908:
1110:
northern
Altaians and Altai-kizhi, with the Chelkans being extraordinarily distinct. Nevertheless, comparisons among other Altaian ethnic groups revealed some consistent patterns. mtDNA haplogroups B, C, D, and U4 were found in all Altaian populations, but at varying frequencies, whereas southern Altaians (Altai-kizhi, Telengits, and Teleuts) tended to have a greater variety of West Eurasian haplogroups at low frequencies. Shors, who have sometimes been categorized as northern Altaians,18 exhibited a similar haplogroup profile to other northern Altaian ethnic groups, including moderate frequencies of C, D, and F1, although they lacked others (N9a and U). Haplogroups C and D were the most frequent mtDNA lineages in the Altaians, consistent with the overall picture of the Siberian mtDNA gene pool.
171:
819:
833:. Many Northern Altaians mainly built polygonal yurts with conic roofs made out of logs and bark. Some Altai-Kizhi also lived in mud huts with birch bark gable roofs and log or plank walling. The Teleuts and a few Northern Altaians lived in conic homes made out of perches or bark. With the influx of Russians near the homeland of the Altaians, there was an increase of the construction of large huts with two to four slope roofs in consequence of Russian influence.
846:
122:
276:
406:
189:
138:
158:
939:. At first, the Altaians were indifferent and at times even hostile to these faiths and their expansion. In 1829, an Orthodox mission was founded in the region (modern Altai Republic) soon after the region became a protectorate of the Russian Empire. Orthodox missionaries regularly confiscated land from Altaians who refused to convert. Altaians were often forcefully converted to Christianity.
729:
398:
106:
943:
missionaries. Buddhism made little headway among the
Altaians but many Buddhist ideas and principles entered into Altaian spiritual thought. However, some Altaians reportedly visited Mongolia and studied at Buddhist centers before and after the rise of the Burkhanist movement in the early 20th century; indicating a significant Buddhist influence on the new religion.
64:
2642:
763:
58:
1109:
The maternal genetic ancestry of northern and southern
Altaian populations was explored by characterizing coding region SNPs and control region sequences from 490 inhabitants of the Altai Republic. Differences in mtDNA haplogroup profiles were observed among northern Altaian ethnic groups and between
748:
According to the 2010 Russian census, there was a total of 69,963 Altaians who resided within the Altai
Republic. This represented 34.5% of the total population of the republic, compared with 56.6% with a Russian background, Altaian families are the majority only in certain villages. However, Altaian
981:
Recently, Burkhanism and shamanism has seen a revival in the Altai region which is especially popular among
Altaian youth. According to recent statistical studies, up to 70 % or 86 % (data of the Research State Institute of Altaic Studies) of the Altaians continue to profess "Altai Faith":
1001:
In principle, the division into the
Burkhanists and shamanists has ceased to be relevant for the contemporary religiosity of the Altaians. According to a number of studies, by the beginning of the 21st century, there were practically no traditional shamans or classical Burkhanists anti-shamanists.
989:
At present, shamanism is practiced by many
Telengits though there is a large amount that also profess Orthodox Christianity. Burkhanism is the main religion of the Altai-Kizhi, a largest Altaians' group, but there is a significant number of Orthodox Christians. The majority of Kumandins, Tubalars,
1627:
Altains are presented by two ethnographic groups including the
Northern Altains; the Tulbar, Chelkans, Kumandin and the Shor. The Southern Altaians consist of Altaian (Altai-Kizhi), the Teleut, the Teles and the Telengit. The history of Altains is deeply rooted to Mongolia as for a period of time
962:
among the
Altaians was underway. Burkhanism is a monotheistic religion named after Ak-Burkhan, a deity who is believed and recognized by its adherents to have been the sole god. Burkhanism was opposed to both the Russians and the traditional shamans. The hostility towards the shamans was so great
853:
Historically, the traditional clothing of
Southern Altaian men and women were very similar with little differences between the two. Average clothing consisted of long shirts with wide breeches, robes, and fur coats. Other apparel often included fur hats, high boots, and sheepskin coats. Northern
972:
beliefs surviving the chaos. This was believed to have occurred because ancient religious beliefs could be easily orally transmitted from generation to another. It's also likely that no Burkhanist texts survived the repression and main sources for the beliefs of the religion come from Russian
954:
and the mostly Russian clergy in Siberia also took up the ideology. This created intolerant views of the natives of Siberia (including the Altaians) and of their culture. This led to the rejection of Christianity by many Altaians who saw it as a foreign Russian religion. However, Russian rule
942:
Mongolian Buddhist missionaries attempted to spread the faith among the Altaians during the 19th century. The Buddhist missionaries also encouraged the Altaians to unite together against the Russians. However, their activities and preaching were suppressed by the Russian state and Christian
735:
734:
732:
731:
736:
733:
967:
in the first quarter of the twentieth century also led to the brutal repression of all religions which included the faiths in the Altai region. For the next few decades, most religions basically vanished with only shamanistic and ancient
712:
policies and development in this area resulted in considerable migration of Russians to this republic, reducing the proportion of Altai in the total population from 50% to 20%. In 1990, the oblast was declared an autonomous republic, the
476:
1088:
According to a new study by Russian geneticists, a genetic separation of the northern and southern Altaians is undeniable. The southern Altaians are dominated by such variants of the Y chromosome haplogroup as Q-M242 and
529:
From the thirteenth to eighteenth century the Altai people were dominated politically and culturally by the Mongols. The origin of the southern Altaians can be traced during this period from the result of the mixing of
4162:
907:
854:
Altaians and some Teleuts traditionally wore short breeches, linen shirts, and single-breasted oriental robes. Despite the fact that most Altaians today wear modern clothes, traditional wear still remains in use.
836:
Despite the many social and political changes the Altaians have endured, many modern and settled families still keep a yurt in their yards. These yurts are usually used as a summertime kitchen or extra room.
1072:
to the north, while southern Altaians having greater affinities to other Turkic speaking populations of southern Siberia and Central Asia. The same study conducted a high-resolution analysis of Y chromosome
1800:
919:
is rich with mythology and supernatural beings. Popular deities included Yerlik, the god of the underworld and Oyrot-Khan, a sagely and heroic figure who is a composite blend taken from historical
1538:
Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S.; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E. (2016-02-11).
672:(Karakorum-Altai Region), although only as part of the Russian Federation. They also hoped to extend its territory to form a larger Oyrot republic that would include other former subjects of the
730:
6932:
3921:
1833:
5286:
2750:
714:
5445:
2214:
Dulik, Matthew C.; Zhadanov, Sergey I.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Askapuli, Ayken; Gau, Lydia; Gokcumen, Omer; Rubinstein, Samara; Schurr, Theodore G. (10 February 2012).
1804:
923:(Oirat) Khans and ancient legendary heroes. However, with many migrations, settlement changes, and the presence of the Russians and their eventual union with the
471:
In the Soviet years and until 2000, the authorities considered the Northern Altaians and the Teleuts to be part of the Altai people. Currently, according to the
2131:
Dulik, Matthew C.; Zhadanov, Sergey I.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Askapuli, Ayken; Gau, Lydia; Gokcumen, Omer; Rubinstein, Samara; Schurr, Theodore G. (2012-02-10).
5440:
4069:
3938:
4949:
4375:
4364:
1036:
Altai population can be divided into northern and southern clusters based on linguistics, culture, and genetics. According to a 2012 study that analyzed
472:
950:
and tolerant to the Altaians and their customs. However, the rise of Russian nationalism during the late nineteenth century caused the Russification of
6896:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
4176:
1148:
5644:
1045:
717:, which was renamed to the Altai Republic in 1992. In the early 21st century, ethnic Altaians make up about 31% of the Altai Republic's population.
886:(from boiled milk), blood pudding, butter, fried barley flour, and certain vegetables are also staples of Altaian cuisine. Popular drinks include
709:
6937:
2216:"Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians"
2133:"Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians"
1023:)—a traditional ethnic religion in the form of a synthesis of Burkhanism with the remnants of shamanism and other tribal beliefs and customs.
3914:
2574:
2018:
1964:
1338:
2654:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1652:
2743:
704:
due to its associations with the idea of a larger Oyrot state that could secede from the USSR. Because of that, the oblast was renamed to
3878:
2560:
362:
1078:
638:. The Altai mission was developed under Saint Makarii Glukharev († 1847), known as the 'Apostle to the Altai'. In 1904, a millenarian
2718:
1991:
1871:
1769:
1522:
1462:
1424:
1301:
1270:
1188:
1101:. Within the northern Altaians, the R1a haplogroup is dominant, Q-M242 is rarely found, and I-M170 and O-M175 are not found at all.
6927:
3907:
3888:
990:
Teleuts, and Chelkans are Russian Orthodox although there is a significant minority that practice shamanism. A few Altaians are
5923:
2736:
2388:"Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics"
1924:
5165:
2772:
2759:
2342:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
2081:
Halemba, Agniezka (2003). "Contemporary religious life in the Republic of Altai: the interaction of Buddhism and Shamanism".
1356:
1206:
2723:
2192:[Indigenous peoples of Altai-Sayan: Gene pool ratios according to data on DNA markers—autosomal and Y chromosomes].
720:
Today, the special interests of the Altaians are articulated and defended by the Association of Northern Ethnoses of Altai.
5502:
5235:
4628:
705:
612:
330:
6458:
5637:
5191:
4875:
3791:
1482:
1749:
5475:
475:, the Chelkans, Kumandins, Telengits, Teleuts, and Tubalars were recognized as separate ethnic groups as well as the
1443:
6524:
2597:
2443:
657:
5377:
5230:
2432:"Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production"
1041:
266:
3172:
1540:"Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry"
6922:
6856:
6815:
5983:
5540:
5205:
4185:
3853:
1981:
1372:
512:
1789:
6023:
5948:
5712:
5705:
5630:
5260:
3930:
3716:
3071:
2566:
2189:
2109:
1614:
951:
879:
689:
661:
635:
445:
422:
213:
209:
6942:
6846:
5021:
4857:
3704:
3432:
3142:
2850:
2780:
1954:
991:
504:
4157:
3444:
6917:
6502:
5797:
5313:
5026:
4997:
4934:
2821:
2427:
2190:"Коренные народы Алтае-Саян: соотношения генофондов по данным о ДНК маркерах — аутосомных и Y хромосомы"
561:
480:
534:
and Mongol tribes. Meanwhile, the Northern Altaians were a result of the fusion of Turkic tribes with
6841:
6178:
5802:
5682:
5460:
4262:
3883:
3858:
3156:
2287:
1561:
1049:
947:
916:
701:
669:
631:
2669:
818:
6705:
5993:
5728:
5328:
5318:
5305:
5123:
5016:
5002:
4171:
3825:
1322:
1119:
983:
518:
According to one study in 2016, the Altaians, precisely some southern Altaians, assimilated local
6386:
6188:
6098:
5998:
5611:
5535:
5480:
5372:
5299:
5215:
4699:
3754:
3724:
3640:
3218:
3150:
2341:
2321:
2063:
1863:
1551:
1229:
2586:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia"
1663:
2655:"Power of Myth: Popular ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922"
1144:
6544:
6443:
5904:
5762:
5246:
5240:
5220:
5176:
4987:
4706:
3786:
3747:
3729:
2954:
2789:
2699:
2631:
2570:
2529:
2477:
2367:
2313:
2245:
2170:
2152:
2055:
2014:
1987:
1960:
1867:
1595:
1577:
1518:
1420:
1334:
1297:
1266:
1184:
1098:
1094:
1074:
1037:
845:
681:
535:
238:
2682:"Power for the Powerless: Oirot/Amursana Prophecy in Altai and Western Mongolia, 1890s–1920s"
2493:
1326:
6851:
6497:
6344:
6213:
6145:
6074:
6018:
6003:
5988:
5973:
5943:
5933:
5909:
5845:
5752:
5601:
5465:
5323:
5267:
5051:
4924:
4752:
4556:
4518:
4325:
3804:
3781:
3734:
3651:
3562:
3329:
3319:
3263:
3252:
2937:
2901:
2809:
2689:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2556:
2548:
2519:
2509:
2505:
2489:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2413:
2403:
2357:
2353:
2303:
2295:
2274:
2235:
2227:
2160:
2144:
2090:
2047:
1903:
1585:
1569:
1384:
1262:
1176:
1061:
995:
741:
519:
508:
500:
354:
246:
217:
5071:
1459:
6861:
6468:
6379:
6218:
6198:
6103:
6093:
6079:
6008:
5968:
5963:
5928:
5829:
5783:
5757:
5606:
5555:
5530:
5450:
5406:
5354:
5280:
4888:
4835:
4807:
4800:
4779:
4665:
4503:
4488:
4269:
3841:
3815:
3776:
3691:
3658:
3645:
3396:
3314:
2967:
2906:
2804:
2524:
2283:
1773:
1466:
1447:
1360:
1210:
863:
803:
697:
673:
620:
565:
346:
5696:
4531:
1766:
774:
The Southern Altaians were mostly nomadic or semi-nomadic livestock holders. They raised
2626:
2585:
2472:
2431:
2291:
2036:"Mongolian Buddhism's Influence on the Formation and Development of Burkhanism in Altai"
1565:
6897:
6780:
6666:
6630:
6529:
6365:
6284:
6208:
6150:
6069:
6064:
6013:
5978:
5953:
5938:
5869:
5661:
5653:
5520:
5510:
5210:
5170:
5136:
5105:
5098:
5036:
4962:
4939:
4793:
4758:
4508:
4388:
4346:
4276:
4064:
4038:
4033:
3863:
3846:
3672:
3630:
3617:
3511:
3476:
3471:
3414:
3354:
3299:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3012:
2991:
2840:
2835:
2240:
2215:
2165:
2132:
1750:"Как в СССР Ойрот-хана победили. 70 лет назад Ойрот-Туру переименовали в Горно-Алтайск"
1590:
1539:
1289:
1172:
1090:
1082:
1007:
924:
653:
Prior to 1917 the Altai were considered to be made up of many different ethnic groups.
596:
334:
326:
309:
288:
275:
262:
127:
77:
692:
was established as a national home for the Altais. In the 1940s, during World War II,
460:
The Northern and Southern Altaians formed in the Altai area on the basis of tribes of
405:
6911:
6825:
6600:
6534:
6473:
6358:
6305:
6193:
6183:
5958:
5778:
5545:
5496:
5382:
5338:
5294:
5183:
5118:
5113:
5091:
5066:
5046:
4929:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4786:
4692:
4685:
4671:
4493:
4474:
4469:
4456:
4339:
4214:
4105:
4074:
3599:
3585:
3551:
3523:
3505:
3459:
3453:
3391:
3379:
3269:
3042:
3035:
3029:
3006:
2889:
2870:
2859:
2616:
2462:
2418:
2067:
783:
693:
386:
2325:
2269:
1060:) obtained from Altaian samples, northern Altaians are genetically more similar to
982:
Burkhanism, shamanism and other native spiritual cults and traditions. According to
6873:
6740:
6725:
6539:
6478:
6448:
6412:
6372:
6108:
6085:
5853:
5789:
5676:
5596:
5333:
4919:
4842:
4772:
4742:
4613:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4464:
4408:
4312:
4299:
4234:
4146:
4141:
4127:
3820:
3796:
3760:
3739:
3665:
3635:
3592:
3577:
3517:
3491:
3406:
3227:
3192:
3180:
3080:
3056:
3049:
3000:
2980:
2962:
2924:
1928:
1053:
936:
799:
779:
569:
523:
473:
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 255 dated March 24, 2000
374:
5896:
2010:
Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East, 1581-1991
1628:
they were ruled by Mongolia as Telengid Province during the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
1353:
1203:
963:
that the shamans had to seek protection from Russian authorities. The rise of the
2008:
1857:
1825:
1512:
1414:
986:, the Altaian shamanism is supreme religion of the majority of the Altai people.
456:. The Telesy were previously included but are now assimilated into the Telengits.
6877:
6760:
6755:
6699:
6203:
6119:
6046:
5915:
5719:
5586:
5576:
5515:
5432:
5254:
5150:
5008:
4849:
4765:
4678:
4618:
4603:
4498:
4241:
4151:
4043:
3948:
3606:
3545:
3533:
3528:
3498:
3369:
3234:
3186:
3106:
3096:
3091:
2973:
2912:
2895:
2883:
2876:
2865:
2815:
2094:
2035:
634:
and others (in a trend beginning in the mid-19th century) have converted to the
615:). The name was inherited from their being former subjects of the 17-th century
461:
378:
250:
2646:
2231:
2148:
2051:
1478:
397:
6745:
6560:
5889:
5807:
5455:
5388:
5362:
5348:
5143:
5041:
4982:
4652:
4608:
4428:
4418:
4133:
4079:
3808:
3539:
3484:
3465:
3420:
3339:
3324:
3241:
3207:
3200:
3124:
2829:
2798:
2514:
2408:
2387:
2362:
2299:
1381:
Ethnic composition and origin of the Altaians. Historical ethnographical essay
969:
964:
959:
665:
647:
639:
546:
539:
370:
230:
194:
143:
2703:
2533:
2371:
2156:
2059:
1581:
1225:
6775:
6765:
6712:
6679:
6565:
6351:
6313:
6294:
6274:
6249:
6155:
5689:
5591:
5421:
5396:
5275:
5129:
4992:
4957:
4641:
4526:
4480:
4332:
4228:
4220:
4094:
4089:
3989:
3961:
3131:
2943:
2931:
1753:
1145:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"
920:
794:
as their primary form of subsistence. Their main prey were animals from the
685:
677:
577:
492:
483:, the only recognized distinct ethnic groups are the Kumandins and Teleuts.
453:
430:
234:
2635:
2481:
2317:
2249:
2174:
1908:
1891:
1599:
1077:
that was found in Altaian samples and concluded that southern Altaians and
63:
3899:
1377:Этнический состав и происхождение алтайцев. Историко-этнографический очерк
762:
6885:
6730:
6674:
6660:
6645:
6620:
6610:
6580:
6269:
6256:
6242:
5823:
5416:
5225:
5031:
4911:
4904:
4729:
4636:
4588:
4570:
4541:
4443:
4413:
4255:
4249:
4193:
4049:
4019:
4009:
3982:
3968:
3954:
3334:
3274:
3247:
2728:
2399:
1440:
1069:
932:
592:
585:
531:
465:
434:
426:
389:, they were ruled in the administrative area known as Telengid Province.
358:
342:
242:
163:
2694:
2606:
2308:
1259:
Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience
955:
continued to grow increasingly strict both politically and religiously.
676:
or even all Turkic peoples of Siberia. Many Altai leaders supported the
477:
indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
6820:
6770:
6720:
6694:
6689:
6650:
6640:
6595:
6590:
6575:
6492:
6438:
6401:
6396:
6289:
6279:
6264:
6113:
5882:
5836:
5747:
5571:
5550:
5470:
5411:
5367:
4893:
4868:
4862:
4737:
4719:
4714:
4546:
4438:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4307:
4199:
4112:
4084:
4014:
4004:
3996:
3684:
3386:
3374:
3364:
3344:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
2641:
2452:
1065:
807:
791:
496:
449:
366:
17:
1573:
623:. The Altai report that many of them became addicted to the Russians'
6795:
6785:
6735:
6684:
6635:
6625:
6605:
6585:
6570:
6484:
6420:
6406:
6338:
6323:
6318:
6299:
6127:
6041:
5525:
5426:
5401:
5061:
5056:
4898:
4883:
4564:
4433:
4423:
4383:
4354:
4317:
4293:
4285:
4206:
4122:
4099:
4056:
3678:
3571:
3349:
3309:
3279:
3257:
3162:
875:
871:
867:
787:
616:
608:
581:
564:, with the region known as Telengid Province. After the fall of the
382:
338:
111:
2552:
1255:Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания
1556:
749:
culture is still the local culture between people and communities.
6893:
6790:
6750:
6655:
6615:
6333:
6328:
6160:
5875:
5343:
5197:
5157:
5085:
5077:
4747:
4660:
4646:
4578:
4536:
4449:
4025:
3698:
3426:
3401:
3359:
3086:
2918:
1057:
928:
906:
891:
883:
844:
817:
795:
775:
767:
761:
727:
624:
556:
404:
396:
350:
274:
176:
57:
5622:
1892:"Traditions and Innovations in the Clothing of Southern Altaians"
549:
of Western Mongols in the 16th century. The Mongols called them "
373:
where they number around 200. For alternative ethnonyms see also
6889:
6881:
5581:
2681:
2196:(in Russian). Лаборатория геногеографии/Genogeography laboratory
1777:
830:
5626:
3903:
2732:
2494:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese"
1983:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
1354:
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on statistics. 2009 Census
1204:
Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on statistics. 2009 Census
1439:
Ethnic history, History of a region, Statistic information at
2686:Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines
2645:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1674:
1672:
2270:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
1228:[The Altaians should accept Buddhism] (in Russian).
491:
The Altai region came within the sphere of influence of the
27:
Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic, Russia
1615:"Ulaanbaatar hosts Altaic People International Conference"
2112:[Two views on Burkhanism among the Altai-Kizhi].
798:(boreal forests). However, some Altaians also engaged in
568:
in the 18th century, the Altaians were subjugated by the
413:
The Altaians are represented by two ethnographic groups:
1460:
http://www2.nupi.no/cgi-win//Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Altai
1333:(in Russian). Moscow: OLMA Media Group. pp. 34–35.
2647:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1296:(in Russian). Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia Pub.
696:'s government accused Altai nationalists of being pro-
829:
Most of the Southern Altaians traditionally lived in
700:. After the war, the word "Oyrot" was declared to be
630:
With regard to religion, some of the Altai remained
365:
and listed under the name "Oirats" as a part of the
6834:
6808:
6553:
6511:
6457:
6429:
6227:
6169:
6136:
6055:
6032:
5862:
5816:
5771:
5740:
5669:
5660:
5564:
5489:
4975:
4948:
4728:
4627:
4555:
4517:
4374:
4363:
3937:
3834:
3769:
3715:
3616:
3561:
3443:
3217:
3171:
3141:
3070:
3022:
2990:
2953:
2849:
2788:
2779:
2553:"The Transeurasian homeland: where, what and when?"
1056:(by scoring more than 100 biallelic markers and 17
1018:
862:Altaian cuisine consists of soups of horseflesh or
320:
299:
256:
229:up to 86 % "Altai Faith" (modern synthesis of
223:
203:
185:
154:
102:
97:
85:
38:
1253:Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergey, eds. (2006).
1248:
1246:
1183:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–11.
927:, the Altaians encountered three world religions:
1834:The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
1704:The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
1664:"People from Russia — Interviews on the Streets"
1517:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 82.
946:The mission and its missionaries were initially
715:Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
341:. Several thousand of the Altaians also live in
2562:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
2340:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017).
1956:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
1727:Znamenski 2005, Power of Myth, p.46 and passim
1641:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
1284:
1282:
5638:
3915:
2744:
1885:
1883:
1317:
1315:
1313:
363:not officially recognized as a distinct group
8:
2584:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020).
2114:Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии
1292:, ed. (1994). "Алтайцы" [Altaians].
448:with its dialects, include the Altai-Kizhi,
33:
2268:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
5666:
5645:
5631:
5623:
4371:
3922:
3908:
3900:
2785:
2751:
2737:
2729:
790:. The Northern Altaians mainly engaged in
576:. Altaians are genetically related to the
32:
2719:NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies profile
2693:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2523:
2513:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2417:
2407:
2361:
2307:
2239:
2164:
1907:
1690:
1678:
1589:
1555:
1329:[Altaians]. In L.M. Mints (ed.).
1261:] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow:
6933:Indigenous peoples of the Altai Republic
2040:Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia
1801:"Altai Republic :: official portal"
1220:
1218:
973:missionaries, travellers, and scholars.
744:reporter tours the Altai region in 2012.
2110:"Два взгляда на бурханизм у алтай-кижи"
1959:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 39–42.
1419:. New York: Routledge. pp. 81–83.
1167:
1165:
1136:
2137:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1716:Znamenski 2005, Power of Myth, p.45-46
1514:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
1441:http://eng.altai-republic.ru/index.php
1416:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
1181:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
611:and would later be carried on for the
1948:
1946:
1851:
1849:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
7:
2013:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 105.
98:Regions with significant populations
3879:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
2680:Znamenski, Andrei A. (2014-06-30).
2430:; et al. (14 February 2020).
2386:Li, Tao; et al. (June 2020).
2220:American Journal of Human Genetics
1859:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
1666:, Way To Russia, 24 September 2003
1226:"Алтайцам следует принять буддизм"
1079:indigenous peoples of the Americas
627:, which they called "fire water".
522:which were closely related to the
25:
825:—the traditional wooden dwelling.
591:The Altai came into contact with
580:, which is a common neighbouring
545:The Altaians were annexed by the
6888:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
3884:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
2640:
1458:NUPI Centre for Russian Studies
1149:Federal State Statistics Service
958:Around 1904, the development of
187:
169:
156:
136:
120:
104:
62:
56:
2392:Archaeological Research in Asia
2188:Lavriashina M. B.; et al.
1752:. 11 March 2021. Archived from
1052:sequencing) and nonrecombinant
599:, the Altai were also known as
4070:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
2559:; Savelyev, Alexander (eds.).
2525:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7
1776:, Centre for Russian Studies,
849:Altai woman in national dress.
670:Confederated Republic of Altai
1:
6938:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
1896:Annals of the Náprstek Museum
1856:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
1738:Znamenski 2005, Power of Myth
1653:Znamenski 2005, Power of Myth
1625:– via PressReader.com.
1613:Altan, KH. (10 August 2018).
1002:The main one was the single "
706:Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast
664:attempted to make a separate
331:indigenous peoples of Siberia
237:, other native cults), other
2498:Language Dynamics and Change
1986:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 11–13.
1483:Endangered Languages Project
1294:Народы России: Энциклопедия
1019:
595:in the 18th century. In the
572:, which referred to them as
321:
300:
2590:Evolutionary Human Sciences
2436:Evolutionary Human Sciences
2095:10.1080/1361736042000245295
1890:Hejzlarová, Tereza (2019).
1780:, retrieved 17 October 2006
1511:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
1413:Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005).
542:and other Siberian groups.
393:Ethnic groups and subgroups
6959:
2653:Znamenski, Andrei (2005).
2598:Cambridge University Press
2444:Cambridge University Press
2232:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014
2149:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014
2052:10.2753/aae1061-1959450303
1980:Minahan, James B. (2014).
1331:Народы мира: Энциклопедия
1011:
650:arose among these people.
642:religious movement called
425:and dialects, include the
313:
292:
6870:
5989:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
3874:
2766:
2617:21.11116/0000-0007-7733-A
2515:10.1163/22105832-00702005
2463:21.11116/0000-0005-AD07-1
2419:21.11116/0000-0005-D82B-8
2409:10.1016/j.ara.2020.100177
2363:10.1163/22105018-12340089
2300:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
2108:Tadina, Nadezhda (2013).
1953:West, Barbara A. (2010).
662:Socialist-Revolutionaries
660:, Altai nationalists and
261:
228:
208:
90:
55:
39:
6857:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
6525:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
3854:Local ethnic nationalism
2773:recognized ethnic groups
1387:: Nauka. pp. 16–17.
710:Soviet industrialization
133:
117:
6928:Ethnic groups in Russia
6014:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
5670:Azerbaijani communities
3931:Ethnic groups in Russia
2668:: 44–47. Archived from
2567:Oxford University Press
2034:Kos'min, V. K. (2007).
1323:Zhukovskaia, Natalia L.
890:(hard liquor made from
800:small scale agriculture
690:Oyrot Autonomous Oblast
636:Russian Orthodox Church
613:Oyrot Autonomous Oblast
560:" in the period of the
446:Southern Altai language
423:Northern Altai language
6847:Crimean Tatar diaspora
6024:Western Thracian Turks
5959:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
3889:Historic ethnic groups
2760:Ethnic groups in China
1909:10.2478/anpm-2019-0002
1265:; Logos. p. 105.
992:Evangelical Christians
912:
850:
826:
771:
745:
574:Altan Nuur Uriyangkhai
410:
402:
280:
279:Flag of Altai Republic
6554:Extinct Turkic groups
6512:Turkic minorities in
6459:Turkic minorities in
6430:Turkic minorities in
6228:Turkic minorities in
5706:Georgian Azerbaijanis
2662:Acta Slavica Iaponica
1093:, and there are also
952:Orthodox Christianity
910:
848:
821:
765:
758:Traditional lifestyle
739:
656:With the rise of the
562:Northern Yuan dynasty
408:
400:
387:Northern Yuan dynasty
333:mainly living in the
278:
257:Related ethnic groups
80:and neighboring areas
71:Altai people in 1911.
6872:Central Asian (i.e.
6842:Azerbaijani diaspora
6179:Iranian Azerbaijanis
5817:Turkmen communities
5713:Western Azerbaijanis
5683:Iranian Azerbaijanis
5490:Unrecognized peoples
4976:Other ethnic peoples
4263:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
1383:] (in Russian).
948:culturally sensitive
915:Traditional Altaian
911:Altai shamanic drum.
702:counterrevolutionary
688:victory, a separate
668:republic called the
76:Altai people in the
5863:Turkish communities
5729:Javanshir Qizilbash
5565:Assimilated peoples
4158:Meadow-Eastern Mari
2724:The legend of Altay
2695:10.4000/emscat.2444
2607:10.1017/ehs.2020.11
2292:2018Natur.557..369D
2007:Wood, Alan (2011).
1566:2016NatSR...620768F
1120:Govi-Altai Province
984:Natalia Zhukovskaia
977:Modern spirituality
481:2010 Russian Census
265:, especially other
35:
6387:Siberian Bukharans
6189:Chaharmahali Turks
6170:Turkic minorities
6137:Turkic minorities
6056:Turkic minorities
5772:Kyrgyz communities
5741:Kazakh communities
5612:Siberian Bukharans
4748:Aukhovite Chechens
4700:Siberian Bukharans
4026:Aukhovite Chechens
2492:(1 January 2017).
2453:10.1017/ehs.2020.4
1864:Dorling Kindersley
1772:2006-04-24 at the
1544:Scientific Reports
1465:2007-09-30 at the
1446:2011-07-17 at the
1373:Potapov, Leonid P.
1359:2012-04-24 at the
1290:Tishkov, Valery A.
1209:2012-04-24 at the
913:
851:
827:
772:
766:Altaian shaman in
746:
479:. However, in the
411:
403:
281:
6905:
6904:
6804:
6803:
6715:
6708:
6669:
6545:Tatars of Romania
6518:
6487:
6444:Mongolian Kazakhs
6415:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6122:
6088:
5999:Palestinian Turks
5994:Montenegrin Turks
5918:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5792:
5763:Mongolian Kazakhs
5731:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5620:
5619:
5249:
5247:Astrakhan Kazakhs
4971:
4970:
4707:Zabolotnie Tatars
4186:Northwestern Mari
3897:
3896:
3066:
3065:
2576:978-0-19-880462-8
2557:Robbeets, Martine
2549:Robbeets, Martine
2490:Robbeets, Martine
2020:978-1-84966-025-9
1966:978-1-4381-1913-7
1925:"The Altai Turks"
1681:, pp. 44–47.
1574:10.1038/srep20768
1340:978-5-373-01057-3
1105:Mitochondrial DNA
1075:Haplogroup Q-M242
1017:
996:Tibetan Buddhists
737:
607:(this name means
505:Turkic Khanganate
442:Southern Altaians
419:Northern Altaians
401:Altaian horseman.
319:
298:
273:
272:
16:(Redirected from
6950:
6852:Turkish diaspora
6711:
6704:
6665:
6516:
6498:Karategin Uzbeks
6483:
6411:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6345:Astrakhan Tatars
6343:
6308:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6214:Iranian Turkmens
6146:Crimean Karaites
6118:
6084:
5984:Macedonian Turks
5949:Dodecanese Turks
5914:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5846:Iranian Turkmens
5844:
5835:
5828:
5788:
5727:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5667:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5536:Crimean Italians
5505:
5435:
5391:
5357:
5324:Meskhetian Turks
5308:
5289:
5270:
5268:Sakhalin Koreans
5263:
5245:
5200:
5186:
5179:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5080:
5052:Crimean Karaites
5011:
4914:
4907:
4878:
4871:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4655:
4573:
4483:
4459:
4452:
4372:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4326:Astrakhan Tatars
4321:
4302:
4288:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4244:
4237:
4223:
4209:
4202:
4188:
4181:
4180:
4167:
4166:
4136:
4115:
4108:
4059:
4052:
4028:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3755:Tajiks (Pamiris)
2786:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2707:
2697:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2580:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2527:
2517:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2311:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:. Archived from
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1803:. Archived from
1797:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1559:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1479:"Northern Altai"
1475:
1469:
1456:
1450:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1263:Keston Institute
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1022:
1016:romanized:
1015:
1013:
742:Voice of America
738:
584:ethnic group in
520:Yeniseian people
501:Rouran Khaganate
444:, who speak the
421:, who speak the
369:, as well as in
355:Altay Prefecture
329:ethnic group of
324:
318:romanized:
317:
315:
303:
297:romanized:
296:
294:
247:Tibetan Buddhism
239:Russian Orthodox
193:
191:
190:
181:several thousand
175:
173:
172:
162:
160:
159:
142:
140:
139:
134:
126:
124:
123:
118:
110:
108:
107:
86:Total population
66:
60:
36:
21:
6958:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6923:Altai Mountains
6908:
6907:
6906:
6901:
6866:
6862:Kazakh diaspora
6830:
6800:
6549:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6469:Afghan Turkmens
6460:
6453:
6431:
6425:
6380:Siberian Tatars
6304:
6229:
6223:
6219:Iranian Kazakhs
6199:Khorasani Turks
6171:
6165:
6138:
6132:
6075:Chinese Kazakhs
6057:
6051:
6034:
6033:Turkic peoples
6028:
5929:Bulgarian Turks
5905:Abkhazian Turks
5858:
5830:Afghan Turkmens
5812:
5767:
5758:Iranian Kazakhs
5753:Chinese Kazakhs
5736:
5656:
5651:
5621:
5616:
5560:
5531:Caucasus Greeks
5503:Afro-Abkhazians
5501:
5485:
5431:
5387:
5355:Kola Norwegians
5353:
5304:
5285:
5266:
5259:
5196:
5182:
5175:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5076:
5007:
4967:
4944:
4910:
4903:
4874:
4867:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4724:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4666:Siberian Tatars
4651:
4623:
4569:
4551:
4513:
4479:
4455:
4448:
4366:
4359:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4315:
4298:
4284:
4275:
4270:Baikal Cossacks
4268:
4261:
4254:
4240:
4233:
4219:
4205:
4198:
4184:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4156:
4132:
4111:
4104:
4055:
4048:
4024:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3898:
3893:
3870:
3842:Han nationalism
3830:
3777:African Chinese
3765:
3711:
3612:
3557:
3439:
3397:Sichuan Mongols
3213:
3167:
3137:
3062:
3018:
2986:
2949:
2845:
2775:
2762:
2757:
2715:
2710:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2652:
2583:
2577:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2488:
2426:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2284:Nature Research
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1923:Vajda, Edward.
1922:
1921:
1917:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:. p. 429.
1855:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1788:
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1774:Wayback Machine
1765:
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1607:
1537:
1536:
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1525:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:Wayback Machine
1457:
1453:
1448:Wayback Machine
1438:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1361:Wayback Machine
1352:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1211:Wayback Machine
1202:
1198:
1191:
1173:Olson, James S.
1171:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1116:
1083:common ancestor
1081:share a recent
1029:
979:
905:
900:
860:
843:
816:
760:
755:
728:
726:
674:Dzungar Khanate
658:1917 revolution
621:Dzungar Khanate
566:Zunghar Khanate
489:
395:
347:Altai Mountains
267:Siberian Turkic
188:
186:
170:
168:
167:
157:
155:
137:
135:
132:
121:
119:
116:
105:
103:
81:
72:
61:
51:
45:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6781:Yenisei Kyrgyz
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6530:Finnish Tatars
6527:
6521:
6519:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6376:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6151:Crimean Tatars
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6094:Chinese Uzbeks
6091:
6090:
6089:
6080:Chinese Kyrgyz
6077:
6072:
6070:Chinese Tatars
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6019:Tunisian Turks
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Romanian Turks
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5974:Lebanese Turks
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5954:Egyptian Turks
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Croatian Turks
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5910:Algerian Turks
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5841:
5840:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5784:Chinese Kyrgyz
5781:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5709:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5693:
5673:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5654:Turkic peoples
5652:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5521:Astrakhan Jews
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5493:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:Siberian Finns
5102:
5099:Murmansk Finns
5095:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4963:Tver Karelians
4960:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
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4762:
4750:
4745:
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4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4644:
4639:
4633:
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4625:
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4622:
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4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
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4576:
4575:
4574:
4561:
4559:
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4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:Kuban Cossacks
4273:
4266:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Crimean Tatars
4062:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3945:
3943:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3864:Zhonghua minzu
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3721:
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3713:
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3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3695:
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3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3423:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3074:
3068:
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3064:
3063:
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3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2996:
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2988:
2987:
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2984:
2977:
2970:
2965:
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2916:
2909:
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2899:
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2853:
2847:
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2826:
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2812:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2776:
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2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2713:External links
2711:
2709:
2708:
2677:
2675:on 2019-08-02.
2650:
2581:
2575:
2545:
2486:
2424:
2383:
2337:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2226:(2): 229–246.
2206:
2180:
2143:(2): 229–246.
2123:
2116:(in Russian).
2100:
2073:
2026:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1965:
1942:
1931:on May 6, 2017
1915:
1879:
1872:
1845:
1817:
1792:
1782:
1759:
1756:on 2022-02-27.
1741:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1702:Kolga et al.,
1695:
1691:Znamenski 2014
1683:
1679:Znamenski 2005
1668:
1656:
1645:
1632:
1605:
1530:
1523:
1494:
1470:
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1390:
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1346:
1339:
1309:
1302:
1278:
1271:
1242:
1214:
1196:
1189:
1161:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1050:control region
1028:
1025:
978:
975:
925:Russian Empire
904:
901:
899:
896:
880:fermented milk
866:. Dishes with
859:
856:
842:
839:
815:
812:
759:
756:
754:
751:
725:
722:
597:tsarist period
513:Yenisei Kyrgyz
488:
485:
458:
457:
438:
409:Altaian woman.
394:
391:
335:Altai Republic
271:
270:
263:Turkic peoples
259:
258:
254:
253:
226:
225:
221:
220:
214:Southern Altai
210:Northern Altai
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
183:
182:
179:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
130:
128:Altai Republic
100:
99:
95:
94:
88:
87:
83:
82:
78:Altai Republic
67:
53:
52:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6955:
6944:
6943:Modern nomads
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6900:territories).
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
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6833:
6827:
6824:
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6807:
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6759:
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6707:
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6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
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6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:Black Klobuks
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6517:(exc. Russia)
6510:
6504:
6503:Afghan Kyrgyz
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:Mishar Tatars
6356:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:in Uzbekistan
6031:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6009:Serbian Turks
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5969:Kosovan Turks
5967:
5965:
5964:Israeli Turks
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Cypriot Turks
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Bosnian Turks
5922:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Afghan Kyrgyz
5796:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Pontic Greeks
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Mountain Jews
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:North Koreans
5258:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5184:Volga Germans
5181:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:Georgian Jews
5164:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:Ingrian Finns
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Bukharan Jews
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:Kalmak Tatars
4690:
4687:
4686:Eushta Tatars
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:Baraba Tatars
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4340:Mishar Tatars
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:Mountain Mari
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3941:nationalities
3936:
3932:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3717:Indo-European
3714:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:Upper Mongols
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3072:Austroasiatic
3069:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:Nelson, Sarah
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2120:(4): 159–166.
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1993:9781610690188
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:0-7566-0520-2
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:"The Altaics"
1821:
1818:
1807:on 2006-08-13
1806:
1802:
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1790:
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1779:
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1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1617:. The UB Post
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
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1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
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1549:
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1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1524:1-57958-468-3
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1426:1-57958-468-3
1422:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:5-85270-082-7
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:5-98704-057-4
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1190:0-313-28853-4
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:analysis and
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
993:
987:
985:
976:
974:
971:
966:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
909:
902:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
855:
847:
840:
838:
834:
832:
824:
820:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
764:
757:
752:
750:
743:
723:
721:
718:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Joseph Stalin
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
509:Uyghur Empire
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:(Tuba-Kizhi).
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
414:
407:
399:
392:
390:
388:
385:. During the
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
311:
307:
302:
290:
286:
277:
268:
264:
260:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
196:
184:
180:
178:
165:
153:
149:
145:
131:
129:
115:
114:
113:
101:
96:
93:
89:
84:
79:
75:
70:
65:
59:
54:
49:
43:
37:
19:
6918:Altai people
6540:Lipka Tatars
6413:Tozhu Tuvans
6373:Volga Tatars
6236:
6086:Akto Turkmen
5979:Libyan Turks
5939:Cretan Turks
5854:Akto Turkmen
5803:Tajik Kyrgyz
5790:Akto Turkmen
5677:Azerbaijanis
5334:Montenegrins
5022:Azerbaijanis
4858:Azerbaijanis
4313:Volga Tatars
4300:Tozhu Tuvans
4142:Komi-Permyak
3976:
3803:
3797:Kaifeng Jews
3753:
3746:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3625:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3570:
3550:
3538:
3516:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3464:
3452:
3425:
3413:
3262:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3206:
3199:
3185:
3155:
3143:Austronesian
3130:
3123:
3116:
3079:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3011:
2999:
2979:
2972:
2942:
2930:
2923:
2911:
2894:
2882:
2875:
2858:
2851:Lolo-Burmese
2828:
2814:
2797:
2781:Sino-Tibetan
2768:
2685:
2670:the original
2665:
2661:
2593:
2589:
2561:
2537:. Retrieved
2501:
2497:
2439:
2435:
2395:
2391:
2375:. Retrieved
2349:
2345:
2329:. Retrieved
2309:1887/3202709
2279:
2273:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2193:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2046:(3): 43–72.
2043:
2039:
2029:
2009:
2002:
1982:
1975:
1955:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
1918:
1899:
1895:
1862:. New York:
1858:
1837:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1795:
1785:
1762:
1754:the original
1744:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1686:
1659:
1648:
1640:
1639:C.P.Atwood-
1635:
1626:
1619:. Retrieved
1608:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1513:
1486:. Retrieved
1473:
1454:
1435:
1415:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1349:
1330:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1234:. Retrieved
1232:. 2015-09-20
1199:
1180:
1152:. Retrieved
1139:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1087:
1035:
1032:Y Chromosome
1031:
1030:
1003:
1000:
988:
980:
970:polytheistic
957:
945:
941:
937:Christianity
914:
887:
861:
852:
835:
828:
822:
773:
747:
724:Demographics
719:
684:. After the
655:
652:
643:
629:
604:
600:
590:
582:Oirat Mongol
573:
570:Qing Dynasty
554:
550:
544:
528:
524:Paleo-Eskimo
517:
490:
470:
459:
441:
418:
412:
305:
304:), also the
285:Altai people
284:
282:
91:
73:
68:
47:
46:Алтай-кижи (
41:
34:Altai people
30:Ethnic group
6761:Toquz Oghuz
6700:Oghuz Turks
6667:Sir-Kıvchak
6461:Afghanistan
6204:Qarai Turks
6120:Tor Uyghurs
6099:Fuyu Kyrgyz
6047:Karakalpaks
5916:Kouloughlis
5720:Karapapakhs
5516:Armeno-Tats
5433:Ural Swedes
5319:Macedonians
5314:Lithuanians
5151:Mingrelians
5027:Belarusians
5009:Cherkesogai
4679:Chat Tatars
4175: [
4161: [
3641:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2508:: 210–251.
2356:: 197–239.
2286:: 369–373.
2194:genofond.ru
1621:25 February
1004:Altai Faith
708:. By 1950,
680:during the
578:Uriyangkhai
379:Black Tatar
251:Sunni Islam
6912:Categories
5808:Van Kyrgyz
5690:Shahsevans
5476:Vietnamese
5461:Ukrainians
5389:Ruska Roma
5363:Pakistanis
5349:Norwegians
5306:Latgalians
5216:Hungarians
5177:Mennonites
5042:Bulgarians
4925:Tabasarans
4419:Kamchadals
4365:Indigenous
4134:Izhma Komi
4080:Kabardians
3847:chauvinism
3826:Pakistanis
3809:Chaoxianzu
3421:Sogwo Arig
3340:Muumyangan
3325:Khishigten
3173:Hmong-Mien
3125:Vietnamese
2769:Underlined
2402:: 100177.
2398:(100177).
2346:Inner Asia
2200:2021-07-14
1839:2022-10-08
1830:www.eki.ee
1811:2006-10-24
1557:1508.03097
1488:2021-07-15
1236:2021-10-23
1126:References
1020:Altai jang
965:Bolsheviks
960:Burkhanism
678:Mensheviks
666:Burkhanist
648:Burkhanism
640:indigenist
632:shamanists
547:Four Oirat
511:, and the
371:Kazakhstan
361:) but are
301:Altay-kiji
293:Алтай-кижи
231:Burkhanism
195:Kazakhstan
144:Altai Krai
48:Altai-kiji
40:Алтайлар (
6835:Diasporas
6776:Xueyantuo
6766:Uriankhai
6713:Pechenegs
6706:Turkomans
6680:Kutrigurs
6352:Kryashens
6314:Kumandins
6295:Karachays
6275:Besermyan
6250:Telengits
6156:Krymchaks
6139:in Crimea
6104:Ili Turks
5697:Küresünni
5607:Pumpokols
5602:Meshchera
5422:Spaniards
5397:Romanians
5329:Moldovans
5276:Krymchaks
5211:Hamshenis
5130:Adjarians
5124:Georgians
5072:Estonians
5017:Assyrians
5003:Armenians
4993:Americans
4958:Besermyan
4876:Kubachins
4801:Chamalals
4780:Bagvalals
4642:Kumandins
4571:Hamnigans
4527:Izhorians
4519:Northwest
4489:Nganasans
4481:Khandeyar
4376:Far North
4347:Nağaybäks
4333:Kryashens
4229:Ossetians
4221:Khandeyar
4095:Karelians
4090:Karachays
3990:Telengits
3962:Natukhajs
3725:Armenians
3646:Ili Turks
3242:Dongxiang
2938:Qixingmin
2822:subgroups
2810:Chuanqing
2771:: the 56
2704:0766-5075
2534:2210-5832
2372:2210-5018
2157:0002-9297
2068:145805201
2060:1061-1959
1935:April 21,
1582:2045-2322
1550:: 20768.
1385:Leningrad
1327:"Алтайцы"
1325:(2007) .
1154:31 August
1131:Citations
1062:Yeniseian
1012:Алтай јаҥ
921:Zungarian
917:shamanism
814:Dwellings
804:gathering
686:Bolshevik
682:Civil War
555:Telengid
493:Scythians
454:Telengits
431:Kumandins
325:), are a
235:Shamanism
204:Languages
6886:Turkmens
6874:Turkmeni
6731:Saragurs
6675:Kurykans
6661:Kipchaks
6646:Keraites
6631:Göktürks
6621:Dughlats
6611:Dingling
6581:Berendei
6432:Mongolia
6402:Tofalars
6366:Nağaybäk
6270:Bashkirs
6257:Tubalars
6243:Chelkans
6237:Altaians
6058:in China
5890:Tahtacıs
5883:Muhacirs
5824:Turkmens
5556:Sireniki
5497:Africans
5446:Turkmens
5417:Slovenes
5373:Persians
5300:Latvians
5231:Japanese
5226:Italians
5032:Bosniaks
4940:Tsakhurs
4912:Karagash
4905:Ak Nogai
4836:Khwarshi
4808:Godoberi
4794:Botlikhs
4759:Akhvakhs
4730:Dagestan
4720:Tofalars
4637:Kamasins
4589:Negidals
4557:Far East
4542:Vepsians
4504:Yukaghir
4444:Alyutors
4414:Itelmens
4389:Chukchis
4256:Cossacks
4250:Russians
4194:Mordvins
4050:Besleney
4044:Cherkess
4020:Chechens
4010:Bashkirs
3997:Tubalars
3983:Chelkans
3977:Altaians
3969:Shapsugs
3955:Bzhedugs
3816:Macanese
3787:Japanese
3748:Russians
3730:Iranians
3626:Altaians
3563:Tungusic
3335:Khuuchid
3330:Khorchin
3320:Kharchin
3275:Abaganar
3248:Hamnigan
3219:Mongolic
3151:Filipino
2968:Gyalrong
2636:37588381
2627:10427466
2551:(2020).
2482:37588355
2473:10427276
2400:Elsevier
2331:11 April
2326:13670282
2318:29743675
2282:(7705).
2250:22281367
2175:22281367
2083:Sibirica
1902:(1): 8.
1770:Archived
1600:26865217
1463:Archived
1444:Archived
1375:(1969).
1357:Archived
1207:Archived
1175:(1998).
1114:See also
1070:Samoyeds
1027:Genetics
933:Buddhism
898:Religion
841:Clothing
698:Japanese
593:Russians
586:Mongolia
551:Telengid
536:Samoyeds
526:groups.
466:Kipchaks
435:Tubalars
427:Chelkans
359:Xinjiang
343:Mongolia
322:Altaylar
314:Алтайлар
306:Altaians
269:peoples
224:Religion
164:Mongolia
74:Bottom:
42:Altailar
6898:Ottoman
6882:Iranian
6878:Afghani
6826:Mughals
6821:Hazaras
6771:Utigurs
6746:Türgesh
6721:Onogurs
6695:Nushibi
6690:Naimans
6651:Khazars
6641:Karluks
6596:Chigils
6591:Bulgars
6576:Barsils
6514:Europe
6493:Ansarlu
6439:Khotons
6397:Teleuts
6290:Dolgans
6285:Chuvash
6280:Chulyms
6265:Balkars
6209:Qashqai
6194:Khalajs
6172:in Iran
6114:Uyghurs
5837:Ansarlu
5748:Kazakhs
5662:Peoples
5572:Agrzhan
5551:Qaratay
5541:Korlaks
5481:Yazidis
5471:Uyghurs
5412:Slovaks
5368:Pamiris
5287:Kurmanj
5255:Koreans
5241:Kazakhs
5221:Indians
5171:Germans
5137:Ingiloy
5067:Dungans
5037:Britons
4988:Afghans
4894:Lezgins
4869:Kaitags
4863:Dargins
4829:Karatas
4822:Hunzibs
4815:Hinukhs
4787:Bezhtas
4738:Abazins
4715:Teleuts
4629:Siberia
4547:Votians
4494:Selkups
4439:Koryaks
4404:Dolgans
4399:Chuvans
4394:Chulyms
4367:peoples
4308:Udmurts
4200:Mokshas
4113:Abugach
4106:Koibals
4085:Kalmyks
4039:Chuvash
4034:Chukchi
4015:Buryats
4005:Balkars
3939:Titular
3835:Related
3805:Koreans
3782:Indians
3735:Nepalis
3705:Western
3685:Uyghurs
3586:Manchus
3477:Tai Nua
3472:Tai Lue
3445:Kra–Dai
3433:Eastern
3415:Monguor
3387:Onnigud
3375:Torghut
3365:Khoshut
3355:Dzungar
3345:Naimans
3315:Khalkha
3305:Jalaids
3295:Chahars
3290:Buryats
3285:Baarins
3264:Mongols
3253:Kangjia
3157:Gaoshan
3013:Tibetan
2992:Tibetic
2955:Qiangic
2902:Laomian
2841:Waxiang
2836:Longjia
2790:Sinitic
2600:: e16.
2539:20 June
2377:20 June
2288:Bibcode
2261:Sources
2241:3276666
2166:3276666
1767:"Altay"
1706:, p. 29
1591:4750364
1562:Bibcode
1177:"Altai"
903:History
858:Cuisine
808:fishing
792:hunting
753:Culture
644:Ak Jang
532:Kipchak
497:Xiongnu
487:History
450:Teleuts
367:Mongols
243:Baptist
218:Russian
18:Altaian
6894:Syrian
6816:Abdals
6809:Others
6796:Yabaku
6786:Yueban
6736:Shatuo
6726:Sabirs
6685:Merkit
6636:Kangly
6626:Esegel
6606:Cumans
6586:Bulaqs
6571:Basmyl
6535:Gagauz
6485:Timuri
6479:Aimaqs
6474:Afshar
6421:Yakuts
6407:Tuvans
6339:Tatars
6334:Soyots
6324:Nogais
6319:Kumyks
6306:Koibal
6300:Khakas
6230:Russia
6184:Afshar
6128:Yugurs
6042:Uzbeks
5897:Yörüks
5779:Kyrgyz
5592:Muroma
5526:Buzava
5466:Uzbeks
5441:Tajiks
5427:Swedes
5402:Rusyns
5295:Kyrgyz
5192:Greeks
5119:Gagauz
5114:French
5062:Czechs
5057:Cubans
4983:Abkhaz
4930:Talysh
4920:Rutuls
4899:Nogais
4884:Kumyks
4843:Tindis
4773:Archis
4743:Aghuls
4661:Soyots
4599:Orochs
4594:Nivkhs
4565:Evenks
4509:Yupiks
4475:Nenets
4470:Naukan
4457:Karaga
4434:Khanty
4424:Kereks
4384:Aleuts
4355:Yakuts
4318:Tatars
4294:Tuvans
4286:Pomors
4235:Digors
4215:Nenets
4207:Erzyas
4123:Khanty
4100:Khakas
4075:Ingush
4057:Ademey
3949:Adyghe
3821:Nivkhs
3770:Others
3761:Wakhis
3692:Uzbeks
3679:Tuvans
3659:Kyrgyz
3652:Kazakh
3618:Turkic
3600:Oroqen
3572:Evenks
3552:Zhuang
3524:Qabiao
3506:Maonan
3460:Buyang
3454:Bouyei
3350:Oirats
3310:Jaruud
3300:Gorlos
3280:Aohans
3258:Khatso
3163:Utsuls
3118:Ta'ang
3043:Jingpo
3036:Derung
3023:Others
3007:Sherpa
2907:Laopin
2890:Kucong
2860:Achang
2805:Caijia
2702:
2688:(45).
2634:
2624:
2573:
2532:
2480:
2470:
2446:: e5.
2442:(e5).
2370:
2324:
2316:
2275:Nature
2248:
2238:
2173:
2163:
2155:
2066:
2058:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1870:
1598:
1588:
1580:
1521:
1481:. ELP
1423:
1337:
1300:
1269:
1230:Regnum
1187:
1099:O-M175
1095:I-M170
1068:, and
1058:Y-STRs
994:, and
935:, and
876:marmot
872:badger
868:gopher
864:mutton
806:, and
788:cattle
786:, and
776:horses
770:, Tuva
553:" or "
507:, the
503:, the
499:, the
452:, and
433:, and
383:Oirats
381:, and
349:) and
339:Russia
327:Turkic
249:, and
192:
174:
161:
150:83,125
141:
125:
112:Russia
109:
92:83,326
6890:Iraqi
6791:Yagma
6756:Torks
6751:Tuhsi
6741:Tiele
6656:Kimek
6616:Duolu
6449:Dukha
6329:Shors
6161:Urums
6109:Salar
5876:Gajal
5870:Turks
5597:Merya
5587:Kotts
5577:Asans
5511:Ainus
5451:Turks
5407:Serbs
5378:Poles
5344:Mugat
5281:Kurds
5198:Urums
5158:Svans
5086:Finns
5078:Setos
4998:Arabs
4950:Other
4766:Andis
4753:Avars
4647:Shors
4619:Ulchs
4614:Udege
4604:Oroks
4584:Nanai
4579:Evens
4537:Setos
4499:Yughs
4465:Mansi
4450:Apuka
4409:Enets
4242:Irons
4179:]
4165:]
4147:Mansi
3859:Minzu
3740:Daman
3699:Yugur
3673:Tatar
3666:Salar
3636:Dolan
3607:Sibes
3593:Nanai
3578:Solon
3518:Mulao
3492:Gelao
3427:Yugur
3402:Sunud
3392:Ordos
3360:Khoid
3270:Abaga
3228:Bonan
3193:Hmong
3181:Gejia
3112:Pakan
3092:Kunge
3087:Bolyu
3081:Blang
3057:Tujia
3050:Lhoba
3001:Monpa
2981:Qiang
2963:Baima
2925:Nakhi
2919:Mosuo
2673:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
2555:. In
2506:Brill
2504:(2).
2354:Brill
2352:(2).
2322:S2CID
2089:(2).
2064:S2CID
1643:, p.9
1552:arXiv
1379:[
1257:[
1066:Ugric
1054:Y-DNA
1038:mtDNA
1008:Altay
929:Islam
892:kumis
888:aryki
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