211:, near the border with Aragon. After being consulted by his advisers, the King wrote a missive to the universities and towns of Aragon, describing to them the tumult of Zaragoza and asking them for calm and obedience to what the viceroy ordered. The cities, towns and communities responded condemning the riot and asking for the punishment of its promoters, which isolated Zaragoza, where all the rioters seemed to have gathered. The Deputation consulted a board of lawyers to determine if there had been any counterfeit in the delivery of Pérez to the Inquisition, to which the board responded that there had not been, so that the restitution of Pérez to the prison of the Holy Office was prepared. The rioters again responded with threats and violence, making it impossible to carry out what the Deputation had ordered. The Deputation, instead of imposing its authority, sent the General Inquisitor a letter questioning the veracity of the witnesses against Pérez, and insinuating that they had been bribed by the late Marquis of Almenara and the Inquisitor Molina de Medrano to testify falsely. Seeing how his case was evolving, Pérez tried to escape from the prison of the accused and, discovered, the justice ordered his transfer to a safer and better guarded prison.
232:
went to the
Viceroy's inn, where a large number of nobles were present. The viceroy approved the agreement and they all went to the prison of the manifested to proceed with the transfer. Summoned by the chimes, a crowd had accumulated in front of the jail where Antonio Pérez was imprisoned. When the cars of the Inquisition approached, supporters of Perez attacked the guards, some of whom joined the rebels and others fled, and the authorities also fled. The crowd, which had already set fire to the house where the governor took refuge, threatened to do the same with the jail, and the jailers let Antonio Pérez out. Pérez and some of his supporters went to the door of Santa Engracia, which the rioters opened, allowing Pérez and his companions to leave the city in the direction of France. More than thirty people died in the riots, with many more wounded. After Pérez fled the city, and through the mediation of the clergy, the riots calmed down.
236:
244:
Aragonese authorities protect or destroy the weapons in their charge, so that they would not fall into the hands of the rioters. Antonio Pérez, having cut off his access to France, decided to return to
Zaragoza secretly, where he was in contact with the leaders of the rebels, inciting them to believe that the royal army was going to enter Aragon to repeal their charters. The authorities of Aragon disregarded the royal order and gave arms to the insurgents, who took control of Zaragoza. The King then decided to send in his army to reestablish the authority of justice and the Holy Office. On October 15, the King sent a letter to the cities, universities and lords of Aragon announcing the entry of the army and the reason for its entry.
287:
artillery. The force at the disposal of the
Justice, who left Zaragoza on November 8, was barely two thousand men, much inferior in number, experience and equipment to the royal force. The royal army advanced without any opposition and received the support and help of the local lords. Alonso de Vargas was careful to maintain the discipline of his army and avoid outrages, in accordance with the instructions he had received from the king. The Justice had ordered the destruction of the bridge of Alagón over the Jalón, to hinder the advance of the royal forces, but his orders were ignored and the royal army found the bridge undefended and intact. The justice and his forces were in
275:
support the
Justice against the king. Some consistories sent forces to Zaragoza, but they were much smaller than expected. Most of the cities and universities replied to the Justicia with a joint letter telling him that they were not going to resist the king in order to protect the breakers of their own laws. Nor did the lords of vassals outside Zaragoza respond to the mobilization, some even helped the royal army with supplies and armed people. The Diputations of Catalonia and Valencia did not send reinforcements either. The Catalans tried to intercede with the king so that he would not let the army enter, but without success.
20:
361:). But it did not happen, and the causes are several: Philip II, in spite of being an absolute monarch, was not totally at ease reigning through viceroys and Councils. A centralizing attempt would have required the abolition of the fueros in Catalonia and Valencia, which did not give him reason to do so, since they were loyal to the king during the revolt. The components of the crown of Aragon were going through a moment of already long economic depression and his Courts normally granted him the requested credits, besides he conserved the greatest power in the richest parts of the kingdom:
228:, only twenty-six years old. On the planned day, the governor ordered the closing of the city gates and distributed armed guards along the route between the two prisons. The tension in the city was very high, and the decision to close the gates left the farmers who would otherwise have gone out to work in the fields idle in the city. The governor threatened to kill anyone who gave the slightest hint of opposing justice, and a young man who shouted "Long live liberty" was shot dead by one of the arquebusiers, after which the supporters of Perez rang the bell of the church of San Pablo.
279:
258:
following evildoers and those to arrest and other acts and executions do ... we order that any officials or foreign persons ... shall enter the said kingdom ... by ... do any of the aforementioned acts ... that ipso facto they shall incur the penalty of death ... And no less than the
Justice of Aragon with the deputies of the said kingdom ... have summoned at the expense of the kingdom the people of the said kingdom, who will seem necessary to resist the aforementioned things by armed force....
196:, representative of the King in the lawsuit of the foreign viceroy, after his servants were disarmed by the Justice. Then they went to the Aljafería and, after violence and threats, they managed to get Pérez returned to the prison of the demonstrators. The inquisitors of Zaragoza published an edict recalling the serious penalties that could be imposed on those who mistreated the ministers of the Holy Office, and the rioters responded with new threats.
263:
authorities of the kingdom formally declared war on their King. The declaration was published on the first of
November and was communicated to the consistories and lords of Aragon, who were ordered to send forces to Zaragoza to participate in the defense, expecting a force of some twenty-four thousand armed men, more numerous than that of the royal army. Help was also requested from the
271:. The king rejected the arguments presented, saying that the army was not entering to impose a foreign jurisdiction, but to support the civil and ecclesiastical authorities of Aragon so that they could reestablish their authority and jurisdiction. The deputies confirmed what they had decided, so the king ordered his general, Alonso de Vargas, to prepare to enter Aragon with his army.
352:
Most historians agree that the agreement at the Courts of
Tarazona was a compromise between the nobles and the King. The nobles preferred to accept the authority of the King as guarantor of their privileges, even if they ceded power in the fueros. It is also agreed that Philip II was in a position to
252:
The news that the royal army was going to enter Aragon shocked the whole kingdom. The supporters of Pérez demanded that the deputies declare their entry against the line and order armed resistance against them. The deputies consulted a board of lawyers who ruled that the entry of foreign armed forces
274:
In
Zaragoza the opinion seemed unanimous in favor of resistance, at least while the supporters of Perez remained in the city, but in the rest of Aragon it was viewed with distrust that the same people who had not supported the decisions of the Justice to return Perez to the Inquisition now asked to
231:
With great formality, the inquisitor presented the letters of complaint of the defendants to the new justice, who with his lieutenants studied them and declared them to be in accordance with the law. The deputies of the kingdom, the jurors of
Zaragoza, a lieutenant of the justice and the governor
286:
The justice named as captains of his force the supporters of Pérez, the same ones that had mutinied before against the dispositions of the justice concerning Pérez. The royal army entered Aragon on
November 7 and 8, and had twelve thousand infantry, two thousand cavalry and twenty-five pieces of
243:
When the news of what happened in Zaragoza reached the royal court, Philip II ordered the meeting of a Board of State that decided to reinforce the border with France to prevent the French from coming to the support of the rebels and to try to apprehend the fugitive. It was also ordered that the
262:
The Deputation approved the opinion and passed it on to the justice so that he could study the case and decide whether or not it was a contrafuero. The justice, backed by four of his five lieutenants, confirmed the contrafuero and ordered the resistance to the royal troops, with which the foral
257:
As some officials of some cities, towns or places of the kingdom of Valencia, Principality of Catalonia, wrongfully pretend, that by virtue of privileges and with color of processes of defense and of sonmetient and in other ways, they can with the company of armed people enter the said kingdom
168:(of the lower nobility). Philip II, distrustful that the Aragonese courts would condemn Antonio Pérez, desisted from continuing the ordinary lawsuit against him and used a court against which the Aragonese fueros and Aragonese Justice could not oppose: the
316:
returned to Zaragoza, where he was captured and beheaded overnight by personal order of Philip II in the market square without trial, the same fate that befell many of those who led the revolt. Villahermosa and the Count of Aranda were captured in
219:
After much discussion and great preparations, the Aragonese authorities arranged that the transfer of Antonio Pérez to the prison of the Inquisition would take place on September 24, but two days earlier the justice
291:
and when the justice learned that the royal troops were already heading unimpeded to Zaragoza, knowing that his force was much inferior and also very undisciplined, he decided to abandon his troops and flee to
296:, where the Duke of Villahermosa and the Count of Aranda were. Upon hearing the news in the camp of Utebo, the troops were dispersed in all directions, fleeing Antonio Perez and his main supporters to
90:. Finally, after several days of fighting, the town surrendered on the night of Maundy Thursday 1572, and the ringleaders of the revolt were executed in the Plaza de San Juan in the following days.
345:
from his post and the Court of Justice was placed under the king's control; and finally aspects of the Aragonese legal system were modified. In December 1593, after the conclusion of the Courts,
341:(committee of the Courts) lost part of its control over Aragonese revenues and regional surveillance, also removing its power to call representatives of the cities; the Crown could remove the
83:, the Alterations of Teruel and Albarracín took place, due to the constant counter-guerrillas committed by both the representatives of King Philip II and the inquisitors of Teruel.
235:
353:
have put an end to the fueros and create a centralized structure (he had an army and the rebels were alone with limited support in Aragon and without the desired support from
387:
338:
152:
and was granted the Privilege of Manifestation - protection from Aragonese justice. In Aragon he found the support of Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón
199:
When Philip II received news of the riot and of the later death of Almenara, he ordered that the forces that were preparing to support the
321:
and sent to Castile, where they died mysteriously in prison. Pérez escaped to France and later to England, places where he stimulated the
86:
The constant quarrels and disagreements with the king led to the siege of the city of Teruel by an imperial army under the command of the
337:. No Aragonese institutions were abolished, but they were reformed: the king now had the right to appoint a non-Aragonese viceroy; the
300:(France). Alonso de Vargas, the viceroy and governor of Aragon and the royal army entered Zaragoza unopposed on November 12, 1591.
19:
131:, entered Aragon. Antonio Pérez had held the post of secretary to the king until 1579, when he was arrested for the murder of
278:
172:. Antonio Pérez was accused of heresy for having blasphemed when he complained to those close to him about his persecution.
185:
128:
1096:
56:
120:
76:
60:
369:. But he did not miss the opportunity to erode some powers of the Aragonese nobility in his favor by limiting the
382:
334:
264:
204:
148:
221:
200:
181:
313:
106:
24:
225:
52:
157:
224:
died and, in accordance with the king's advance arrangements, he was succeeded in the position by his son
102:
193:
392:
342:
165:
322:
153:
362:
268:
98:
79:, and with the progressive authoritarianism being developed in the government of Philip II, son of
161:
101:, the despotic treatment of the vassals by their lords and the repression of their revolts in the
346:
309:
80:
40:
312:, but they were repulsed and some of their leaders, including Heredia, captured and executed.
48:
1027:
Pidal, Pedro José; Alegría, J. Martín; Camacho, Juan Francisco; de Castro, Fernando (1863).
132:
1048:
1091:
136:
87:
1085:
1017:
253:
to impose justice violated the second charter of the General Privilege, which stated:
124:
1077:. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza - Institución Fernando el Católico.
189:
1042:
1038:
1034:
169:
72:
1066:
La rebelión de las palabras. Sátiras y oposición política en Aragón (1590-1626)
1075:
Alzar banderas contra su rey. La rebelión aragonesa de 1591 contra Felipe II
354:
208:
1019:
Información de los sucesos del reino de Aragón en los años de 1590 y 1591
366:
358:
318:
297:
293:
192:. After this Heredia and his followers attacked and mortally wounded the
143:
110:
28:
308:
The followers of Pérez tried to pass back to Aragon with the support of
180:
On May 24, 1591, at the request of the inquisitors and by order of the
115:
1057:
Bibliografía crítica para el estudio de la rebelión aragonesa de 1591
94:
36:
51:
remained quiet during the first half of the 16th century, while the
370:
288:
234:
139:— and for abusing the royal trust by conspiring against the king.
1029:
Historia de las alteraciones de Aragón en el reinado de Felipe II
188:
was transferred to the prison that the Inquisition had in the
239:
Antonio Perez was released from prison on September 24, 1591.
1059:. Zaragoza: Centro de documentación bibliográfica aragonesa.
999:
975:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
723:
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663:
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627:
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603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
495:
483:
471:
459:
423:
105:, Ayerbe and Monclús, the protests against the abuse of the
156:(whose domains in Ribagorza would be expropriated), and
207:
in France were to concentrate in the strong square of
113:, the violent confrontations between highlanders and
146:, where he sought the protection of the Aragonese
1049:The city of Huesca in the events of 1591 and 1592
142:After escaping from prison in Madrid, he fled to
1068:. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza.
16:Events in Aragon during the reign of Felipe II
8:
388:Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón
987:
963:
651:
507:
447:
435:
411:
27:in the monument to the justice system in
277:
18:
404:
93:To a situation already deteriorated in
349:'s troops were withdrawn from Aragon.
325:against the monarch and died in 1611.
1016:Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo (1604).
7:
329:Agreement with the Aragonese Courts
248:Entry of the royal army into Aragon
99:problems in the county of Ribagorza
14:
123:, in April 1590 and aided by his
215:The events of September 24, 1591
333:In 1592 Philip II convened the
282:Royal troops entering Zaragoza.
71:Since the establishment of the
121:lawsuit of the foreign viceroy
63:in Valencia were in progress.
1:
1073:Gascón Pérez, Jesús (2010).
1064:Gascón Pérez, Jesús (2004).
1055:Gascón Pérez, Jesús (1995).
1031:. Imp. de J. Martín Alegría.
954:, p. T. II, pp. 300-302
906:, p. T. II, pp. 286-291
894:, p. T. II, pp. 263-264
882:, p. T. II, pp. 267-276
870:, p. T. II, pp. 260-261
846:, p. T. II, pp. 249-250
822:, p. T. II, pp. 235-236
798:, p. T. II, pp. 228-232
786:, p. T. II, pp. 211-220
774:, p. T. II, pp. 223-224
762:, p. T. II, pp. 205-210
750:, p. T. II, pp. 201-202
738:, p. T. II, pp. 200-201
702:, p. T. II, pp. 184-187
690:, p. T. II, pp. 179-180
678:, p. T. II, pp. 160-172
666:, p. T. II, pp. 157-158
606:, p. T. II, pp. 133-134
594:, p. T. II, pp. 117-118
335:Courts of Aragon in Tarazona
462:, p. T. I, pp. 482-485
1113:
582:, p. T. II, pp. 90-93
558:, p. T. II, pp. 79-81
546:, p. T. II, pp. 59-60
498:, p. T. II, pp. 61-64
486:, p. T. II, pp. 21-28
474:, p. T. II, pp. 19-21
176:The events of May 24, 1591
426:, p. T. I, pp. 80-85
383:Cortes of Tarazona (1592)
339:Deputation of the Kingdom
265:principality of Catalonia
222:Juan de Lanuza y Perellós
205:War of the three Enriques
1002:, p. T. II, p. 305
978:, p. T. II, p. 303
942:, p. T. II, p. 300
930:, p. T. II, p. 293
918:, p. T. II, p. 292
858:, p. T. II, p. 258
834:, p. T. II, p. 243
810:, p. T. II, p. 233
726:, p. T. II, p. 194
714:, p. T. II, p. 191
642:, p. T. II, p. 156
630:, p. T. II, p. 155
618:, p. T. II, p. 153
107:Privilege of the Twenty
35:The events occurred in
570:, p. T. II, p. 85
534:, p. T. II, p. 58
522:, p. T. II, p. 43
283:
260:
240:
226:Juan de Lanuza y Urrea
53:War of the Communities
32:
281:
255:
238:
158:Luis Ximénez de Urrea
45:Alterations of Aragon
22:
154:Duke of Villahermosa
103:alterations of Ariza
39:during the reign of
1000:Pidal et al. (1863)
976:Pidal et al. (1863)
952:Pidal et al. (1863)
940:Pidal et al. (1863)
928:Pidal et al. (1863)
916:Pidal et al. (1863)
904:Pidal et al. (1863)
892:Pidal et al. (1863)
880:Pidal et al. (1863)
868:Pidal et al. (1863)
856:Pidal et al. (1863)
844:Pidal et al. (1863)
832:Pidal et al. (1863)
820:Pidal et al. (1863)
808:Pidal et al. (1863)
796:Pidal et al. (1863)
784:Pidal et al. (1863)
772:Pidal et al. (1863)
760:Pidal et al. (1863)
748:Pidal et al. (1863)
736:Pidal et al. (1863)
724:Pidal et al. (1863)
712:Pidal et al. (1863)
700:Pidal et al. (1863)
688:Pidal et al. (1863)
676:Pidal et al. (1863)
664:Pidal et al. (1863)
640:Pidal et al. (1863)
628:Pidal et al. (1863)
616:Pidal et al. (1863)
604:Pidal et al. (1863)
592:Pidal et al. (1863)
580:Pidal et al. (1863)
568:Pidal et al. (1863)
556:Pidal et al. (1863)
544:Pidal et al. (1863)
532:Pidal et al. (1863)
520:Pidal et al. (1863)
496:Pidal et al. (1863)
484:Pidal et al. (1863)
472:Pidal et al. (1863)
460:Pidal et al. (1863)
424:Pidal et al. (1863)
269:Kingdom of Valencia
194:Marquis of Almenara
1097:Philip II of Spain
393:Justicia de Aragón
284:
241:
135:—a trusted man of
33:
510:, p. 109-110
343:justice of Aragon
77:Catholic Monarchs
49:Kingdom of Aragon
43:are known as the
1104:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1032:
1023:
1022:. Imprenta Real.
1003:
997:
991:
988:Argensola (1604)
985:
979:
973:
967:
964:Argensola (1604)
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
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889:
883:
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871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
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823:
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805:
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793:
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733:
727:
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703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
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652:Argensola (1604)
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
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601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
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559:
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541:
535:
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511:
508:Argensola (1604)
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
448:Argensola (1604)
445:
439:
436:Argensola (1604)
433:
427:
421:
415:
412:Argensola (1604)
409:
314:Juan V de Lanuza
310:Henry de Navarra
166:Diego de Heredia
25:Juan V de Lanuza
1112:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1082:
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490:
482:
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470:
466:
458:
454:
450:, p. 61-65
446:
442:
438:, p. 57-60
434:
430:
422:
418:
414:, p. 36-50
410:
406:
401:
379:
331:
306:
250:
217:
201:Catholic League
178:
162:Count of Aranda
137:Juan de Austria
88:Duke of Segorbe
75:in 1478 by the
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1084:
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249:
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177:
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68:
65:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1021:
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1009:
1001:
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993:
990:, p. 125
989:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
966:, p. 124
965:
960:
957:
953:
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945:
941:
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933:
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654:, p. 103
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605:
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323:black legend
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170:Inquisition
119:and by the
73:Inquisition
1086:Categories
1043:Volume III
1010:References
304:Repression
149:privileges
67:Background
23:Statue of
1039:Volume II
355:Catalonia
347:Philip II
190:Aljafería
81:Charles I
61:Germanies
41:Philip II
1035:Volume I
377:See also
359:Valencia
267:and the
144:Zaragoza
133:Escobedo
116:moriscos
111:Zaragoza
59:and the
29:Zaragoza
367:America
363:Castile
203:in the
182:Justice
97:by the
57:Castile
1092:Aragon
371:fueros
209:Ágreda
95:Aragon
47:. The
37:Aragon
399:Notes
319:Épila
298:Bearn
294:Épila
289:Utebo
365:and
125:wife
357:or
160:IV
109:by
55:in
1088::
1041:,
1037:,
373:.
184:,
127:,
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1045:)
1033:(
31:.
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