51:
775:
then opened while in the air. It is suspected that in this mode, the wings are opened to help reduce spinning. The last mode is termed the "winged mode", where the beetle uses its wings by flapping while taking off. In the study, the "wingless mode" was the most common mode used to jump, but most individuals preferred a particular mode. The use of wings led to slower jumps, which decreased the impact of the landing on the beetles.
33:
484:
The species may also optimize their feeding to allow for hole sizes and quantities that increase the efficacy of its camouflage. The primary predators that have led to the hole-feeding camouflage behavior are likely birds. Because birds primarily use visual cues to find the insects, it is believed that the hole-feeding camouflage greatly helps the beetles avoid such predators.
762:
and other flea beetles is described to be very efficient, as it allows the beetles to jump extremely far distances relative to the length of their body in a very short amount of time. Furthermore, the beetles are able to jump repeatedly for over 30 jumps without becoming tired. The efficient nature
774:
exhibited three noticeably different modes of jumping. One mode is termed the "wingless mode", in which the wings of the beetle are closed while it jumps and remain closed while in the air. Another mode is termed the "intermediate mode", in which the wings of the beetle are closed initially but are
719:
have a width of approximately 2 mm and a length of approximately 4 mm. The adult beetles have wings that are often used to assist with jumping. Their body shapes are elongated and their sides are somewhat convex. They are a dark blue in color and have a metallic quality, along with some purple
483:
the species by changing the background environment of which the beetle interacts. This camouflage is effective against humans. The difficulty in identifying the beetles increases when there were more holes present in the leaves and when the size of the holes were similar to the size of the beetles.
825:
beetles may obtain their gut microbiome from a shared source, such as the soil, rather than from their respective plant food resources. Although no significant differences in the gut bacterial composition have been found across the three species, the geographic location in which the beetles are
531:
genus that are very similar physiologically. Both have features such as elongated body shapes and slightly convex sides. Their body and appendages both have a dark metallic blue color with faint purple coloring. These beetles also show genetic similarity. There were 39 and 27 amplifiable and
707:, the chemical makeup of CHCs differ by sex and sexual maturity. Males may use an assessment of these differences to help them identify mates. However, it is believed by researchers that other unknown signals also play a role in male mate choice, and the use of CHCs is only one component.
810:
leads to negative effects on the development of the beetles. The microbiomes in these species may provide several benefits, such as providing nutrients that may promote growth and helping with the digestion of compounds from plant food resources that may be toxic to the beetles.
755:. The third step is very brief, and it consists of an accumulation of strain that can no longer be held, leading to the trigger of the jump. Finally, in the fourth step, the beetle is catapulted from the ground and the strain is released so the muscles start to relax.
634:
reliably. Although their mitochondrial genomes are very similar, the beetle species can be distinguished from each other using other methods, such as identifying the plants that the beetles feed on or physical features like the genitalia of male beetles.
747:, along with several other flea beetles, has been described to consist of four steps. The first step is a preparation phase, where the beetle contracts the muscles in its hind legs. The second step is an initiation phase, where strain is built up in the
1705:
462:
beetles can influence the number of generations that are produced per year. Adults living in northern regions usually only have one generation of offspring per year, but adult beetles living in southern regions may have more.
679:
populations have generations that overlap and are typically clustered together, males of the species usually encounter both sexually immature and mature females, and also may encounter other males or even beetles of other
594:, meaning that they live in the same general geographic location. Although the three species of beetles use plants from different families as their food resources, the three species of beetles are very similar
1458:
Ruan, Yongying; Konstantinov, Alexander S.; Shi, Guanya; Tao, Yi; Li, You; Johnson, Andrew J.; Luo, Xiaozhu; Zhang, Xinying; Zhang, Mengna; Wu, Jianing; Li, Wenzhu; Ge, Siqin; Yang, Xingke (2020-02-24).
359:, the beetle makes specialized holes in the leaves of the plant. The holes that are created in the plant are typically about half of the size of the insect's body and are usually uniform. The anatomy of
496:
exhibits that helps it to avoid predators is jumping. Jumping is a protective behavior found among many insects, but there have been extensive studies investigating the mechanisms of jumping in
367:
region, limits the size of the hole that the beetle creates while feeding. The presence of these holes also makes it more difficult to visually recognize the beetles, so they serve as a form of
504:
is able to jump far distances that are much longer in length than its own body length. In the wild, it is believed that the species jumps into leave clusters to quickly escape from predators.
415:
genus typically have a length of about 5.2 mm. The body structure of the larvae in this genus is composed of 10 distinct segments. The larvae live and feed on the leaves where they are
556:
indicate that they should be treated as two different species in the context of using them as control agents, particularly for the potential use of them as control agents for the
423:
during the larval stage where the smaller larvae typically live at the bottom of the host leaves and the larger larvae live at the top and feed on the leaves of the host plants.
1568:"AreAltica carduorumandAltica cirsicola(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Different Species? Implications for the Release ofA. cirsicolafor the Biocontrol of Canada Thistle in Canada"
932:
effect on mating, infected males were crossed with cured females. This revealed no changes in hatching success. Antibiotics had no effect on hatching success either. CI from
230:
and other flea beetles has been described to be extremely efficient, and several studies have been conducted to analyze this jumping ability. The jumping mechanism of
971:, was used in the 1960s as a method of controlling the Canada thistle in North America, but this effort was not effective. Preliminary findings have suggested that
540:, respectively. The genetic variation between the two species was 20%. Genetic similarity among the two species was low. This level was at 46%. This shows that
1251:
862:
species. When cytoplasmic incompatibility occurs, males that are infected are capable of mating with and reproducing with females that are also infected with
659:
may occur, which may prevent other opportunities to mate for the beetle that is guarded. This mate guarding may occur for multiple hours after copulation.
1812:
Nie, Rui-E; Wei, Jing; Zhang, Shou-Ke; Vogler, Alfried P.; Wu, Ling; Konstantinov, Alexander S.; Li, Wen-Zhu; Yang, Xing-Ke; Xue, Huai-Jun (August 2019).
1461:"The jumping mechanism of flea beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticini), its application to bionics and preliminary design for a robotic jumping leg"
818:
beetles feed on different species of plants, the bacterial communities do not significantly vary between the species. Thus, it is believed that the three
479:, along with some other leaf beetle species, create uniform holes while they feed on the leaves of their host plant food resources. These holes help to
399:
genus are oval in shape and have a length of about 1 to 2 mm. Females lay clutches of 1 to 15 eggs on the top or the bottom surface of the leaves.
1080:"Recent Speciation in Three Closely Related Sympatric Specialists: Inferences Using Multi-Locus Sequence, Post-Mating Isolation and Endosymbiont Data"
995:"An annotated checklist of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Korean Peninsula, with comments and new records - Far Eastern Entomologist"
287:. More recent reports have also found the species in other regions, with a 2024 publication reporting the first documented presence of the species in
2104:
1772:"Systematic Study of Larvae of North American Alticinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Larval Characters - Part 1. Genus Altica from North America"
197:. This food resource provides the species with the opportunity to create holes in the leaves of the plant, which helps to provide the beetles with
688:
have during their lives, they are able to identify the sex of other individuals and, if they are female, whether or not they are sexually mature.
1853:"How do cuticular hydrocarbons evolve? Physiological constraints and climatic and biotic selection pressures act on a complex functional trait"
651:
males and females mate multiple times throughout their lives. Both males and females may have multiple sexual partners throughout their lives.
1322:
Xue, Huai-Jun; Zhang, Bin; Segraves, Kari A.; Wei, Jia-Ning; Nie, Rui-E.; Song, Ke-Qing; Liu, Jie; Li, Wen-Zhu; Yang, Xing-Ke (January 2016).
435:
genus leave the host plant and pupate into the ground or leaf litter. The larvae form a case for themselves to live through the pupation and
454:
ends in the spring following birth, and adult beetles emerge from the case. Adults feed on the leaves of the host plant, which is from the
2137:
226:
have the ability to jump extensive distances, which provides them with a method of escaping predators. The jumping mechanism of
548:
are sibling species due to their morphological similarities. They are reproductively isolated. The genetic differences between
703:
that cover the cuticles of most insects that typically play roles in communication and providing waterproofing qualities. In
1933:"High prevalence of Wolbachia infection does not explain unidirectional cytoplasmic incompatibility of Altica flea beetles"
259:
species, and it is believed that the presence of such bacterial communities may provide several benefits to the beetles.
967:. The Canada thistle is an invasive species of plant that is known to lead to crop damage. A similar species of beetle,
1521:
Konstantinov A.S., Vandenberg N.J. 1996. Handbook of
Palaearctic flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae).
1250:
Ren, Jing; Gunten, Natasha de; Konstantinov, Alexander S.; Vencl, Fredric V.; Ge, Siqin; Hu, David L. (June 1, 2018).
843:
1324:"Contact cuticular hydrocarbons act as a mating cue to discriminate intraspecific variation in Altica flea beetles"
882:
2142:
1706:"REVISION OF THE COSTATE SPECIES OF ALTICA MÜLLER OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)"
50:
2072:
1615:"New Data on the Fauna of Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from the South of the Russian Far East"
696:
145:
1931:
Wei, Jing; Segraves, Kari A.; Xiao, Bing-Han; Li, Wen-Zhu; Yang, Xing-Ke; Xue, Huai-Jun (3 July 2019).
308:
1579:
1468:
1388:
Zong, Le; Wu, Jianing; Yang, Pingping; Ren, Jing; Shi, Guanya; Ge, Siqin; Hu, David L. (2023-03-01).
1183:
1091:
914:
732:. Despite their morphological similarities, DNA analysis suggests that the two are separate species.
729:
595:
1932:
1743:
671:
is typically less common in animals, it has been found that male mate choice may be selected for in
842:
are bacteria that can live inside beetles and impact their reproductive isolation. Unidirectional
743:
has the ability to jump, which allows it to quickly escape from predators. The jumping process of
2053:
944:
beetles but no change in hatching success shows CI does not play a factor in reproduction in the
652:
45:
1814:"Diversification of mitogenomes in three sympatric Altica flea beetles (Insecta, Chrysomelidae)"
866:, but the males are actually sterile and cannot reproduce with females that are not infected.
2132:
2045:
2014:
1996:
1952:
1890:
1872:
1833:
1783:
1725:
1675:
1634:
1595:
1504:
1486:
1417:
1409:
1343:
1279:
1271:
1207:
1199:
1127:
1109:
1057:
623:
619:
599:
2004:
1986:
1944:
1880:
1864:
1825:
1717:
1665:
1626:
1587:
1494:
1476:
1401:
1335:
1263:
1191:
1117:
1099:
1049:
1002:
1771:
854:
beetles. Cytoplasmic incompatibility is a form of mating incompatibility that is caused by
960:
557:
344:
1166:
Wei, Jing; Segraves, Kari A.; Li, Wen-Zhu; Yang, Xing-Ke; Xue, Huai-Jun (November 2020).
458:
genus. Adult females generally have a larger body size than adult males. The location of
1813:
1583:
1472:
1187:
1095:
363:, particularly the volume of its foregut and the restricted range of motion in the head-
2009:
1974:
1885:
1852:
1499:
1460:
1167:
1122:
1079:
655:
in the species typically has a duration of approximately 20 minutes. After copulation,
606:
to determine differences between the three beetle species. This study found that while
1566:
Laroche, A.; DeClerck-Floate, R.A.; LeSage, L.; Floate, K.D.; Demeke, T. (June 1996).
2126:
1029:
906:
787:
656:
603:
436:
384:
245:
2095:
299:, and there is a particular recording of the species in Mt. Hallasan National Park.
1975:"The Biochemistry of Cytoplasmic Incompatibility Caused by Endosymbiotic Bacteria"
1339:
411:
in about 5 to 8 days, which have a dark brown to black color. The larvae from the
1104:
1654:"Insect Fauna of Yeongsil in Mt. Hallasan National Park (excluding Lepidoptera)"
1323:
700:
668:
217:
213:
191:
is found throughout East Asia. Adults feed exclusively on plants from the genus
184:
174:
112:
32:
2034:"Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense): A Literature Review of Management Practices"
1405:
1195:
1168:"Gut bacterial communities and their contribution to performance of specialist
1630:
1481:
1053:
994:
807:
480:
416:
368:
249:
198:
2049:
2000:
1956:
1876:
1837:
1787:
1729:
1679:
1670:
1653:
1638:
1599:
1490:
1413:
1389:
1347:
1275:
1203:
1113:
1061:
248:
communities contained within their gut. This microbiome has been compared to
1614:
859:
838:
826:
obtained does have an effect on the types of bacteria present in their gut.
364:
329:
276:
82:
62:
2018:
1894:
1868:
1591:
1508:
1421:
1283:
1211:
1131:
728:, and it is very difficult to reliably distinguish between the two species
1991:
2089:
1567:
819:
752:
591:
253:
2109:
2057:
2033:
1721:
220:(CHCs) as one of several signals to help them identify potential mates.
1007:
764:
338:
235:
193:
1948:
1829:
699:(CHCs) play a role in identifying potential mates. CHCs are chains of
1525:, Vol. 1, Part 3. Gainesville, FL: Associated Publishers. P. 237–440.
1267:
1078:
Xue, Huai-Jun; Li, Wen-Zhu; Nie, Rui-E.; Yang, Xing-Ke (2011-11-15).
790:
communities in their gut that may provide several benefits. Treating
763:
of the jumping mechanism in these beetles has inspired a design of a
420:
288:
179:
122:
102:
92:
72:
2066:
1851:
Menzel, Florian; Blaimer, Bonnie B.; Schmitt, Thomas (2017-03-15).
1038:
spp. (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): EENY-721/IN1238, 1/2019"
975:
may be another potential method of controlling the Canada thistle.
1028:
Phillips, Elenor F.; Gillett-Kaufman, Jennifer Lynn (2019-04-12).
748:
440:
408:
296:
284:
280:
234:
and other flea beetles has led to a proposed design for a robotic
451:
2070:
1973:
Chen, Hongli; Zhang, Mengwen; Hochstrasser, Mark (2020-07-25).
925:(ST505) is related to ST348 which is a strain in supergroup A.
684:
species. Because of the wide variety of encounters that male
959:
may serve as a potential biological control method for the
869:
In a 2019 study by Wei et al. investigating the effects of
767:
leg that can jump, which could possibly be used in robots.
724:
is very visually similar to another flea beetle species,
295:
also has had a reported presence in both North and South
1857:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
770:
In a study with varying inclined landing platforms,
610:
is more distantly related to the other two species,
2079:
1390:"Jumping of flea beetles onto inclined platforms"
342:. In particular, the species is known to feed on
877:species, Wolbachia had a 100% infection rate in
695:males do not use behavioral cues to find mates.
936:can also lead to new insect species. Multiple
208:make multiple matings throughout their lives.
881:. The study used multilocus sequence typing (
814:Although the three aforementioned species of
271:are widely distributed throughout the world,
8:
751:, allowing the femur to act somewhat like a
279:. The species is native to the countries of
1776:Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
2067:
1652:Jung, Sai-Ho; Oh, Hong-Shik (2012-03-01).
1523:Contributions on Entomology, International
31:
20:
2008:
1990:
1884:
1669:
1498:
1480:
1121:
1103:
1006:
336:only eats plants that are from the genus
901:. The dominant strain type ST505 was in
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
983:
622:to create distance-based or tree-based
306:is nearly identical morphologically to
1926:
1924:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1453:
1451:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1161:
212:males have been discovered to exhibit
1968:
1966:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1770:Lee, Jong Eun; Shim, Jae Hun (2003).
1765:
1763:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1073:
1071:
897:genes showed three sequence types in
324:Like many other leaf beetle species,
7:
989:
987:
626:alone could not distinguish between
598:. A study by Nie et al. (2019) used
332:that feeds on the leaves of plants.
275:is primarily distributed throughout
1394:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
885:) markers to identify the types of
858:infection that is commonly seen in
917:called supergroup B. The dominant
187:(commonly known as leaf beetles).
14:
940:strains in different species of
527:are two beetle species from the
49:
1613:Romantsov, P. V. (2023-09-01).
379:Like other species of beetles,
201:and protection from predators.
1252:"Chewing Holes for Camouflage"
267:Although beetles of the genus
183:, which belongs to the family
1:
1704:LeSage, Laurent (June 1995).
1340:10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.10.025
395:The eggs of beetles from the
316:is instead native to Europe.
1105:10.1371/journal.pone.0027834
952:Interaction with environment
850:infection rates are seen in
1937:Royal Entomological Society
1030:"Flea Beetles of the Genus
844:cytoplasmic incompatibility
443:from the maxillary glands.
2159:
1744:"flea beetle - Altica spp"
1406:10.1007/s00359-022-01567-w
1196:10.1007/s00248-020-01590-x
618:are highly similar. Using
2138:Beetles described in 1960
1710:The Canadian Entomologist
1631:10.1134/S0013873823060064
1482:10.3897/zookeys.915.38348
1054:10.32473/edis-in1238-2019
758:The jumping mechanism of
151:
144:
46:Scientific classification
44:
39:
30:
23:
2032:Evans, James E. (1984).
1671:10.7229/jkn.2012.5.1.027
1658:Journal of Korean Nature
500:and other flea beetles.
913:sequences were under a
691:It has been found that
472:Hole-feeding camouflage
1869:10.1098/rspb.2016.1727
1592:10.1006/bcon.1996.0039
948:beetles specifically.
794:beetles (specifically
697:Cuticular hydrocarbons
492:Another behavior that
2038:Natural Areas Journal
1992:10.3390/genes11080852
620:mitochondrial genomes
604:phylogenetic analysis
600:mitochondrial genomes
586:are three species of
532:informative loci for
204:Both male and female
1619:Entomological Review
909:analysis revealed 7
1722:10.4039/Ent127295-3
1584:1996BiolC...6..306L
1473:2020ZooK..915...87R
1188:2020MicEc..80..946W
1096:2011PLoSO...627834X
467:Protective behavior
439:, which is made of
383:develops through a
238:leg that can jump.
1863:(1850): 20161727.
1748:entnemdept.ufl.edu
1572:Biological Control
1256:Zoological Science
1008:10.25221/fee.404.1
889:that infected the
419:. There are three
407:Eggs develop into
216:, using cuticular
2120:
2119:
2073:Taxon identifiers
1949:10.1111/een.12774
1830:10.1111/zsc.12371
1818:Zoologica Scripta
1176:Microbial Ecology
736:Jumping mechanism
590:beetles that are
166:
165:
137:A. cirsicola
16:Species of beetle
2150:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2081:Altica cirsicola
2068:
2062:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1994:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1928:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1701:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1563:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1484:
1455:
1426:
1425:
1385:
1352:
1351:
1328:Animal Behaviour
1319:
1288:
1287:
1268:10.2108/zs170136
1247:
1216:
1215:
1163:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1107:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
991:
969:Altica carduorum
726:Altica carduorum
717:Altica cirsicola
564:Comparison with
513:Comparison with
309:Altica carduorum
263:Geographic range
173:is a species of
170:Altica cirsicola
157:
155:Altica cirsicola
54:
53:
40:Museum specimen
35:
25:Altica cirsicola
21:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2143:Beetles of Asia
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2075:
2065:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1930:
1929:
1902:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1795:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1703:
1702:
1687:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1565:
1564:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1467:(915): 87–105.
1457:
1456:
1429:
1387:
1386:
1355:
1321:
1320:
1291:
1249:
1248:
1219:
1165:
1164:
1139:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
993:
992:
985:
981:
965:Cirsium arvense
954:
928:To investigate
835:
804:A. viridicyanea
781:
738:
730:morphologically
713:
665:
641:
596:morphologically
584:A. viridicyanea
573:
570:A. viridicyanea
518:
510:
490:
474:
469:
449:
429:
405:
393:
377:
345:Cirsium setosum
322:
265:
177:from the genus
162:
159:
153:
140:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2024:
1962:
1900:
1843:
1824:(5): 657–666.
1793:
1759:
1735:
1716:(3): 295–411.
1685:
1644:
1625:(6): 647–665.
1605:
1578:(3): 306–314.
1527:
1514:
1427:
1400:(2): 253–263.
1353:
1289:
1262:(3): 199–207.
1217:
1182:(4): 946–959.
1137:
1090:(11): e27834.
1067:
1020:
999:www.biosoil.ru
982:
980:
977:
961:Canada thistle
953:
950:
846:(CI) and high
834:
828:
780:
777:
737:
734:
712:
709:
667:Although male
664:
661:
640:
637:
632:A. virdicyanea
616:A. virdicyanea
572:
562:
558:Canada thistle
517:
511:
509:
506:
489:
486:
473:
470:
468:
465:
448:
445:
431:Larvae of the
428:
425:
404:
401:
392:
389:
376:
373:
321:
320:Food resources
318:
264:
261:
164:
163:
160:
149:
148:
142:
141:
134:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
42:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2155:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:flea beetles"
1171:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
984:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
776:
773:
768:
766:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
657:mate guarding
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
567:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
516:
512:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
487:
485:
482:
478:
471:
466:
464:
461:
457:
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
390:
388:
386:
385:metamorphosis
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:Chrysomelidae
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
158:
156:
150:
147:
146:Binomial name
143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:Chrysomelidae
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2080:
2044:(2): 11–21.
2041:
2037:
2027:
1982:
1978:
1943:(1): 67–78.
1940:
1936:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1782:(1): 19–31.
1779:
1775:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1738:
1713:
1709:
1664:(1): 27–36.
1661:
1657:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1575:
1571:
1522:
1517:
1464:
1397:
1393:
1331:
1327:
1259:
1255:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1087:
1083:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1012:. Retrieved
998:
973:A. cirsicola
972:
968:
964:
957:A. cirsicola
956:
955:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
927:
923:A. cirsicola
922:
918:
910:
907:Phylogenetic
903:A. cirsicola
902:
899:A. cirsicola
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:A. cirsicola
878:
874:
870:
868:
863:
855:
851:
847:
837:
836:
830:
822:
815:
813:
803:
800:A. fragariae
799:
796:A. cirsicola
795:
791:
784:A. cirsicola
783:
782:
772:A. cirsicola
771:
769:
760:A. cirsicola
759:
757:
745:A. cirsicola
744:
741:A. cirsicola
740:
739:
725:
722:A. cirsicola
721:
716:
714:
705:A. cirsicola
704:
701:hydrocarbons
693:A. cirsicola
692:
690:
686:A. cirsicola
685:
681:
677:A. cirsicola
676:
673:A. cirsicola
672:
666:
649:A. cirsicola
648:
644:
642:
631:
628:A. cirsicola
627:
615:
612:A. cirsicola
611:
608:A. fragariae
607:
587:
583:
580:A. fragariae
579:
576:A. cirsicola
575:
574:
569:
566:A. fragariae
565:
554:A. cirsicola
553:
549:
546:A. cirsicola
545:
542:A. carduorum
541:
538:A. cirsicola
537:
534:A. carduorum
533:
528:
525:A. carduorum
524:
521:A. cirsicola
520:
519:
515:A. carduorum
514:
502:A. cirsicola
501:
498:A. cirsicola
497:
494:A. cirsicola
493:
491:
477:A. cirsicola
476:
475:
459:
455:
450:
432:
430:
412:
406:
396:
394:
381:A. cirsicola
380:
378:
375:Life history
361:A. cirsicola
360:
356:
353:A. cirsicola
352:
350:
343:
337:
334:A. cirsicola
333:
326:A. cirsicola
325:
323:
314:A. carduorum
313:
307:
304:A. cirsicola
303:
300:
293:A. cirsicola
292:
273:A. cirsicola
272:
268:
266:
256:
242:A. cirsicola
241:
240:
232:A. cirsicola
231:
228:A. cirsicola
227:
224:A. cirsicola
223:
222:
218:hydrocarbons
210:A. cirsicola
209:
206:A. cirsicola
205:
203:
192:
189:A. cirsicola
188:
178:
169:
168:
167:
154:
152:
136:
135:
123:
24:
18:
1334:: 217–224.
930:Wolbachia’s
808:antibiotics
669:mate choice
663:Male choice
643:Like other
624:phylogenies
550:A. caruorum
250:microbiomes
214:mate choice
175:flea beetle
2127:Categories
2096:Q125233480
1985:(8): 852.
1753:2024-04-24
1014:2024-04-04
979:References
921:strain in
915:supergroup
779:Microbiome
711:Physiology
675:. Because
653:Copulation
481:camouflage
437:overwinter
417:oviposited
369:camouflage
357:C. setosum
199:camouflage
161:Ohno, 1960
103:Coleoptera
83:Arthropoda
2050:0885-8608
2001:2073-4425
1957:0307-6946
1877:0962-8452
1838:0300-3256
1788:2234-6953
1730:1918-3240
1680:1976-8648
1639:1555-6689
1600:1049-9644
1491:1313-2970
1414:1432-1351
1348:0003-3472
1276:0289-0003
1204:0095-3628
1114:1932-6203
1062:2576-0009
938:Wolbachia
934:Wolbachia
919:Wolbachia
911:Wolbachia
895:Wolbachia
893:beetles.
887:Wolbachia
871:Wolbachia
864:Wolbachia
860:arthropod
856:Wolbachia
848:Wolbachia
839:Wolbachia
833:infection
831:Wolbachia
820:sympatric
788:microbial
647:species,
592:sympatric
387:process.
365:prothorax
355:feeds on
330:herbivore
302:Although
277:East Asia
254:sympatric
252:of other
246:microbial
131:Species:
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
2133:Alticini
2110:10121879
2090:Wikidata
2058:43910777
2019:32722516
1895:28298343
1509:32148424
1422:36166060
1284:29882497
1212:32880699
1132:22110767
1084:PLOS ONE
753:catapult
508:Genetics
452:Pupation
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
2010:7465683
1886:5360911
1580:Bibcode
1500:7052025
1469:Bibcode
1465:ZooKeys
1184:Bibcode
1123:3217007
1092:Bibcode
806:) with
720:tones.
488:Jumping
456:Cirsium
421:instars
339:Cirsium
194:Cirsium
119:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
2056:
2048:
2017:
2007:
1999:
1955:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1836:
1786:
1728:
1678:
1637:
1598:
1507:
1497:
1489:
1420:
1412:
1346:
1282:
1274:
1210:
1202:
1170:Altica
1130:
1120:
1112:
1060:
1036:Altica
1032:Altica
946:Altica
942:Altica
891:Altica
875:Altica
852:Altica
823:Altica
816:Altica
802:, and
792:Altica
765:bionic
715:Adult
682:Altica
645:Altica
639:Mating
588:Altica
582:, and
529:Altica
460:Altica
433:Altica
413:Altica
409:larvae
403:Larvae
397:Altica
328:is an
289:Russia
269:Altica
257:Altica
236:bionic
180:Altica
124:Altica
2054:JSTOR
1979:Genes
1048:(2).
786:have
749:femur
447:Adult
441:mucus
427:Pupae
351:When
297:Korea
285:China
281:Japan
244:have
2105:GBIF
2046:ISSN
2015:PMID
1997:ISSN
1953:ISSN
1891:PMID
1873:ISSN
1834:ISSN
1784:ISSN
1726:ISSN
1676:ISSN
1635:ISSN
1596:ISSN
1505:PMID
1487:ISSN
1418:PMID
1410:ISSN
1344:ISSN
1280:PMID
1272:ISSN
1208:PMID
1200:ISSN
1128:PMID
1110:ISSN
1058:ISSN
1046:2019
1042:EDIS
883:MLST
630:and
614:and
602:and
568:and
552:and
544:and
536:and
523:and
391:Eggs
283:and
2005:PMC
1987:doi
1945:doi
1881:PMC
1865:doi
1861:284
1826:doi
1718:doi
1714:127
1666:doi
1627:doi
1623:103
1588:doi
1495:PMC
1477:doi
1402:doi
1398:209
1336:doi
1332:111
1264:doi
1192:doi
1118:PMC
1100:doi
1050:doi
1003:doi
873:on
2129::
2107::
2092::
2052:.
2040:.
2036:.
2013:.
2003:.
1995:.
1983:11
1981:.
1977:.
1965:^
1951:.
1941:45
1939:.
1935:.
1903:^
1889:.
1879:.
1871:.
1859:.
1855:.
1832:.
1822:48
1820:.
1816:.
1796:^
1780:19
1778:.
1774:.
1762:^
1746:.
1724:.
1712:.
1708:.
1688:^
1674:.
1660:.
1656:.
1633:.
1621:.
1617:.
1594:.
1586:.
1574:.
1570:.
1530:^
1503:.
1493:.
1485:.
1475:.
1463:.
1430:^
1416:.
1408:.
1396:.
1392:.
1356:^
1342:.
1330:.
1326:.
1292:^
1278:.
1270:.
1260:35
1258:.
1254:.
1220:^
1206:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:80
1178:.
1174:.
1140:^
1126:.
1116:.
1108:.
1098:.
1086:.
1082:.
1070:^
1056:.
1044:.
1040:.
1034::
1001:.
997:.
986:^
963:,
905:.
798:,
578:,
560:.
371:.
348:.
312:,
291:.
2060:.
2042:4
2021:.
1989::
1959:.
1947::
1897:.
1867::
1840:.
1828::
1790:.
1756:.
1732:.
1720::
1682:.
1668::
1662:5
1641:.
1629::
1602:.
1590::
1582::
1576:6
1511:.
1479::
1471::
1424:.
1404::
1350:.
1338::
1286:.
1266::
1214:.
1194::
1186::
1134:.
1102::
1094::
1088:6
1064:.
1052::
1017:.
1005::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
