274:
progression occurred in research done in
Pakistan: the symptoms on affected tomatoes started with yellowing and browning of the lower leaves, then began developing on the leaf tips and along the margins of the leaf petiole. This progression continued until the entire leaves were covered in diseased tissue and then fell off. In addition to necrotic leaves and petioles, plants are found to have severe defoliation, with considerable yield losses when it occurs before flowering. The tomato fruit can also be infected as well, with brown cankers dotting them and making them inedible. Once the disease has spread to a certain point, little can be done to save the tomato plant.
416:. These conidia are produced in lesions on mature or dying leaves. Their production can begin in as few as ten days after the first symptoms appear, and can continue for to up to fifty days. A. alternata's conidia disperse via air currents, and their release from the lesions can be triggered by rainfall, or even just a sudden drop in humidity. When the conidium lands on a leaf, it will wait until the nighttime dew, and then germinate. It can either enter through the
53:
579:
587:
40:
518:
357:
thrives in moist warm environments. Cultural practices for preventing this disease include planting tomatoes in a row north to south, monitoring plants heavily April through June, and using a drip irrigation system to keep as much plant tissue dry and free of favorable environments for this pathogen.
340:
has no effect on the spread of this pathogen. However, there are several cultural practices that can be followed to suppress this fungal pathogen's impact. The disease first occurs in the host's exposed leaves. Plants planted with rows in an east–west direction have more severe disease than do plants
349:
about mid-April. However, if a garden has a history of disease, it is advised to take extra measures. This can be done by treating tomatoes in mid to late April and 2 to 3 weeks later by applying a fungicide. Because this is a fungal pathogen that thrives off of wet environments, overhead irrigation
273:
s main symptom is cankers in the stem. It resides in seeds and seedlings, and is often spread by spores as they become airborne and land on plants. It can also spread throughout other plants. Under severe infection, lesions enlarge and become coalesced causing blighting of the leaves. This symptom
350:
is never advised when irrigating. This causes the moisture to remain on the leaf tissue and increase susceptibility to the disease and provides an optimal environment for the fungus to survive and grow. Furrow irrigation or drip irrigation systems allow the plant to remain dry.
341:
planted north–south. This implies that if one plants tomato plants in a north–south manner they will be less susceptible. It is also suggested to highly monitor plants in April through June. This is when the pathogen is most prevalent. If monitoring indicates the presence of
687:
Wiest, Peter; Wiese, Kurt; Jacobs, Michael R.; Morrissey, Anne B.; Abelson, Tom I.; Witt, William; Lederman, Michael M. (August 1987). "Alternaria
Infection in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Case Report and Review of Invasive Alternaria Infections".
1034:
Wang, Yifei; Bao, Yihong; Shen, Danhong; Feng, Wu; Yu, Ting; Zhang, Jia; Zheng, Xiao Dong (2008-04-30). "Biocontrol of
Alternaria alternata on cherry tomato fruit by use of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum Fell & Tallman".
451:. Thus, tomatoes that are resistant to this pathogen may be resistance to this specific toxin. Resistance to the pathogen in tomato is inherited as a single gene expressing complete dominance. However, sensitivity to the fumonisin B
333:. This disease flourishes in dead plants that have been left in gardens over winter. Additionally, when dead infected debris is added to compost pile it can spread to other vegetables throughout the garden.
455:
gene is controlled by a single locus with two alleles expressing incomplete dominance when heterozygous. In addition to resistance to the specific gene, resistance can be found from signaling pathways.
897:
Yang, Jiali; Sun, Cui; Zhang, Yangyang; Fu, Da; Zheng, Xiaodong; Yu, Ting (2017). "Induced resistance in tomato fruit by γ-aminobutyric acid for the control of alternaria rot caused by
999:
1537:
1333:
297:, which is a necessary pathway for immunity. Independently of each other, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid can influence the susceptibility of tomato to
1398:
1603:
1037:
485:
variant. Additionally, the best way to prevent this pathogen from producing disease on tomato plants is to ensure the tomatoes are resistant cultivars.
277:
There are several host factors that affect disease development. For example, various signaling pathways in tomato plants affect their susceptibility to
1524:
1307:
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grows very slowly. This makes it so its presence is often not known until seedlings become larger and are transplanted into the garden. A
305:
is often from observing signs and symptoms from this fungal pathogen. In addition, a tomato cultivar's resistance to a toxin produced by
1281:
869:
565:
412:: this has yet to be confirmed. If this is correct, as a result this pathogen would be propagating itself via asexual spores called
1613:
1457:
226:, rots, and blights on many plant parts, and other diseases. It is an opportunistic pathogen on over 380 host species of plant.
1608:
738:
1598:
690:
543:
1351:
1385:
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Individual conidiophores arise directly from substrate forming bushy heads consisting of 4–8 large catenate conidia chains
972:
1183:
528:
266:(AAL) infects only certain cultivars of tomato plants and is often referred to as Alternaria stem canker of tomato.
52:
941:
547:
532:
1403:
448:
322:
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903:
380:
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may be used to save the plants once they are infected; however, the disease cannot be completely eradicated.
408:
1618:
362:
230:
1210:
777:
993:
147:
668:(on PCA) individual chains of 5–15 conidia, complex of branching chains may contain up to 50–60 conidia
804:
Jia, Chengguo; Zhang, Liping; Liu, Lihong; Wang, Jiansheng; Li, Chuanyou; Wang, Qiaomei (2013-01-01).
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19:
This article is about a fungus. For the fungal disease caused by
Alternaria alternata, see
1022:
249:
94:
1015:
Dewdney, M. M. "Alternaria Brown Spot1." EDIS New
Publications RSS. Web. 22 October 2015.
1139:
Gilchrist, D. G. (19 August 1975). "Production and Nature of a Host-Specific Toxin from
1097:
1511:
1294:
985:
838:
806:"Multiple phytohormone signalling pathways modulate susceptibility of tomato plants to
805:
586:
282:
1050:
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471:
447:. It was identified and confirmed by research conducted on fast atom bombardment and
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Obclavate to obpyriform orellipsoid, short conical beak at the tip, or beakless
703:
399:
124:
84:
790:
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1268:
464:
346:
223:
64:
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1058:
924:
847:
966:
Timmer, Lavern W.; Peever, Tobin L.; Solel, Zvi; Akimitsu, Kazuya (2003).
719:
474:
of this organism depends on a specific tomato cultivar's resistance to an
1550:
1483:
1359:
1227:
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864:
829:
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326:
290:
739:"Tomato Alternaria Cankers - Causes, Symptoms, Treatments & Control"
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1312:
711:
622:
417:
413:
1325:
1555:
1364:
1074:"A longevity assurance gene homolog of tomato mediates resistance to
865:"UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Alternaria Leaf Spot on Almond"
649:
384:
234:
74:
1204:
936:
934:
336:
There are no insect vectors for this disease. This means that using
1273:
585:
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330:
1016:
329:. The fungus lives in seeds and seedlings, and is also spread by
1426:
767:
K.P., Akhtar; M.Y., Saleem; M., Asghar; M.A., Haq (2004-07-30).
321:
needs a moist warm environment. It is often found in areas with
1260:
1208:
420:, or penetrate directly through the top of the leaf, using its
665:
Produced in an often branched, long chain more than 5 conidia.
511:
617:
Secondary conidiophores are generally short and 1-celled
644:(on PCA) mature conidia typically 10–30 x 5–12 μm
345:, it is suggested to begin late-spring treatments of
968:"Alternaria diseases of citrus – Novel pathosystems"
1473:
1217:
440:on tomato. This host specific mycotoxin is called
181:(Cooke & Ellis) L.R. Jones & Grout (1897)
998:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
892:
890:
888:
886:
1086:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
870:University of California Statewide IPM Program
293:response. Ethylene controls the synthesis of
8:
365:(GABA) has no direct fungicidal activity on
546:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
438:toxins that are essential for pathogenicity
1205:
1038:International Journal of Food Microbiology
773:causing leaf blight of tomato in Pakistan"
248:has many different hosts depending on its
38:
27:
1115:
1105:
1011:
1009:
837:
566:Learn how and when to remove this message
961:
959:
957:
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654:Several vertical and −8 transverse septa
679:
991:
657:(on PCA) 3–7 transepta, 1–5 longisepta
424:, infecting the leaf within 12 hours.
325:, or where there has been significant
1072:Brandwagt, Bas F. (January 3, 2000).
383:is by activation of the tomato's own
237:in humans with compromised immunity.
7:
1566:1e1a7988-c525-4e02-89ff-84ae702eb00b
1414:04e437cd-f197-4ba8-8087-7a085d805db0
859:
857:
733:
731:
729:
544:adding citations to reliable sources
1604:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
986:10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-1710
309:also affects disease development.
14:
1051:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.002
516:
51:
917:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.061
818:Journal of Experimental Botany
691:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1:
635:Surface smooth to verruculose
973:Phytopathologia Mediterranea
745:. 2010-11-02. Archived from
641:20–63 x 9–18 μm in size
449:ion spray mass spectrometry
1635:
1189:Japanese Fungi on Plants:
18:
629:Pale brown to light brown
602:Pale brown to olive brown
459:At the organismal level,
202:Cooke & Ellis (1817)
199:Macrosporium fasciculatum
175:
168:
153:
146:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
30:
1184:USDA ARS Fungal Database
1082:toxins and fumonisin B1"
1614:Fungi described in 1817
704:10.1093/clinids/9.4.799
501:Clathrospora diplospora
481:'s specific fumonisin B
432:At the cellular level,
409:Clathrospora diplospora
379:). Some or all of that
285:promotes resistance to
231:upper respiratory tract
1609:Fungal citrus diseases
1107:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4961
988:(inactive 2024-09-12).
591:
583:
178:Alternaria fasciculata
1599:Fungal grape diseases
605:25–60 x 3–3.5 μm
589:
581:
317:In order to survive,
1219:Alternaria alternata
1199:Alternaria alternata
1191:Alternaria alternata
1163:10.1094/phyto-66-165
1141:Alternaria alternata
1076:Alternaria alternata
944:Alternaria alternata
899:Alternaria alternata
808:Alternaria alternata
771:Alternaria alternata
540:improve this section
404:Alternaria alternata
376:Solanum lycopersicum
319:Alternaria alternata
289:and antagonizes the
246:Alternaria alternata
222:is a fungus causing
219:Alternaria alternata
163:(Fr.) Keissl. (1912)
157:Alternaria alternata
32:Alternaria alternata
21:Alternaria leaf spot
1098:2000PNAS...97.4961B
778:New Disease Reports
743:Tomato Disease Help
504:(to be confirmed).
363:γ-aminobutyric acid
1021:2020-08-15 at the
830:10.1093/jxb/ers360
592:
584:
241:Hosts and symptoms
229:It can also cause
1576:
1575:
1435:Open Tree of Life
1211:Taxon identifiers
1197:Mycology Online:
582:Spores in a chain
576:
575:
568:
406:is thought to be
371:induce resistance
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203:
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192:Alternaria tenuis
189:
185:Alternaria rugosa
182:
139:A. alternata
16:Pathogenic fungus
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1475:Torula alternata
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1391:NHMSYS0001474394
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1092:(9): 4961–4966.
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206:Torula alternata
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1594:Cereal diseases
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301:. Diagnosis of
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233:infections and
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188:McAlpine (1896)
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95:Dothideomycetes
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1179:Index Fungorum
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1173:External links
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1157:(2): 165–171.
1150:Phytopathology
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904:Food Chemistry
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489:Identification
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323:humid climates
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283:Salicylic acid
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980:(2): 99–112.
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911:: 1014–1020.
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749:on 2017-10-25
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556:November 2020
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525:This section
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472:pathogenicity
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395:Disease cycle
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295:jasmonic acid
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148:Binomial name
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115:Pleosporaceae
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747:the original
742:
695:
689:
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608:Straight or
596:Conidiophore
562:
553:
538:Please help
526:
499:
497:
475:
470:Ultimately,
469:
460:
458:
433:
431:
428:Pathogenesis
422:appressorium
407:
403:
398:
387:exerting an
374:
367:A. alternata
366:
360:
354:
352:
342:
338:insecticides
335:
318:
316:
306:
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298:
286:
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276:
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195:Nees (1817)
191:
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177:
176:
156:
154:
138:
137:
125:
105:Pleosporales
31:
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1373:NatureServe
1321:iNaturalist
1145:lycopersici
1080:lycopersici
812:lycopersici
442:fumonisin B
389:antioxidant
373:in tomato (
313:Environment
262:lycopersici
209:Fr. (1832)
1589:Alternaria
1583:Categories
876:2017-12-12
753:2017-12-12
675:References
494:Teleomorph
400:Teleomorph
381:resistance
369:, it does
224:leaf spots
126:Alternaria
85:Ascomycota
81:Division:
1490:Q59420031
1378:2.1157003
791:2044-0588
527:does not
465:fungicide
436:produces
353:Overall,
347:fungicide
133:Species:
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1551:MycoBank
1543:10587912
1512:Fungorum
1484:Wikidata
1360:MycoBank
1339:10379275
1295:Fungorum
1234:Q2704244
1228:Wikidata
1126:10781105
1059:18378348
1019:Archived
925:27979053
848:23264518
610:flexuous
508:Anamorph
391:effect.
327:rainfall
291:ethylene
170:Synonyms
111:Family:
61:Domain:
1530:5262567
1313:2616163
1143:f. sp.
1094:Bibcode
1078:f. sp.
839:3542053
810:f. sp.
720:3326127
712:4454171
662:Chains
623:Conidia
548:removed
533:sources
418:stomata
414:conidia
385:enzymes
258:f. sp.
121:Genus:
101:Order:
91:Class:
1563:NZOR:
1556:452904
1517:452904
1463:100487
1450:442991
1447:uBio:
1440:464784
1427:100487
1411:NZOR:
1365:119834
1352:194497
1326:350022
1300:119834
1274:ALTEAL
1261:152415
1124:
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1057:
923:
846:
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718:
710:
590:Spores
479:strain
361:While
331:spores
235:asthma
1538:IRMNG
1504:57HZB
1458:WoRMS
1334:IRMNG
1287:20487
1282:EUNIS
1117:18340
708:JSTOR
650:Septa
638:Size
271:'
256:A. a.
75:Fungi
1525:GBIF
1422:OBIS
1404:5599
1399:NCBI
1347:ITIS
1308:GBIF
1269:EPPO
1248:C9MM
1122:PMID
1055:PMID
1000:link
921:PMID
844:PMID
787:ISSN
716:PMID
531:any
529:cite
1499:CoL
1386:NBN
1256:EoL
1243:CoL
1159:doi
1147:".
1112:PMC
1102:doi
1047:doi
1043:123
982:doi
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834:PMC
826:doi
700:doi
542:by
476:AAL
461:AAL
434:AAL
402:of
355:AAL
343:AAL
307:AAL
303:AAL
299:AAL
287:AAL
279:AAL
268:AAL
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