:
1634:
1538:
1453:"Structural-and-Semantic Analysis of Oronyms of Chile, Структурно-семантический анализ оронимов Чили"
1452:
441:
1036:
may still exist below the volcano and that it should be classified as a potentially active volcano.
289:
3628:
3232:
1236:
708:
664:
641:
637:
280:
228:
1396:
Schröder, Hilmar (1999). "Vergleichende Periglazialmorphologie im Sommerregengebiet der Atacama".
1029:
391:
3761:
3593:
3320:
3089:
2824:
2578:
1650:
900:
817:
633:
617:
581:
94:
1479:
3751:
3708:
3683:
3545:
3222:
3187:
3172:
3043:
Wörner, G.; Harmon, R. S.; Davidson, J.; Moorbath, S.; Turner, D. L.; McMillan, N.; Nyes, C.;
3031:
2947:
2913:
2882:
2805:
2788:
2634:
2570:
2429:
2402:
2379:
2031:
1772:
1621:
Davidson, Jon P.; McMillan, Nancy J.; Moorbath, Stephen; Wörner, Gerhard; Harmon, Russell S.;
1460:
980:
mines; estimated deposits are 3,200,000 tonnes (3,100,000 long tons; 3,500,000 short tons) of
961:
937:
668:
629:
371:
3766:
3756:
3678:
3658:
3613:
3490:
3455:
3217:
3192:
3079:
3071:
3023:
2993:
2966:
2874:
2778:
2732:
2722:
2562:
2369:
2356:
Salisbury, Morgan J.; Kent, Adam J.R.; Jiménez, Néstor; Jicha, Brian R. (29 December 2014).
2023:
1642:
1586:
1546:
1405:
1367:
1053:
985:
964:
ruins on the summit; there are a number of such high altitude ruins in the Andes such as at
904:
881:
798:
625:
513:
457:
445:
433:
198:
730:
Incaic deformation phase this basement was uplifted and eroded and subsequently covered by
46:
3583:
3555:
3420:
3242:
3182:
1794:
861:
806:
790:
783:
657:
561:
522:
481:
396:
383:
324:
3648:
3067:
3019:
2870:
2774:
2718:
2558:
2019:
1638:
1542:
3475:
3400:
2936:"Limnische Sedimentationen des Holozäns im Becken von Cancosa (Provinz Iquique, Chile)"
1067:
1032:
field 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Sillajhuay. These patterns indicate that
802:
712:
693:
640:
was deposited. Farther west, away from Sillajhuay, drainages conversely descend to the
569:
565:
477:
343:
209:
2759:"Glacier inventory and recent glacier variations in the Andes of Chile, South America"
2027:
3800:
3723:
3718:
3698:
3330:
3202:
3093:
3027:
2987:
2965:. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Serie Geología Básica (in Spanish). Vol. 182.
2960:
2878:
2582:
1153:
857:
716:
689:
683:, not including potentially active very large silicic volcanic systems or very small
600:
processes are common on the southern and northern-northwestern flanks of the massif.
553:
492:
258:
87:
1746:
1654:
1591:
1574:
984:
with 47% sulfur. The area has also been prospected for the possibility of obtaining
521:
has eroded the massif and thus the volcano is heavily degraded with no recognizable
3771:
3733:
3510:
3450:
3375:
2978:
2828:
1550:
1061:
988:.The first recorded climb was by Friedrich Adolf Ernest Ahlfeld (Germany) in 1926.
965:
925:
782:
age. Some of these ignimbrites have been identified as the 19.38 million years old
610:
609:
rivers; additional valleys contain ephemeral streams, and they are often linked to
593:
588:
469:
275:
254:
1721:
1008:. The maximum age of 730,000 ± 160,000 years is set by the age of the underlying
3728:
3578:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3370:
3177:
3109:
2997:
1409:
1149:
1005:
1001:
916:
841:
793:
that Sillajhuay is part of, perpendicular to the main strike of the Andes where
771:
653:
597:
425:
375:
1047:
3638:
3470:
3465:
3425:
3395:
3305:
3272:
3267:
3227:
1356:
Glaciares de roca en la Alta Cordillera de Iquique – Región de Tarapacá, Chile
1043:
1025:
1009:
932:
908:
849:
837:
825:
789:
Tectonic stress during the subduction process has led to the development of a
786:, the much younger Ujina Tsu ignimbrite and finally the Pastillos Ignimbrite.
763:
759:
747:
734:
660:
518:
421:
339:
3035:
2951:
2886:
2792:
2574:
2383:
2035:
1464:
129:
116:
3588:
3573:
3550:
3515:
3495:
3480:
3335:
3315:
949:
912:
829:
775:
731:
727:
704:
526:
489:
3197:
2638:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2401:(1. ed.). Santiago, Chile: Instituto geografico militar. p. 132.
17:
3776:
3713:
3653:
3623:
3530:
3460:
3390:
3385:
3355:
3325:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3237:
3084:
1124:
997:
921:
779:
767:
743:
720:
680:
508:
473:
453:
417:
379:
283:
but first recorded ascent 1926 - Friedrich Adolf Ernest Ahlfeld (Germany)
233:
2804:(in German). Verlag des Geographischen Institutes der Universität Bern.
2783:
2758:
2545:
Brüggen, J. (April 1929). "Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden".
2218:
2216:
1858:
1856:
484:(50–70 kilometres (31–43 mi)) and the volcanic rocks have peculiar
472:. Other volcanoes in the CVZ that have been the subject of research are
3618:
3535:
3520:
3505:
3410:
3380:
3212:
3207:
3075:
2727:
2702:
2630:
2566:
1646:
1137:
1021:
845:
739:
723:
573:
549:
387:
363:
332:
316:
312:
246:
190:
3693:
3633:
3500:
3435:
3405:
3365:
3345:
3310:
3282:
2324:
2322:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2071:
2069:
1977:
1975:
1890:
1888:
977:
973:
893:
853:
821:
813:
700:
614:
485:
465:
429:
62:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
3120:
2374:
2357:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1487:
Boletin de la Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Estudios Historicos Americans
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
346:
modifications. Non-eruptive activity however occurs in the form of
3360:
3247:
1333:
1331:
1033:
889:
885:
865:
794:
672:
410:
367:
359:
320:
288:
216:
194:
468:; the largest historical eruption of the CVZ occurred in 1600 at
3049:"The Nevados de Payachata volcanic region (18°S/69°W, N. Chile)"
2986:
Selles, Daniel; Gardeweg, M; Garibaldi, Nicolás (28 June 2018).
2912:(in German). Erlangen: Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
1451:
Bobylyova, E. S.; Сергеевна, Бобылева Елена (15 December 2016).
1120:
1112:
1104:
877:
577:
541:
437:
3124:
968:. This site was discovered in 2013 by the Scottish mountaineer
2339:
2337:
981:
696:
of the subducting plate and the overriding plate in the gaps.
328:
2191:
2189:
2187:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
805:
and lacks recent volcanic activity. Another isolated volcano
636:
and generated a body of water, into which the Cancosa Strata
2270:
2258:
1954:
1918:
1698:"USGS EROS Archive - Digital Elevation - SRTM Coverage Maps"
1605:
1575:"Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting"
1297:
1295:
1293:
3788:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
335:
is debatable but it has been retreating in recent decades.
2989:
Geología del área Pampa Lirima-Cancosa, Región de Tarapacá
2819:
Kamp, Ulrich; Bolch, Tobias; Olsenholler, Jeffrey (2002).
2687:
2675:
2612:
2246:
1519:
1507:
2940:
Mitteilungen der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft
2934:
Schröder, Hilmar; Bolch, Tobias; Kröber, Gunter (1999).
2894:
Schröder, Hilmar; Kröber, Gunter; Bolch, Tobias (1998).
711:
and associated subvolcanic bodies, such as the Alantaya
2651:
2595:
2294:
2282:
2234:
2222:
1862:
2843:(in Spanish). Sociedad Chilena de Ciencias Geográficas
1353:
Gardeweg, Moyra P.; Delcorto, Luis A. (October 2015).
1081:
List of Andean peaks with known pre-Columbian ascents
960:
The summit of Sillajhuay can be climbed and features
2532:
2496:
2460:
2328:
2313:
2178:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2099:
2075:
2048:
1993:
1981:
1894:
1430:"British climber discovers high altitude Inca ruins"
1191:
3742:
3564:
3291:
3158:
2663:
2508:
2484:
2207:
2159:
2111:
2087:
2060:
1906:
1879:
1480:"Fundamentos étnicos de la región de Arica y Tacna"
1337:
1028:can be observed close to Sillajhuay, including the
824:-containing porphyry which has a yellow colour and
274:
269:
252:
240:
227:
222:
208:
186:
145:
106:
93:
81:
71:
61:
56:
34:
2008:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2959:Sellés, D.; Gardeweg, M.; Garibaldi, N. (2015).
1616:
1614:
1348:
1346:
1140:is 4,262 metres (13,983 ft), leading to a
940:. The warming also leads to the development of
613:down where eroded material has been deposited.
3008:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2859:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2428:. Geological Society of America. p. 248.
2422:Harmon, Russell S.; Rapela, Carlos W. (1991).
1423:
1421:
1419:
924:supply to other mountains in the area such as
3136:
2520:
2472:
2448:
2343:
2195:
1825:
1301:
928:, allowing them to develop glaciers as well.
699:Among the oldest volcanics in the region are
533:which form a volcanic chain with Sillajhuay.
177:Location in Bolivia, on the border with Chile
8:
2823:. ASPRS 2003 Annual Conference Proceedings.
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
512:(17,172 ft) high Cerro Irpa southeast,
1966:
1322:
762:sediments. Sillajhuay lies on top of older
404:
3143:
3129:
3121:
1024:activity was recorded at the volcano, and
976:takes place east of Sillajhuay, including
596:landforms and other surfaces generated by
338:The volcano has developed on top of older
331:; whether this ice should be considered a
31:
3083:
2782:
2738:1983/cf804ce1-dcfa-4abf-b2e3-0f267f7feed1
2736:
2726:
2425:Andean Magmatism and Its Tectonic Setting
2373:
1843:"Salinas de Garci-Mendoza Bolivia; Chile"
1666:
1664:
1627:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1590:
996:The whole volcano is considered to be of
480:. The CVZ has a characteristically thick
3817:International mountains of South America
2903:Schröder, Hilmar; Bolch, Tobias (2001).
1769:"Copernicus Space Component Data Access"
1716:
1714:
766:, which in turn were emplaced on top of
1847:Latin America, Joint Operations Graphic
1173:
1144:of 1,733 metres (5,686 ft) with a
1092:
3847:Volcanoes of Arica y Parinacota Region
2800:Jenny, Bettina; Kammer, Klaus (1996).
1672:"Alto Toroni / Sillajguay/ Candelaria"
1205:"Alto Toroni / Sillajguay/ Candelaria"
1107:yields 5,981 metres (19,623 ft),
828:deposits; the volcanic rocks define a
2802:Climate Change in den trockenen Anden
2652:Selles, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2018
2596:Selles, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2018
2295:Sellés, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2015
2283:Sellés, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2015
2235:Selles, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2018
2223:Sellés, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2015
1942:
1930:
1863:Selles, Gardeweg & Garibaldi 2018
1573:Stern, Charles R. (1 December 2004).
1284:
1272:
1226:
1224:
7:
1795:"Andean Mountains - All above 5000m"
1428:Griffin, Lindsay (21 October 2013).
1362:. 14th Chilean Geological Congress.
1160:is 183.8 kilometres (114.2 mi).
860:of volcanic rocks indicate a strong
2533:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2497:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2461:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2329:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2314:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2179:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2148:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2136:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2124:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2100:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2076:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
2049:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
1994:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
1982:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
1895:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
1192:Kamp, Bolch & Olsenholler 2002
1123:5,966 metres (19,573 ft) and
164:
25:
3047:; Moreno, H. (1 September 1988).
2664:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
2509:Schröder, Bolch & Kröber 1999
2485:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
2208:Schröder, Bolch & Kröber 1999
2160:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
2112:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
2088:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
2061:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
1907:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
1880:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
1338:Schröder, Kröber & Bolch 1998
942:mountain breeze and valley breeze
899:The dry climate is caused by the
868:that were erupted at Sillajhuay.
3028:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.02.006
2879:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.05.004
1432:. British Mountaineering Council
1060:
1046:
163:
156:
45:
2898:(Report) (in German). Erlangen.
2397:Gonzalez-Ferran, Oscar (1994).
1592:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001
1119:5,981 metres (19,623 ft),
1111:5,966 metres (19,573 ft),
707:volcanics known as the Icanche
420:, with earthquakes observed at
1551:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.010
1127:6,023 metres (19,760 ft).
1:
3807:Mountains of Oruro Department
2028:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00306-6
1370:. p. 726. Archived from
358:Sillajhuay is located in the
67:5,982 m (19,626 ft)
51:Sillajhuay seen from the west
3110:"Alto Toroni, Bolivia/Chile"
715:complex. These also include
77:1,733 m (5,686 ft)
27:Volcano in Bolivia and Chile
3832:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
2998:10.13140/rg.2.2.35023.18086
1410:10.3112/erdkunde.1999.02.03
354:Geography and geomorphology
327:that is in part covered by
3863:
1579:Revista Geológica de Chile
1232:"Cordillera de Sillajhuay"
1136:The height of the nearest
1076:List of mountains in Chile
620:are active on the massif.
3785:
2521:Schröder & Bolch 2001
2473:Schröder & Bolch 2001
2449:Schröder & Bolch 2001
2344:Schröder & Bolch 2001
2196:Schröder & Bolch 2001
1826:Schröder & Bolch 2001
1302:Schröder & Bolch 2001
812:The volcano is formed by
350:and earthquake activity.
150:
44:
39:
3827:Pliocene stratovolcanoes
2625:Meciani, Pietro (1965).
1101:digital elevation models
876:The mountain lies in an
448:. Most volcanoes of the
3056:Bulletin of Volcanology
1967:Jenny & Kammer 1996
1849:(2 ed.). 1:250000.
1726:ssl.jspacesystems.or.jp
1623:Lopez-Escobar, Leopoldo
1459:(in Russian) (2): 126.
1323:Jenny & Kammer 1996
1146:topographical dominance
901:South East Pacific High
560:In the past during the
405:
40:Alto Toroni, Sillajguay
3565:Southern Volcanic Zone
3351:Andagua volcanic field
3159:Northern Volcanic Zone
2836:Lobos, Felipe (2013).
2633:: Tamari. p. 72.
1839:Defense Mapping Agency
1767:TanDEM-X, TerraSAR-X.
1364:biblioteca.sernageomin
1142:topographic prominence
1015:potassium-argon dating
948:as well as occasional
903:and compounded by the
880:region and features a
872:Climate and vegetation
774:and volcanic rocks of
501:Northern Volcanic Zone
497:Southern Volcanic Zone
362:on the border between
315:on the border between
297:
3743:Austral Volcanic Zone
3669:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
3341:Huambo volcanic field
3292:Central Volcanic Zone
2857:InSAR observations".
2688:Pritchard et al. 2014
2613:Pritchard et al. 2014
2547:Geologische Rundschau
1520:Pritchard et al. 2014
1508:Pritchard et al. 2014
1158:Topographic isolation
677:Austral Volcanic Zone
580:have been overrun by
572:and various types of
531:Cerros de Quimsachata
507:the surrounding flat
495:in comparison to the
450:Central Volcanic Zone
293:Sillajhuay seen from
292:
264:Central Volcanic Zone
130:19.74222°S 68.69056°W
3822:Bolivia–Chile border
3278:Licto volcanic field
2763:Annals of Glaciology
1722:"ASTER GDEM Project"
1696:USGS, EROS Archive.
726:. During the Eocene-
135:-19.74222; -68.69056
3842:Pleistocene Bolivia
3068:1988BVol...50..287W
3020:2010JVGR..192....1T
2871:2014JVGR..280...90P
2784:10.1017/aog.2017.28
2775:2017AnGla..58..166B
2719:2018Geosp..14..954P
2559:1929GeoRu..20....1B
2020:2001PPP...172..313A
1955:Barcaza et al. 2017
1919:Barcaza et al. 2017
1747:"ALOS GDEM Project"
1639:1990CoMP..105..412D
1543:2012Geomo.139..122K
1237:GEOnet Names Server
844:, with less common
665:South America Plate
642:Pampa del Tamarugal
348:surface deformation
126: /
3812:Mountains of Chile
3664:Carrán-Los Venados
3609:Nevados de Chillán
3594:Descabezado Grande
3076:10.1007/BF01073587
2769:(75pt2): 166–180.
2728:10.1130/GES01578.1
2567:10.1007/bf01805072
2271:Wörner et al. 1988
2261:, p. 287,288.
2259:Wörner et al. 1988
1647:10.1007/BF00286829
1606:Wörner et al. 1988
1478:Uhle, Max (1919).
938:freeze-thaw cycles
403:may also refer to
298:
203:Arica y Parinacota
57:Highest point
3794:
3793:
3604:Nevado de Longaví
3546:Cueros de Purulla
3526:Cordón del Azufre
3188:Nevado del Tolima
3045:Lopez-Escobar, L.
2919:978-3-920405-88-9
2676:Tassi et al. 2010
2523:, pp. 13–14.
2435:978-0-8137-2265-8
2408:978-956-202-054-1
2399:Volcanes de Chile
2247:Tassi et al. 2010
1799:Andes Specialists
1676:Andes Specialists
1209:Andes Specialists
946:convective clouds
864:influence on the
669:Peru-Chile Trench
630:Cancosa paleolake
287:
286:
16:(Redirected from
3854:
3789:
3659:Mocho-Choshuenco
3193:Nevado del Huila
3152:Andean volcanoes
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3117:
3097:
3087:
3053:
3039:
3001:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2969:. pp. 77–80
2955:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2815:
2796:
2786:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1775:on 12 April 2020
1771:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1537:. 139–140: 122.
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1425:
1414:
1413:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1377:on June 22, 2018
1376:
1361:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1258:Pietro Meciani.
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1161:
1134:
1128:
1099:Other data from
1097:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1054:Volcanoes portal
1051:
1050:
992:Eruptive history
986:geothermal power
911:on the Bolivian
905:Humboldt Current
799:Salar de Coipasa
784:Oxaya Ignimbrite
626:Salar de Coipasa
514:Cerro Candelaria
408:
212:
167:
166:
160:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
49:
32:
21:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3837:Neogene Bolivia
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3744:
3738:
3566:
3560:
3556:Ojos del Salado
3486:Aguas Calientes
3293:
3287:
3183:Nevado del Ruiz
3160:
3154:
3149:
3108:
3105:
3103:Further reading
3100:
3051:
3042:
3004:
2985:
2972:
2970:
2958:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:, pp. 5–6.
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1861:
1854:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
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1719:
1712:
1702:
1700:
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1690:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1572:
1571:
1558:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1148:of 28.91%. Its
1135:
1131:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1042:
994:
958:
882:montane climate
874:
807:Cerro Cariquima
756:
658:Antarctic Plate
650:
606:
570:glacial valleys
562:Late Quaternary
539:
384:Tarapaca Region
356:
325:mountain massif
303:(also known as
210:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
168:
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Purico complex
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3114:Peakbagger.com
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3062:(5): 287–303.
3040:
3002:
2983:
2956:
2946:(1): 217–230.
2931:
2918:
2900:
2891:
2853:
2833:
2816:
2810:
2797:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2692:
2690:, p. 102.
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2617:
2600:
2588:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2511:, p. 220.
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2434:
2414:
2407:
2389:
2375:10.1130/L399.1
2348:
2333:
2318:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2273:, p. 289.
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2212:
2210:, p. 221.
2200:
2183:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2065:
2053:
2041:
1998:
1986:
1971:
1959:
1957:, p. 177.
1947:
1935:
1923:
1921:, p. 174.
1911:
1899:
1884:
1867:
1852:
1830:
1811:
1786:
1759:
1738:
1710:
1688:
1660:
1610:
1608:, p. 288.
1598:
1585:(2): 161–206.
1556:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1470:
1443:
1415:
1388:
1366:(in Spanish).
1342:
1327:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1250:
1220:
1196:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1129:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:Geology portal
1057:
1041:
1038:
993:
990:
957:
956:Human activity
954:
873:
870:
858:Isotope ratios
803:Salar de Uyuni
755:
752:
649:
646:
605:
602:
566:glacial striae
538:
535:
499:(SVZ) and the
493:isotope ratios
478:Purico complex
355:
352:
285:
284:
278:
272:
271:
267:
266:
261:
250:
249:
244:
238:
237:
231:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
206:
205:
188:
184:
183:
176:
170:
169:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
110:
104:
103:
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3859:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Michinmahuida
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:San Francisco
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:Aucanquilcha
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Hualca Hualca
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:(6° N – 3° S)
3157:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3085:2027.42/47805
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:(1–2): 1–15.
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:(in German).
2941:
2937:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2666:, p. 43.
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:, p. 46.
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:, p. 96.
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:, p. 66.
2597:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:(in German).
2548:
2541:
2538:
2535:, p. 15.
2534:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2499:, p. 67.
2498:
2493:
2490:
2487:, p. 14.
2486:
2481:
2478:
2475:, p. 12.
2474:
2469:
2466:
2463:, p. 21.
2462:
2457:
2454:
2451:, p. 18.
2450:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2346:, p. 16.
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2331:, p. 66.
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:, p. 16.
2315:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:, p. 77.
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:, p. 78.
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2237:, p. 44.
2236:
2231:
2228:
2225:, p. 79.
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:, p. 10.
2161:
2156:
2153:
2150:, p. 39.
2149:
2144:
2141:
2138:, p. 37.
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:, p. 19.
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:, p. 41.
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 31.
2089:
2084:
2081:
2078:, p. 45.
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:, p. 15.
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:, p. 56.
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1996:, p. 55.
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:, p. 54.
1983:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:, p. 48.
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:, p. 81.
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:, p. 82.
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:, p. 39.
1908:
1903:
1900:
1897:, p. 53.
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:, p. 45.
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:Geomorphology
1528:
1525:
1522:, p. 92.
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:, p. 90.
1509:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:, p. 47.
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:, p. 78.
1286:
1281:
1278:
1275:, p. 77.
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:. p. 72.
1261:
1254:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
929:
927:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:calc alkaline
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
725:
722:
718:
717:granodioritic
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
690:asthenosphere
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
619:
616:
612:
611:alluvial fans
603:
601:
599:
595:
590:
589:rock glaciers
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
555:
554:Arid Diagonal
551:
547:
543:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
399:but the part
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
291:
282:
281:pre columbian
279:
277:
273:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
251:
248:
245:
243:
242:Mountain type
239:
235:
232:
230:
226:
221:
218:
215:
213:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
159:
149:
144:
139:
111:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
88:Nevado Sajama
86:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3649:Quetrupillán
3511:Llullaillaco
3376:Huaynaputina
3113:
3059:
3055:
3011:
3007:
2988:
2979:ResearchGate
2977:– via
2971:. Retrieved
2961:
2943:
2939:
2923:. Retrieved
2905:
2862:
2858:
2845:. Retrieved
2820:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2710:
2706:
2695:
2683:
2678:, p. 2.
2671:
2659:
2647:
2626:
2620:
2591:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2398:
2392:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2249:, p. 1.
2242:
2230:
2203:
2198:, p. 6.
2181:, p. 3.
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2056:
2044:
2014:(3–4): 317.
2011:
2007:
2001:
1989:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1882:, p. 9.
1846:
1833:
1828:, p. 9.
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
1701:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1630:
1626:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1534:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1489:. p. 28
1486:
1473:
1456:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1401:
1397:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1363:
1355:
1340:, p. 5.
1304:, p. 8.
1280:
1268:
1259:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1235:
1212:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1194:, p. 2.
1132:
1115:filled with
1095:
1030:Pampa Lirima
1019:
995:
966:Llullaillaco
959:
930:
926:Chuquiananta
917:Cut-off lows
898:
875:
820:, including
811:
788:
757:
698:
692:between the
663:beneath the
651:
622:
607:
594:Solifluction
586:
559:
540:
505:
470:Huaynaputina
415:
409:which means
400:
392:Villa Blanca
357:
337:
308:
304:
300:
299:
276:First ascent
211:Parent range
29:
3745:(49°–55° S)
3729:Mate Grande
3579:Tupungatito
3567:(33°–46° S)
3446:Olca-Paruma
3441:Irruputuncu
3431:Tata Sabaya
3371:Pichu Pichu
3301:Quimsachata
3294:(14°–27° S)
3178:Cerro Bravo
2362:Lithosphere
1150:parent peak
1026:hot springs
1010:ignimbrites
1006:Pleistocene
1002:Pleistocene
970:John Biggar
931:The strong
842:plagioclase
838:Phenocrysts
772:sedimentary
764:ignimbrites
735:ignimbrites
685:monogenetic
654:Nazca Plate
634:Rio Cancosa
604:Hydrography
598:periglacial
426:Irruputuncu
344:periglacial
340:ignimbrites
309:Alto Toroni
229:Age of rock
133: /
108:Coordinates
83:Parent peak
18:Alto Toroni
3801:Categories
3689:Hornopirén
3674:Casablanca
3644:Villarrica
3639:Sollipulli
3599:Cerro Azul
3471:Licancabur
3466:Sairecabur
3426:Guallatiri
3416:Parinacota
3396:Purupuruni
3306:Auquihuato
3273:Tungurahua
3268:Chimborazo
3228:Reventador
3203:Doña Juana
2865:: 90–103.
2811:3906151034
2713:(3): 969.
2553:(1): 4–5.
1943:Lobos 2013
1931:Lobos 2013
1633:(4): 412.
1404:(2): 123.
1285:Lobos 2013
1273:Lobos 2013
1214:2020-04-12
1168:References
950:landspouts
933:insolation
909:convection
850:hornblende
826:solfataric
760:Quaternary
748:glaciation
582:porphyries
546:penitentes
544:including
537:Glaciation
527:lava flows
519:glaciation
509:pedimented
442:Parinacota
422:Guallatiri
305:Sillajguay
301:Sillajhuay
171:Sillajhuay
121:68°41′26″W
118:19°44′32″S
73:Prominence
35:Sillajhuay
3709:Corcovado
3629:Lonquimay
3589:Calabozos
3574:Tupungato
3551:Incahuasi
3516:Lastarria
3496:Chiliques
3336:Sabancaya
3316:Sara Sara
3233:Pichincha
3168:Paipa-Iza
3094:129099050
3036:0377-0273
2967:La Serena
2952:0071-8173
2887:0377-0273
2793:0260-3055
2707:Geosphere
2583:128436981
2575:0016-7835
2384:1941-8264
2368:(2): 96.
2036:0031-0182
1465:2411-1236
1368:La Serena
913:Altiplano
830:potassium
801:from the
776:Paleozoic
732:rhyolitic
728:Oligocene
721:tonalitic
713:intrusive
709:Formation
705:andesitic
703:effusive
638:formation
615:Sulfurous
490:strontium
462:San Pedro
253:Volcanic
146:Geography
63:Elevation
3777:Fueguino
3762:Aguilera
3714:Mentolat
3624:Callaqui
3461:Zapaleri
3391:Yucamane
3386:Tutupaca
3356:Chachani
3326:Coropuna
3321:Solimana
3263:Quilotoa
3258:Cotopaxi
3253:Illiniza
3238:Antisana
1841:(1995).
1804:12 April
1779:12 April
1752:14 April
1731:14 April
1703:12 April
1681:12 April
1655:54181266
1398:Erdkunde
1156:and the
1125:TanDEM-X
1040:See also
998:Pliocene
922:moisture
896:plants.
840:include
818:porphyry
780:Mesozoic
768:granitic
744:Pliocene
681:Holocene
574:moraines
550:glaciers
476:and the
454:El Misti
418:Holocene
380:Colchane
270:Climbing
234:Pliocene
187:Location
3752:Lautaro
3704:Chaitén
3684:Calbuco
3619:Copahue
3536:Peinado
3521:Lazufre
3506:Socompa
3411:Taapaca
3381:Ticsani
3223:Cayambe
3213:Azufral
3208:Galeras
3173:Romeral
3064:Bibcode
3016:Bibcode
2973:17 June
2925:16 June
2867:Bibcode
2847:17 June
2829:5672939
2771:Bibcode
2750:Sources
2715:Bibcode
2639:7594407
2631:Bologna
2627:Le Ande
2555:Bibcode
2016:Bibcode
1845:(Map).
1635:Bibcode
1539:Bibcode
1493:5 March
1436:22 June
1381:22 June
1260:Le Ande
1243:16 June
1138:key col
1022:seismic
886:Grasses
862:crustal
846:biotite
836:suite.
740:Miocene
724:plutons
667:in the
661:subduct
648:Geology
618:springs
523:craters
503:(NVZ).
388:Cancosa
372:commune
364:Bolivia
333:glacier
317:Bolivia
313:volcano
311:) is a
247:Volcano
236:-recent
223:Geology
197:border;
191:Bolivia
95:Listing
3772:Burney
3767:Reclus
3757:Viedma
3734:Hudson
3694:Huequi
3679:Osorno
3634:Llaima
3614:Antuco
3501:Aracar
3491:Lascar
3481:Pacana
3456:Azufre
3436:Isluga
3406:Tacora
3401:Casiri
3366:Ubinas
3346:Ampato
3311:Firura
3283:Sangay
3218:Chiles
3198:Puracé
3092:
3034:
2950:
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2827:
2808:
2791:
2637:
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2432:
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2382:
2034:
1653:
1463:
1154:Sajama
978:sulfur
974:Mining
894:yareta
890:shrubs
866:magmas
854:quartz
832:-rich
822:sulfur
814:dacite
701:Eocene
486:oxygen
466:Ubinas
458:Lascar
446:Putana
434:Lascar
430:Isluga
397:Aymara
3654:Lanín
3584:Maipo
3531:Galán
3421:Lauca
3361:Misti
3248:Soche
3243:Aliso
3090:S2CID
3052:(PDF)
2910:(PDF)
2841:(PDF)
2825:S2CID
2579:S2CID
1651:S2CID
1483:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1117:ASTER
1109:ASTER
1087:Notes
1034:magma
795:magma
791:horst
754:Local
673:Andes
587:Some
578:tills
482:crust
474:Galan
411:llama
401:silla
368:Chile
360:Andes
321:Chile
217:Andes
199:Oruro
195:Chile
100:Ultra
3724:Macá
3032:ISSN
2975:2018
2948:ISSN
2927:2018
2914:ISBN
2883:ISSN
2849:2018
2806:ISBN
2789:ISSN
2635:OCLC
2571:ISSN
2430:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2380:ISSN
2032:ISSN
1806:2020
1781:2020
1754:2020
1733:2020
1705:2020
1683:2020
1495:2019
1461:ISSN
1438:2018
1383:2018
1245:2018
1121:ALOS
1113:SRTM
1105:SRTM
962:Inca
888:and
878:arid
852:and
816:and
694:slab
656:and
652:The
542:Firn
488:and
464:and
444:and
438:Olca
406:sila
390:and
376:Pica
366:and
319:and
259:belt
3719:Cay
3080:hdl
3072:doi
3024:doi
3012:192
2994:doi
2875:doi
2863:280
2779:doi
2733:hdl
2723:doi
2563:doi
2370:doi
2024:doi
2012:172
1643:doi
1631:105
1587:doi
1547:doi
1406:doi
1152:is
982:ore
778:to
719:to
374:of
329:ice
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295:ISS
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