1040:, he introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability. Plantinga's "proper function" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's "belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers" are functioning properly—"working the way it ought to work". Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a "design plan", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: "it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans", but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological
964:. Plantinga's contribution stated that when the issue of a comprehensive doctrine of freedom is added to the discussion of the goodness of God and the omnipotence of God then it is not possible to exclude the presence of evil in the world after introducing freedom into the discussion. Plantinga's own summary occurs in his discussion titled "Could God Have Created a World Containing Moral Good but No Moral Evil", where he states his conclusion that, "... the price for creating a world in which they produce moral good is creating one in which they also produce moral evil."
1286:. His basic argument is that if evolution and naturalism are both true, human cognitive faculties evolved to produce beliefs that have survival value (maximizing one's success at the four Fs: "feeding, fleeing, fighting, and reproducing"), not necessarily to produce beliefs that are true. Thus, since human cognitive faculties are tuned to survival rather than truth in the naturalism-evolution model, there is reason to doubt the veracity of the products of those same faculties, including naturalism and evolution themselves. On the other hand, if God created man "
1059:(1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly…; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) … the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs…; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true.
1264:, and that if one understands them within the system S5—without which the argument fails—then one understands that "possibly necessarily" is in essence the same as "necessarily". Thus the premise begs the question because the conclusion is embedded within it. On S5 systems in general, James Garson writes that "the words 'necessarily' and 'possibly', have many different uses. So the acceptability of axioms for modal logic depends on which of these uses we have in mind."
931:, the argument that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an omnipotent, omniscient, wholly good God. Plantinga's argument (in a truncated form) states that "It is possible that God, even being omnipotent, could not create a world with free creatures who never choose evil. Furthermore, it is possible that God, even being omnibenevolent, would desire to create a world which contains evil if moral goodness requires free moral creatures."
1130:, is firstly to make a form of argument against religion impossible—namely, the argument that whether or not Christianity is true, it is irrational—so "the skeptic would have to shoulder the formidable task of demonstrating the falsity of Christian belief" rather than simply dismiss it as irrational. In addition, Plantinga is attempting to provide a philosophical explanation of how Christians should think about their own Christian belief.
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2396:, which an omnipotent god would have to accept and put up with? This suggestion is simply incoherent. Indeed, by bringing in the notion of individual essences which determine—presumably non-causally—how Curly Smith, Satan, and the rest of us would choose freely or would act in each hypothetical situation, Plantinga has not rescued the free will defence but made its weaknesses all too clear". Mackie 1982, p. 174.
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1177:, which states that if something is possibly true, then its possibility is necessary (it is possibly true in all worlds). Plantinga's version of S5 suggests that "To say that p is possibly necessarily true is to say that, with regard to one world, it is true at all worlds; but in that case it is true at all worlds, and so it is simply necessary." A version of his argument is as follows:
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maximal excellence in every possible world. Plantinga then restated
Malcolm's argument, using the concept of "maximal greatness". He argued that it is possible for a being with maximal greatness to exist, so a being with maximal greatness exists in a possible world. If this is the case, then a being with maximal greatness exists in every world, and therefore in this world.
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guided; it also doesn't say that it isn't. Like almost any theist, I reject unguided evolution; but the contemporary scientific theory of evolution just as such—apart from philosophical or theological add-ons—doesn't say that evolution is unguided. Like science in general, it makes no pronouncements on the existence or activity of God.
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The argument does not assume any necessary correlation (or uncorrelation) between true beliefs and survival. Making the contrary assumption—that there is, in fact, a relatively strong correlation between truth and survival—if human belief-forming apparatus evolved giving a survival advantage, then it
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argued that, if certain components of perfection are contradictory, such as omnipotence and omniscience, then the first premise is contrary to reason. Martin also proposed parodies of the argument, suggesting that the existence of anything can be demonstrated with
Plantinga's argument, provided it is
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In an attempt to resolve this problem, Plantinga differentiated between "greatness" and "excellence". A being's excellence in a particular world depends only on its properties in that world; a being's greatness depends on its properties in all worlds. Therefore, the greatest possible being must have
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the idea of being eaten, but when he sees a tiger, always runs off looking for a better prospect, because he thinks it unlikely the tiger he sees will eat him. This will get his body parts in the right place so far as survival is concerned, without involving much by way of true belief... Or perhaps
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Plantinga's contributions to epistemology include an argument which he dubs "Reformed epistemology". According to
Reformed epistemology, belief in God can be rational and justified even without arguments or evidence for the existence of God. More specifically, Plantinga argues that belief in God is
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In 2017, Baylor
University's Center for Christian Philosophy inaugurated the Alvin Plantinga Award for Excellence in Christian Philosophy. Awardees deliver a lecture at Baylor University and their name is put on a plaque with Plantinga's image in the Institute for Studies in Religion. He was named
1386:...As far as I can see, God certainly could have used Darwinian processes to create the living world and direct it as he wanted to go; hence evolution as such does not imply that there is no direction in the history of life. What does have that implication is not evolutionary theory itself, but
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evolution, the idea that neither God nor any other person has taken a hand in guiding, directing or orchestrating the course of evolution. But the scientific theory of evolution, sensibly enough, says nothing one way or the other about divine guidance. It doesn't say that evolution is divinely
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ought to yield truth since true beliefs confer a survival advantage. Plantinga counters that, while there may be overlap between true beliefs and beliefs that contribute to survival, the two kinds of beliefs are not the same, and he gives the following example with a man named Paul:
1091:, was published. In this volume, Plantinga's warrant theory is the basis for his theological end: providing a philosophical basis for Christian belief, an argument for why Christian theistic belief can enjoy warrant. In the book, he develops two models for such beliefs, the "A/C" (
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where free saved souls reside without doing evil, and the idea that God has free will yet is wholly good. Critics thus maintain that, if we take such doctrines to be (as
Christians usually have), God could have created free creatures that always do right, contra Plantinga's claim.
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Premises (2)–(5) of this argument are relatively uncontroversial. Most philosophers would agree that if God's existence is even possible, then he must exist. ... the epistemic entertainability of premise (1) (or its denial) does not guarantee its metaphysical
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Plantinga criticized
Malcolm's and Hartshorne's arguments, and offered an alternative. He argued that, if Malcolm does prove the necessary existence of the greatest possible being, it follows that there is a being which exists in all worlds whose greatness in
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Like any
Christian (and indeed any theist), I believe that the world has been created by God, and hence "intelligently designed". The hallmark of intelligent design, however, is the claim that this can be shown scientifically; I'm dubious about that.
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he thinks the tiger is a large, friendly, cuddly pussycat and wants to pet it; but he also believes that the best way to pet it is to run away from it... Clearly there are any number of belief-desire systems that equally fit a given bit of behaviour.
1031:(Plantinga draws out a difference: justification is a property of a person holding a belief while warrant is a property of a belief)—put forth by these epistemologists have systematically failed to capture in full what is required for knowledge.
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In the fall of 1950, Plantinga transferred to
Harvard, where he spent two semesters. In 1951, during Harvard's spring recess, Plantinga attended a few philosophy classes at Calvin University and was so impressed with Calvin philosophy professor
1099:) model, and the "Extended A/C" model. The former attempts to show that a belief in God can be justified, warranted and rational, while the Extended model tries to show that specifically Christian theological beliefs including the
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Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as "naturalistic", including the "functional generalization" view of
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during its heyday as a major center for analytic philosophy. In 1963, he accepted a teaching job at Calvin
University, where he replaced the retiring Jellema. He then spent the next 19 years at Calvin before moving to the
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According to Craig, premises (2)–(5) are relatively uncontroversial among philosophers, but "the epistemic entertainability of premise (1) (or its denial) does not guarantee its metaphysical possibility." Furthermore,
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Religion and science share more common ground than you might think, though science can't prove, it presupposes that there has been a past for example, science does not cover the whole of the knowledge enterprise.
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existing by analogy with their own minds. Plantinga has also developed a more comprehensive epistemological account of the nature of warrant which allows for the existence of God as a basic belief.
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In 2012, the
University of Pittsburgh's Philosophy Department, History and Philosophy of Science Department, and the Center for the History and Philosophy of Science co-awarded Plantinga the
483:, he secured a teaching job in Michigan in 1941. Cornelius also had a master's degree in psychology. He taught several academic subjects at different institutions throughout his career.
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in 1982. He retired from the University of Notre Dame in 2010 and returned to Calvin University, where he holds the first William Harry Jellema Chair in Philosophy. He has trained
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is that there is no tension between religion and science, that the two go hand in hand, and that the actual conflict lies between naturalism and science.
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epistemology, he claims that it could be justified independently of evidence. His externalist epistemology, called "proper functionalism", is a form of
2925:, p. 18 "Alvin Plantinga was also a signatory to this letter, early evidence of his continuing support of the intelligent design movement" –
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Plantinga began his career as an instructor in the philosophy department at Yale in 1957, and then in 1958, he became a professor of philosophy at
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which began in January 1950. Alvin Plantinga moved to Grand Rapids with his family and attended Calvin University for a semester. He applied to
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magazine as "America's leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God". In 2014, Plantinga was the 30th most-cited contemporary author in the
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Plantinga discusses his view of Reformed epistemology and proper functionalism in a three-volume series. In the first book of the trilogy,
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that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties—is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics—in this case, the belief in a
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Even though Plantinga believes that God could have used Darwinian processes to create the world, he stands firm against philosophical
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labeled Plantinga as an "open enthusiast of intelligent design". In a letter to the editor, Plantinga made the following response:
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Schönecker, Dieter (ed.), Essays on "Warranted Christian Belief". With Replies by Alvin Plantinga. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2015.
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Like any Christian (and indeed any theist), I believe that the world has been created by God, and hence "intelligently designed"
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worlds is not surpassed. It does not, he argued, demonstrate that such a being has unsurpassed greatness in this world.
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If it is possible that a maximally great being exists, then a maximally great being exists in some possible world.
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Plantinga argued that, although the first premise is not rationally established, it is not contrary to reason.
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Therefore, (by axiom S5) it is necessarily true that an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good being exists.
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or designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge.
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that he returned in 1951 to study philosophy under him. In 1954, Plantinga began his graduate studies at the
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Therefore, possibly, it is necessarily true that an omniscient, omnipotent, and perfectly good being exists.
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As an adolescent, Alvin Plantinga's family moved from Michigan to North Dakota for his father's job at
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Beilby, James (2007). "Plantinga's Model of Warranted Christian Belief". In Baker, Deane-Peter (ed.).
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Felder, D. W. (1971). "Disanalogies in Plantinga's Argument regarding the Rationality of Theism".
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If a maximally great being exists in some possible world, then it exists in every possible world.
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Plantinga married Kathleen De Boer in 1955. They had four children. One of Plantinga's brothers,
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Modality, Probability, and Rationality: A Critical Examination of Alvin Plantinga's Philosophy
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If a maximally great being exists in every possible world, then it exists in the actual world.
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Alvin Plantinga; Deane-Peter Baker ed., (New York: Cambridge University Press), 2007, p. 5.
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If a maximally great being exists in the actual world, then a maximally great being exists.
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3262:(Cornell Studies in the Philosophy of Religion). Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1993.
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Warrant in Contemporary Epistemology: Essays in Honor of Plantinga's Theory of Knowledge
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Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion: The History of Western Philosophy of Religion
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3206:(Contemporary Philosophy in Focus Series). New York: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
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before accepting an appointment as the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the
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6525:
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6019:
5984:
5919:
5894:
5889:
5849:
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5636:
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5312:
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4629:
4598:
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4386:
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4060:
3951:
3916:
3878:
3807:
3707:
3676:
3553:
3416:
3288:
God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytic Defense of Theism
3101:
2914:
2528:
2275:
1320:
1069:
1024:
1812:"The 267 Most-Cited Contemporary Authors in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
8223:
8164:
7967:
7937:
7604:
7594:
7557:
7547:
7537:
7429:
7344:
7276:
7173:
6837:
6561:
6510:
6163:
6094:
5939:
5809:
5794:
5738:
5616:
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5317:
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5117:
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4302:
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4143:
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4098:
4045:
4014:
4009:
3981:
3941:
3868:
3752:
3645:
3462:
3232:
Naturalism Defeated? Essays on Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism
3225:
Epistemology as Theology: An Evaluation of Alvin Plantinga's Religious Epistemology
3129:
2389:
2152:
1972:
1839:
1797:
1568:
1546:
1375:
1308:
1287:
1108:
1073:
1045:
950:
935:
797:
676:
572:
388:
273:
3360:
2006:
546:, and Richard Cartwright, among others. A year later, in 1955, he transferred to
8176:
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8058:
8040:
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7624:
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7489:
7484:
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4424:
4338:
4148:
4118:
4108:
4055:
4040:
3976:
3640:
3527:
3170:
Peterson, Michael; Hasker, William; Reichenbach, Bruce; Basinger, David (1991).
2130:
1143:
1116:
1104:
1096:
1049:
999:
882:
580:
568:
336:
293:
278:
2759:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via plato.stanford.edu.
7552:
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4322:
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4128:
4123:
3822:
3046:
2815:"Plantinga's Evolutionary Argument against Naturalism | Reasonable Faith"
2267:
1794:"Emeritae and Emeriti // Department of Philosophy // University of Notre Dame"
1633:
842:
792:
787:
499:
30:
694:
Plantinga has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the
8353:
Fellows of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
8000:
7827:
7694:
7419:
7241:
7070:
7035:
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6400:
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5631:
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4888:
4827:
4757:
3896:
3767:
2876:
2329:
978:
924:
837:
772:
762:
476:
431:. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was awarded the
1203:
It is possible that there is a being that has maximal greatness. (Premise)
7761:
7751:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7178:
7025:
6941:
6909:
6822:
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6505:
6480:
6448:
6443:
6355:
6064:
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5167:
5022:
4797:
4762:
1615:
1448:
1174:
961:
847:
832:
726:
2507:
Fales, E. (1996). "Plantinga's Case against Naturalistic Epistemology".
2394:
prior to the creation and existence of any created beings with free will
2302:
413:
A prominent Christian philosopher, Plantinga served as president of the
7010:
6921:
6842:
6832:
6475:
6428:
6044:
5456:
5162:
5092:
5062:
5027:
4962:
4920:
4905:
4772:
2909:"Notre Dame philosopher Alvin Plantinga has also signed this letter" –
2369:
2240:
1100:
3588:
3076:
2173:
University of Pittsburgh University Marketing Communications Webteam.
7080:
6973:
6852:
6416:
6158:
5052:
5002:
4915:
4787:
3134:
The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and Against the Existence of God
1860:
1212:
Therefore, an omniscient, omnipotent and perfectly good being exists.
945:
2860:
2232:
1962:
at The New Netherland Institute website. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
1351:, and was a member of the "Ad Hoc Origins Committee" that supported
698:
and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
479:
in the Netherlands. After Cornelius earned a PhD in philosophy from
3325:
2961:
but note that this site appears not to have been updated since 2005
2951:
2861:"Plantinga's Probability Arguments Against Evolutionary Naturalism"
2520:
1554:. Matthew Davidson (ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2003.
8288:
American members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America
6857:
6410:
6258:
5904:
5152:
5102:
3438:
3260:
Rationality and Theistic Belief: An Essay on Reformed Epistemology
2392:
wrote: "ow could there be logically contingent states of affairs,
1228:, characterizes Plantinga's argument in a slightly different way:
977:
396:
288:
95:
85:
3281:
From Plato to Plantinga: An Introduction to Reformed Epistemology
2631:
Medieval Philosophy: An Historical and Philosophical Introduction
1599:
Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion, and Naturalism
6438:
5097:
5077:
5072:
4997:
4955:
4940:
1397:
Where the Conflict Really Lies: Science, Religion and Naturalism
7831:
6359:
5711:
5707:
4676:
3592:
1189:
if and only if it is omnipotent, omniscient and wholly good in
923:
Plantinga proposed a "free-will defense" in a volume edited by
599:, Western Division, from 1981 to 1982. and as president of the
448:(1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in
6520:
4672:
2895:
672:
105:
5557:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
2315:
Quinn, Philip L. "Plantinga, Alvin" in Honderich, Ted (ed.).
1366:
International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design
1077:
1364:
He was a Fellow of the (now defunct) pro-intelligent design
2546:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–165.
1708:
1702:
3216:
Crisp, Thomas, Matthew Davidson, David Vander Laan (eds),
2773:, (New York: Oxford University Press), 1993. pp. 225–226 (
2595:
2593:
982:
Plantinga giving a lecture on science and religion in 2009
3218:
Knowledge and Reality: Essays in Honor of Alvin Plantinga
1705:
1699:
1690:
1122:
James Beilby has argued that the purpose of Plantinga's
5497:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
2891:"Exploring The Real 'Conflict': Science Vs. Naturalism"
1221:
defined as perfect or special in every possible world.
2336:. Ithaca: Cornell UP / London: Allen & Unwin, 1965
1936:"Introduction: Alvin Plantinga, God's Philosopher" in
1256:
argued that premise three, the "possibility premise",
1055:
According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if:
1693:
1395:
The attitude that he proposes and elaborates upon in
1282:, he argues that if evolution is true, it undermines
1200:
if it has maximal excellence in every possible world.
8398:
Presidents of the American Philosophical Association
8348:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2254:
Friquegnon, M. L. (1979). "God and Other Programs".
1696:
1687:
1684:
671:
Plantinga has argued that some people can know that
8403:
Presidents of the Society of Christian Philosophers
8210:
8139:
8068:
7993:
7918:
7865:
7729:
7633:
7518:
7438:
7373:
7295:
7202:
7187:
7139:
7101:
6813:
6738:
6613:
6604:
6534:
6462:
6393:
6274:
6123:
6000:
5745:
5599:
5398:
5138:
4866:
4710:
4617:
4579:
4553:
4527:
4499:
4443:
4415:
4352:
4331:
4270:
4228:
4205:
4182:
4084:
4028:
3990:
3934:
3887:
3841:
3745:
3695:
3669:
3633:
3626:
3283:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991.
3269:. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1993.
3255:. Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 1996.
2000:
1998:
1681:
1232:
It is possible that a maximally great being exists.
1076:and Robert Pargetter. Plantinga also discusses his
1068:, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by
438:Some of Plantinga's most influential works include
312:
264:
252:
226:
214:
204:
194:
167:
144:
115:
69:
40:
21:
2175:"Nicholas Rescher Prize for Systematic Philosophy"
1347:Plantinga participated in groups that support the
3409:Plantinga's Gifford Lecture, and volume 2 of his
1119:in bringing those beliefs about in the believer.
953:saw Plantinga's free-will defense as incoherent.
2289:Copan, P. (2001). "Warranted Christian Belief".
1307:The argument has received favorable notice from
650:Nicholas Rescher Prize for Systematic Philosophy
1479:Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God
1296:
1146:to develop, in a more rigorous and formal way,
1140:modal logic version of the ontological argument
3293:Tomberlin, James and Peter van Inwagen (eds),
3239:The Analytic Theist: An Alvin Plantinga Reader
2927:Intelligent design creationism and its critics
2607:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 65–71.
2605:The Analytic Theist: An Alvin Plantinga Reader
687:and the common sense view that people have of
683:(1967), by drawing an equivalence between the
490:, is a theologian and the former president of
7843:
6371:
5723:
4688:
3604:
904:
8:
3290:. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. 1989.
2970:
2922:
2832:Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, N. N. (2014-09-11).
2221:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
2011:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–8.
471:Plantinga was born on November 15, 1932, in
3297:(Profiles V.5). Dordrecht: D. Reidel. 1985.
2732:. Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
2151:Agency ND : University of Notre Dame.
1538:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000.
8283:American Calvinist and Reformed Christians
7850:
7836:
7828:
7199:
6610:
6468:
6378:
6364:
6356:
5730:
5716:
5708:
4695:
4681:
4673:
4202:
3987:
3884:
3630:
3611:
3597:
3589:
3451:
3431:Science and Religion: Are They Compatible?
3421:, full electronic text of volume 3 of his
3322:a collection of some of Plantinga's papers
3071:ed., (Dordrecht: D. Riedle Pub. Co.), 1985
3011:"Evolution, Shibboleths, and Philosophers"
2859:Fitelson, Branden; Sober, Elliott (1998).
2568:"Evolution, Shibboleths, and Philosophers"
2448:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
2422:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
2129:AgencyND : University of Notre Dame.
1776:"Plantinga Wins Prestigious Rescher Prize"
1247:Therefore, a maximally great being exists.
911:
897:
711:
29:
18:
7777:Relationship between religion and science
3361:Alvin Plantinga's spiritual autobiography
3234:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2002.
3211:Alvin Plantinga and Christian Apologetics
1601:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2011.
1588:). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010
1523:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993.
1337:relationship between science and religion
1914:
1912:
1280:evolutionary argument against naturalism
1274:Evolutionary argument against naturalism
1268:Evolutionary argument against naturalism
1087:In 2000, the third book of the trilogy,
1078:evolutionary argument against naturalism
656:the first fellow of the center as well.
417:from 1983 to 1986. He has delivered the
379:(born November 15, 1932) is an American
342:Evolutionary argument against naturalism
3455:Professional and academic associations
3428:Daniel C. Dennett and Alvin Plantinga,
3320:Virtual Library of Christian Philosophy
2356:
1865:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1732:
1668:
725:
634:, 1971–72, and elected a Fellow in the
402:From 1963 to 1982, Plantinga taught at
6703:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
3328:Extensive collection of online papers.
2663:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
2102:
2100:
2098:
927:in 1965, which attempts to refute the
5527:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
2678:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 282–293.
2345:
1552:Essays in the Metaphysics of Modality
1319:as seriously flawed, for example, by
636:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
595:Plantinga served as president of the
383:who works primarily in the fields of
7:
5627:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
5547:The World as Will and Representation
2676:Philosophy of religion: an anthology
938:has been disputed. According to the
934:However, the argument's handling of
8323:Calvinist and Reformed philosophers
3444:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3082:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2791:Nagel, Thomas (27 September 2012).
2753:Garson, James (February 29, 2000).
2153:"Center for Philosophy of Religion"
1173:The conclusion relies on a form of
1072:, and a dispositional view held by
941:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
708:Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense
550:where he received his PhD in 1958.
429:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8298:American people of Frisian descent
8273:21st-century American philosophers
8263:20th-century American philosophers
3153:Introducing Philosophy of Religion
2730:On the Nature and Existence of God
2628:Marenbon, John (October 2, 2006).
2317:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1832:"Templeton Prize – Current Winner"
597:American Philosophical Association
391:(particularly on issues involving
14:
8393:American philosophers of religion
8278:21st-century American theologians
8268:20th-century American theologians
3503:Society of Christian Philosophers
3075:Beebe, James R. (July 12, 2005).
3016:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2989:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2661:substantive revision 15 July 2011
2603:(1998). Sennett, James F. (ed.).
2573:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1741:Christian, Evolutionist, or Both?
1371:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1335:. He said in an interview on the
1126:trilogy, and specifically of his
601:Society of Christian Philosophers
415:Society of Christian Philosophers
8418:University of Notre Dame faculty
8293:American people of Dutch descent
7812:
7811:
7801:
5690:
5680:
5679:
4656:
4647:
4646:
3241:. Grand Rapids: Eeardman. 1998.
3047:"Where the Conflict Really Lies"
2793:"A Philosopher Defends Religion"
2655:Oppy, Graham (8 February 1996).
2319:. Oxford University Press, 1995.
1677:
1636:
1327:View on naturalism and evolution
575:-focused philosophers including
8378:People from Ann Arbor, Michigan
5477:Meditations on First Philosophy
3433:(Oxford University Press, 2011)
3311:at the University of Notre Dame
2865:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
1567:(with Michael Tooley). Oxford:
1224:Another Christian philosopher,
956:Plantinga's well-received book
526:and was awarded a scholarship.
311:
157:
8423:Wayne State University faculty
6154:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3859:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3309:Alvin Plantinga's faculty page
2108:"NNP, The Casino News Network"
1612:Knowledge and Christian Belief
1487:University of Notre Dame Press
498:, is an emeritus professor of
488:Cornelius "Neal" Plantinga Jr.
456:Knowledge and Christian Belief
454:(2000) that was simplified in
16:American Christian philosopher
1:
8413:University of Michigan alumni
8388:American philosophers of mind
7980:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
2973:, pp. 156, 191, 212, 269
1657:List of American philosophers
606:He has honorary degrees from
8363:Intelligent design advocates
7742:Desacralization of knowledge
5662:Philosophy of space and time
3315:Plantinga's Curriculum Vitae
3220:. Dordrecht: Springer. 2006.
2797:The New York Review of Books
2699:Craig, William Lane (2008).
1894:. 2014-08-18. Archived from
620:Free University of Amsterdam
8333:American critics of atheism
7154:Best of all possible worlds
7111:Eschatological verification
6668:Fine-tuning of the universe
6199:Internalism and externalism
5537:The Phenomenology of Spirit
3399:Warrant and Proper Function
3376:Warrant: The Current Debate
3176:. Oxford University Press.
3173:Reason and Religious Belief
3136:. Oxford University Press.
2911:We're Not in Kansas Anymore
2771:Warrant and Proper Function
2486:Warrant and Proper Function
2446:Warrant and Proper Function
2433:Warrant: The Current Debate
2420:Warrant: The Current Debate
1520:Warrant and Proper Function
1501:Warrant: The Current Debate
1403:Selected works by Plantinga
1349:Intelligent Design Movement
1082:Warrant and Proper Function
1037:Warrant and Proper Function
1008:Warrant: The Current Debate
753:Best of all possible worlds
492:Calvin Theological Seminary
421:twice and was described by
362:Internalism and externalism
8444:
8383:Philosophers from Michigan
8047:Pandurang Shastri Athavale
3758:Causal theory of reference
3418:Warranted Christian Belief
3276:. New York: P. Lang. 1992.
3227:. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2005
3107:Creationism's Trojan Horse
2942:Darwin on Trial back cover
2065:"Self-profile", pp. 21–22.
2005:Deane-Peter Baker (2007).
1960:Well-Known Dutch-Americans
1535:Warranted Christian Belief
1466:Marquette University Press
1271:
1185:in a given possible world
1138:Plantinga has expressed a
1134:Modal ontological argument
1128:Warranted Christian Belief
1089:Warranted Christian Belief
971:
705:
451:Warranted Christian Belief
332:Modal ontological argument
134:Warranted Christian Belief
8408:Templeton Prize laureates
8358:Harvard University alumni
8318:Calvin University faculty
7859:Templeton Prize laureates
7797:
6471:
6325:
6030:Evolutionary epistemology
5675:
4642:
3577:
3568:
3560:
3550:
3537:for Systematic Philosophy
3532:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3498:
3490:
3480:
3473:Philosophical Association
3467:
3459:
3454:
3371:(InterVarsity Press,1993)
3213:. Wipf & Stock. 2007.
3202:Baker, Deane-Peter (ed),
3077:"Logical Problem of Evil"
2984:"Philosophers Rip Darwin"
2921:, May 22, 2000, cited in
2703:. Crossway. p. 185.
2644:– via Google Books.
2405:Plantinga, Alvin (1974).
2370:"Logical Problem of Evil"
2291:The Review of Metaphysics
2268:10.1017/S0034412500011100
2047:"Self-profile", pp. 9–16.
1374:, philosopher of science
1080:in the later chapters of
991:, and due to a religious
370:
190:
28:
8343:American epistemologists
8313:Calvin University alumni
7885:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
7383:Friedrich Schleiermacher
6969:Theories about religions
6771:Inconsistent revelations
6302:Philosophy of perception
6105:Representational realism
6075:Naturalized epistemology
5652:Philosophy of psychology
5587:Simulacra and Simulation
3818:Scientific structuralism
3365:Philosophers Who Believe
3343:, Plantinga's review of
3251:Kvanvig, Jonathan (ed),
2971:Forrest & Gross 2004
2923:Forrest & Gross 2004
2674:Martin, Michael (2003).
2328:"Free Will Defense", in
1992:"Self-profile", pp. 7–8.
1417:. 1967. rev. ed., 1990.
1415:Cornell University Press
659:He was awarded the 2017
643:University of Notre Dame
624:Brigham Young University
565:University of Notre Dame
408:University of Notre Dame
244:University of Notre Dame
8373:American metaphysicians
6282:Outline of epistemology
6115:Transcendental idealism
5517:Critique of Pure Reason
3341:"The Dawkins Confusion"
3265:Zagzebski, Linda (ed),
3112:Oxford University Press
2877:10.1111/1468-0114.00053
2657:"Ontological Arguments"
1861:"Reformed Epistemology"
1506:Oxford University Press
1462:Does God Have A Nature?
1428:The Nature of Necessity
1298:Perhaps Paul very much
929:logical problem of evil
538:where he studied under
446:The Nature of Necessity
393:epistemic justification
199:20th-century philosophy
8428:Theistic evolutionists
8338:Critics of New Atheism
7944:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
7247:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
6387:Philosophy of religion
6229:Problem of other minds
5108:Type–token distinction
4936:Hypostatic abstraction
4718:Abstract object theory
3874:Reflective equilibrium
3535:Nicholas Rescher Prize
3484:Manley H. Thompson Jr.
3439:"Proper Functionalism"
3390:, and volume 1 of his
3151:Meister, Chad (2009).
2728:Gale, Richard (1993).
2074:"Self-profile", p. 30.
2056:"Self-profile", p. 16.
1927:"Self-profile", p. 14.
1445:God, Freedom, and Evil
1393:
1345:
1305:
1107:, the resurrection of
1061:
983:
560:Wayne State University
536:University of Michigan
385:philosophy of religion
284:philosophy of religion
234:Wayne State University
92:University of Michigan
8303:Analytic philosophers
8195:Abdullah II of Jordan
7782:Faith and rationality
7737:Criticism of religion
7675:Robert Merrihew Adams
7665:Nicholas Wolterstorff
6868:Divine command theory
6307:Philosophy of science
6287:Faith and rationality
6169:Descriptive knowledge
6040:Feminist epistemology
5980:Nicholas Wolterstorff
5697:Philosophy portal
5577:Being and Nothingness
4993:Mental representation
4545:Nicholas Wolterstorff
4000:David Malet Armstrong
3581:Abdullah II of Jordan
3494:Robert Merrihew Adams
3334:from the PBS program
2509:Philosophy of Science
2407:God, Freedom and Evil
2334:Philosophy in America
2038:"Self-profile", p. 8.
1918:"Self-profile", p. 6.
1877:"Self-profile", p. 3.
1483:Nicholas Wolterstorff
1380:
1341:
1156:ontological arguments
1057:
981:
974:Reformed epistemology
968:Reformed epistemology
958:God, Freedom and Evil
685:teleological argument
628:Valparaiso University
532:William Harry Jellema
322:Reformed epistemology
299:philosophy of science
8328:Christian apologists
8308:Analytic theologians
7926:Ralph Wendell Burhoe
7772:Religious philosophy
7252:Pico della Mirandola
7217:Anselm of Canterbury
7149:Augustinian theodicy
7061:Religious skepticism
6394:Concepts in religion
6239:Procedural knowledge
6224:Problem of induction
5622:Feminist metaphysics
3513:Marilyn McCord Adams
3237:Sennet, James (ed),
3230:Beilby, James (ed),
3067:James Tomberlin and
3049:– via YouTube.
2952:ICSD list of Fellows
1892:The Gifford Lectures
1582:Science and Religion
1034:In the second book,
748:Augustinian theodicy
381:analytic philosopher
377:Alvin Carl Plantinga
337:Proper functionalism
45:Alvin Carl Plantinga
8011:Immanuel Jakobovits
7757:History of religion
7458:Friedrich Nietzsche
7335:Gottfried W Leibniz
7330:Nicolas Malebranche
7262:King James VI and I
6542:Abrahamic religions
6317:Virtue epistemology
6312:Social epistemology
6292:Formal epistemology
6179:Epistemic injustice
6174:Exploratory thought
5975:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5467:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
4978:Linguistic modality
4367:Patricia Churchland
4298:Christine Korsgaard
4184:Logical positivists
4076:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3853:paradox of analysis
3620:Analytic philosophy
3475:, Western Division
3326:Papers by Plantinga
1652:American philosophy
1410:God and Other Minds
681:God and Other Minds
667:Philosophical views
603:from 1983 to 1986.
473:Ann Arbor, Michigan
441:God and Other Minds
126:God and Other Minds
62:Ann Arbor, Michigan
8147:Francisco J. Ayala
8130:Bernard d'Espagnat
8100:George F. R. Ellis
8094:Holmes Rolston III
7903:Thomas F. Torrance
7767:Religious language
7747:Ethics in religion
7705:William Lane Craig
7580:Charles Hartshorne
7320:Desiderius Erasmus
7222:Augustine of Hippo
7164:Inconsistent triad
7126:Apophatic theology
7121:Logical positivism
7103:Religious language
6723:Watchmaker analogy
6688:Necessary existent
6464:Conceptions of God
6424:Intelligent design
5970:Timothy Williamson
5760:Augustine of Hippo
5657:Philosophy of self
5647:Philosophy of mind
4911:Embodied cognition
4823:Scientific realism
4540:William Lane Craig
4258:Friedrich Waismann
4215:Carl Gustav Hempel
4174:Timothy Williamson
4134:Alasdair MacIntyre
3992:Australian realism
3972:Russ Shafer-Landau
3833:Analytical Thomism
3788:Logical positivism
3546:Jürgen Mittelstraß
3405:2019-05-06 at the
3382:2019-05-06 at the
3369:Clark, Kelly James
3104:(8 January 2004).
3063:"Self-profile" in
2957:2013-01-16 at the
2919:Christianity Today
2091:on April 26, 2012.
1954:2008-07-04 at the
1836:templetonprize.org
1313:William Lane Craig
1226:William Lane Craig
1183:maximal excellence
1152:Charles Hartshorne
984:
778:Inconsistent triad
758:Divine retribution
616:North Park College
608:Glasgow University
209:Western philosophy
77:Harvard University
8245:
8244:
8106:Charles H. Townes
8088:John Polkinghorne
8053:Sigmund Sternberg
7950:Michael Bourdeaux
7891:Leo Josef Suenens
7825:
7824:
7725:
7724:
7685:Peter van Inwagen
7670:Richard Swinburne
7615:George I Mavrodes
7475:Vladimir Solovyov
7415:Søren Kierkegaard
7340:William Wollaston
7287:William of Ockham
7267:Marcion of Sinope
7169:Irenaean theodicy
7159:Euthyphro dilemma
7086:Transcendentalism
6915:Womanist theology
6905:Feminist theology
6809:
6808:
6600:
6599:
6486:Divine simplicity
6406:Euthyphro dilemma
6353:
6352:
6219:Privileged access
5855:Søren Kierkegaard
5705:
5704:
4884:Category of being
4853:Truthmaker theory
4670:
4669:
4638:
4637:
4354:Pittsburgh School
4344:Peter van Inwagen
4278:Roderick Chisholm
4266:
4265:
4159:Richard Swinburne
4094:G. E. M. Anscombe
3930:
3929:
3828:Analytic theology
3803:Ordinary language
3741:
3740:
3587:
3586:
3578:Succeeded by
3551:Succeeded by
3510:Succeeded by
3481:Succeeded by
3469:President of the
3355:Books and Culture
3279:Hoitenga, Dewey,
3162:978-0-415-40327-6
3069:Peter van Inwagen
2931:Robert T. Pennock
2845:978-1-317-54638-2
2779:978-0-19-507864-0
2769:Plantinga, Alvin
2710:978-1-4335-0115-9
2685:978-0-631-21471-7
2641:978-1-134-46183-7
2614:978-0-8028-4229-9
2553:978-0-521-67143-9
2444:Alvin Plantinga,
2418:Alvin Plantinga,
2390:J. L. Mackie
2256:Religious Studies
2200:www.baylorisr.org
2018:978-0-521-85531-0
1949:"Alvin Plantinga"
1888:"Alvin Plantinga"
1758:"Alvin Plantinga"
1644:Philosophy portal
1353:Philip E. Johnson
1258:begs the question
1198:maximal greatness
1142:in which he uses
951:J. L. Mackie
921:
920:
783:Irenaean theodicy
768:Epicurean paradox
696:existence of evil
632:Guggenheim Fellow
630:(1999). He was a
612:Calvin University
591:Awards and honors
520:Calvin University
516:Jamestown College
404:Calvin University
374:
373:
357:Divine attributes
352:Modal metaphysics
327:Free-will defense
239:Calvin University
82:Calvin University
55:November 15, 1932
35:Plantinga in 2004
8435:
8236:Edna Adan Ismail
7852:
7845:
7838:
7829:
7815:
7814:
7805:
7710:Ali Akbar Rashad
7573:Reinhold Niebuhr
7533:Bertrand Russell
7528:George Santayana
7425:Albrecht Ritschl
7410:Ludwig Feuerbach
7200:
7196:(by date active)
7056:Process theology
6801:Russell's teapot
6611:
6606:Existence of God
6516:Process theology
6469:
6454:Theological veto
6417:religious belief
6380:
6373:
6366:
6357:
6297:Metaepistemology
6275:Related articles
6249:Regress argument
6184:Epistemic virtue
5935:Bertrand Russell
5910:Duncan Pritchard
5870:Hilary Kornblith
5785:Laurence BonJour
5732:
5725:
5718:
5709:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5682:
5592:
5582:
5572:
5562:
5552:
5542:
5532:
5522:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5412:
5088:Substantial form
4900:Cogito, ergo sum
4843:Substance theory
4697:
4690:
4683:
4674:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4589:Nancy Cartwright
4430:Nicholas Rescher
4407:Bas van Fraassen
4397:Nicholas Rescher
4220:Hans Reichenbach
4203:
4169:Bernard Williams
4066:Bertrand Russell
3988:
3922:Rigid designator
3885:
3631:
3627:Related articles
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3561:Preceded by
3525:Preceded by
3500:President of the
3491:Preceded by
3460:Preceded by
3452:
3448:
3350:The God Delusion
3286:Parsons, Keith,
3272:Sennett, James,
3258:McLeod, Mark S.
3209:Mascrod, Keith,
3187:
3166:
3147:
3125:
3098:Forrest, Barbara
3093:
3091:
3089:
3065:Alvin Plantinga,
3051:
3050:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:. April 11, 2010
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2817:. Archived from
2811:
2805:
2804:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2701:Reasonable faith
2696:
2690:
2689:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2601:Plantinga, Alvin
2597:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2576:. April 11, 2010
2564:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2504:
2498:
2497:WPF, p. 199-211.
2495:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2118:on July 4, 2008.
2114:. Archived from
2104:
2093:
2092:
2087:. Archived from
2085:"APA Presidents"
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1796:. Archived from
1790:
1784:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1762:veritas-ucsb.org
1754:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1673:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1614:. Grand Rapids:
1565:Knowledge of God
1447:. Grand Rapids:
913:
906:
899:
712:
585:Trenton Merricks
577:Michael Bergmann
544:William Frankena
419:Gifford Lectures
304:natural theology
254:Doctoral advisor
161:
159:
150:Kathleen De Boer
118:
58:
54:
52:
33:
19:
8443:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8241:
8218:Francis Collins
8206:
8201:Marcelo Gleiser
8189:Alvin Plantinga
8159:14th Dalai Lama
8135:
8082:Arthur Peacocke
8064:
7989:
7962:James I. McCord
7932:Cicely Saunders
7914:
7861:
7856:
7826:
7821:
7793:
7721:
7717:Alexander Pruss
7700:Jean-Luc Marion
7655:Alvin Plantinga
7650:Dewi Z Phillips
7637:
7635:
7629:
7600:Walter Kaufmann
7590:Frithjof Schuon
7563:Rudolf Bultmann
7520:
7514:
7510:Joseph Maréchal
7500:Pavel Florensky
7495:Sergei Bulgakov
7480:Ernst Troeltsch
7463:Harald Høffding
7440:
7434:
7405:William Whewell
7393:Georg W F Hegel
7388:Karl C F Krause
7375:
7369:
7365:Johann G Herder
7355:Baron d'Holbach
7305:Augustin Calmet
7291:
7207:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7183:
7141:Problem of evil
7135:
7131:Verificationism
7097:
6805:
6751:Atheist's Wager
6734:
6596:
6530:
6458:
6434:Problem of evil
6389:
6384:
6354:
6349:
6321:
6270:
6189:Gettier problem
6119:
6050:Foundationalism
5996:
5945:Wilfrid Sellars
5900:Alvin Plantinga
5780:George Berkeley
5747:Epistemologists
5741:
5736:
5706:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5671:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5490:
5480:
5470:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5437:De rerum natura
5430:
5420:
5410:
5394:
5134:
5038:Physical object
4874:Abstract object
4862:
4848:Theory of forms
4783:Meaning of life
4706:
4701:
4671:
4666:
4657:
4634:
4625:Jan Łukasiewicz
4613:
4581:Stanford School
4575:
4561:Paul Feyerabend
4549:
4535:Alvin Plantinga
4523:
4509:James F. Conant
4495:
4439:
4411:
4402:Wilfrid Sellars
4392:Alexander Pruss
4372:Paul Churchland
4348:
4327:
4283:Donald Davidson
4262:
4224:
4201:
4178:
4104:Michael Dummett
4080:
4071:Frank P. Ramsey
4024:
3986:
3962:Jaakko Hintikka
3947:Keith Donnellan
3926:
3883:
3837:
3798:Neurophilosophy
3783:Logical atomism
3737:
3691:
3665:
3622:
3617:
3583:
3574:
3571:Templeton Prize
3566:
3556:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3515:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3437:
3407:Wayback Machine
3388:Gifford Lecture
3384:Wayback Machine
3345:Richard Dawkins
3336:Closer to Truth
3305:
3300:
3295:Alvin Plantinga
3223:Beilby, James,
3204:Alvin Plantinga
3195:
3193:Further reading
3190:
3184:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3122:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3059:
3054:
3045:
3042:Wayback Machine
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2992:. March 7, 2010
2982:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2959:Wayback Machine
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:(ed), 2001, p44
2908:
2904:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2768:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2544:Alvin Plantinga
2541:
2540:
2536:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2233:10.2307/1384479
2218:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:Alvin Plantinga
2004:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:Wayback Machine
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
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1805:
1792:
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1751:
1740:
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1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1485:). Notre Dame:
1432:Clarendon Press
1405:
1358:Darwin on Trial
1329:
1317:been criticized
1315:, but has also
1278:In Plantinga's
1276:
1270:
1262:modal operators
1254:Richard M. Gale
1136:
997:epistemological
976:
970:
917:
888:
887:
823:Saint Augustine
818:
817:
816:Notable figures
808:
807:
803:Problem of evil
743:Absence of good
738:
737:
710:
704:
702:Problem of evil
669:
661:Templeton Prize
593:
556:
554:Teaching career
548:Yale University
512:
504:Yale University
481:Duke University
469:
464:
433:Templeton Prize
366:
315:
308:
267:
248:
186:
181:Templeton Prize
163:
160: 1955)
155:
151:
140:
116:
111:
102:Yale University
65:
59:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
23:Alvin Plantinga
17:
12:
11:
5:
8441:
8439:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8250:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8221:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8198:
8192:
8186:
8183:Jonathan Sacks
8180:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8150:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8127:
8121:
8118:Charles Taylor
8115:
8112:John D. Barrow
8109:
8103:
8097:
8091:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8038:
8032:
8026:
8023:Charles Colson
8020:
8017:Kyung-Chik Han
8014:
8008:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7984:George MacLeod
7977:
7974:Inamullah Khan
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7947:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7730:Related topics
7727:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7690:Daniel Dennett
7687:
7682:
7680:Ravi Zacharias
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7645:William L Rowe
7641:
7639:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7622:
7620:William Alston
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7568:Gabriel Marcel
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7505:Ernst Cassirer
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7400:Thomas Carlyle
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7379:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7325:Baruch Spinoza
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:René Descartes
7307:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7282:Thomas Aquinas
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7213:
7211:
7197:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7145:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7051:Possibilianism
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6927:Fundamentalism
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6888:Existentialism
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6781:Noncognitivism
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6730:Transcendental
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6698:Pascal's wager
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6633:
6628:
6626:Christological
6623:
6617:
6615:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6138:
6129:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6015:Constructivism
6012:
6006:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Baruch Spinoza
5962:
5960:P. F. Strawson
5957:
5952:
5950:Susanna Siegel
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5925:W. V. O. Quine
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5825:Nelson Goodman
5822:
5817:
5815:Edmund Gettier
5812:
5807:
5802:
5800:René Descartes
5797:
5792:
5790:Gilles Deleuze
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:William Alston
5762:
5757:
5755:Thomas Aquinas
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5687:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5603:
5601:
5600:Related topics
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5583:
5573:
5567:Being and Time
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5140:Metaphysicians
5136:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4894:Causal closure
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Libertarianism
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:Existentialism
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4609:Patrick Suppes
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4491:Michael Walzer
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Adolf Grünbaum
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:Robert Brandom
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4318:W. V. O. Quine
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Nelson Goodman
4290:
4288:Daniel Dennett
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4253:Moritz Schlick
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Charles Taylor
4161:
4156:
4154:P. F. Strawson
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Norman Malcolm
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4020:J. J. C. Smart
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:David Chalmers
4002:
3996:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3967:Giuseppe Peano
3964:
3959:
3957:Edmund Gettier
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Possible world
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Counterfactual
3861:
3856:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3723:Paraconsistent
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3634:Areas of focus
3628:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3567:
3564:Jonathan Sacks
3562:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3435:
3426:
3414:
3395:
3372:
3358:
3338:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3303:External links
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3267:Rational Faith
3263:
3256:
3249:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3126:
3120:
3102:Gross, Paul R.
3094:
3072:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3029:
3002:
2975:
2963:
2944:
2935:
2902:
2882:
2871:(2): 115–129.
2851:
2844:
2824:
2821:on 2017-08-04.
2806:
2783:
2762:
2745:
2738:
2720:
2709:
2691:
2684:
2666:
2647:
2640:
2620:
2613:
2589:
2559:
2552:
2534:
2521:10.1086/289920
2515:(3): 432–451.
2499:
2490:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2437:
2424:
2411:
2398:
2382:
2361:
2349:
2338:
2321:
2308:
2297:(4): 939–941.
2281:
2246:
2227:(3): 200–207.
2211:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2121:
2094:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2017:
1994:
1985:
1964:
1941:
1929:
1920:
1908:
1879:
1870:
1852:
1823:
1803:
1800:on 2013-08-31.
1785:
1767:
1749:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1609:
1596:
1586:Daniel Dennett
1579:
1562:
1549:
1531:
1516:
1497:
1476:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1404:
1401:
1328:
1325:
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1218:Michael Martin
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1175:modal axiom S5
1148:Norman Malcolm
1135:
1132:
989:properly basic
972:Main article:
969:
966:
919:
918:
916:
915:
908:
901:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Saint Irenaeus
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
815:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
723:
722:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
668:
665:
592:
589:
555:
552:
540:William Alston
511:
508:
468:
465:
463:
460:
372:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:
313:
310:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
268:
266:Main interests
265:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
247:
246:
241:
236:
230:
228:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
185:
184:
178:
171:
169:
165:
164:
153:
149:
148:
146:
142:
141:
139:
138:
130:
121:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
99:
89:
79:
73:
71:
67:
66:
60:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8440:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8368:Living people
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:Frank Wilczek
8228:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8128:
8125:
8124:Michał Heller
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8076:Freeman Dyson
8074:
8073:
8071:
8067:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8029:Michael Novak
8027:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8005:Charles Birch
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7957:
7956:Alister Hardy
7954:
7951:
7948:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7909:Nikkyō Niwano
7907:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7897:Chiara Lubich
7895:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7880:
7879:Brother Roger
7877:
7874:
7873:Mother Teresa
7871:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7848:
7846:
7841:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7818:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7799:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7660:Anthony Kenny
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Mircea Eliade
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7468:William James
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Ernst Haeckel
7446:
7445:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:Immanuel Kant
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7315:Blaise Pascal
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7193:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7116:Language game
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6786:Occam's razor
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6631:Consciousness
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:Unmoved mover
6524:
6522:
6521:Supreme Being
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6369:
6367:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6204:Justification
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Phenomenalism
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:Naïve realism
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Contextualism
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5985:Vienna Circle
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:Hilary Putnam
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Robert Nozick
5893:
5891:
5890:John McDowell
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:Immanuel Kant
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5820:Alvin Goldman
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:Phenomenology
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:Notable works
5397:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Phenomenalism
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Action theory
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4631:
4630:Alfred Tarski
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Peter Galison
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Nathan Salmon
4484:
4482:
4481:Richard Rorty
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Alonzo Church
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Ruth Millikan
4385:
4383:
4382:John McDowell
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Hilary Putnam
4311:
4309:
4308:Robert Nozick
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Rudolf Carnap
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4230:Vienna Circle
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4207:Berlin Circle
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Philippa Foot
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:Graham Priest
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Charlie Broad
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Gottlob Frege
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3879:Supervenience
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Functionalism
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Descriptivism
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Philosophical
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Non-classical
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3554:Hilary Putnam
3548:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3529:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:0-8028-4229-1
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3183:0-19-506155-1
3179:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:. Routledge.
3154:
3149:
3145:
3143:0-19-824682-X
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3121:0-19-515742-7
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:September 21,
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:Nancy Pearcey
2912:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2838:. Routledge.
2837:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2739:0-521-45723-8
2735:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2634:. Routledge.
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2359:, p. 133
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1898:on 2019-05-06
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1842:on 2009-03-19
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:0-19-981209-8
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:0-19-973842-4
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:0-631-19364-2
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:0-19-510376-9
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:0-19-513192-4
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:0-19-507863-2
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:0-19-507861-6
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:0-268-00964-3
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1474:0-87462-145-3
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:0-04-100040-4
1454:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:0-19-824404-5
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:0-8014-9735-3
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:'s 1991 book
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:Elliott Sober
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Ruth Millikan
1067:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1029:justification
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
990:
980:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
954:
952:
947:
943:
942:
937:
932:
930:
926:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
812:
811:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
732:
731:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
666:
664:
662:
657:
653:
651:
646:
644:
641:In 2006, the
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
590:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
494:and another,
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
466:
461:
459:
457:
453:
452:
447:
443:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
317:
314:Notable ideas
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
269:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
189:
182:
179:
176:
175:Rescher Prize
173:
172:
170:
166:
147:
143:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
68:
63:
57:(age 91)
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
8224:Jane Goodall
8188:
8165:Desmond Tutu
7968:Stanley Jaki
7938:Billy Graham
7786:
7654:
7605:Martin Lings
7558:Emil Brunner
7548:Paul Tillich
7538:Martin Buber
7453:W K Clifford
7430:Afrikan Spir
7345:Thomas Chubb
7297:Early modern
7277:Adi Shankara
7190:Philosophers
7174:Natural evil
7090:
7066:Spiritualism
7041:Perennialism
6994:Metaphysical
6838:Antireligion
6713:Teleological
6636:Cosmological
6587:Baháʼí Faith
6552:Christianity
6511:Personal god
6263:
6164:Common sense
6142:A posteriori
6141:
6133:
6095:Reductionism
5989:
5940:Gilbert Ryle
5899:
5810:Fred Dretske
5795:Keith DeRose
5739:Epistemology
5617:Epistemology
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5427:Nyāya Sūtras
5425:
5415:
5405:
5387:
5367:
5303:Wittgenstein
5248:Schopenhauer
5127:
5118:Unobservable
4968:Intelligence
4898:
4838:Subjectivism
4833:Spiritualism
4748:Essentialism
4728:Anti-realism
4534:
4519:Cora Diamond
4435:Morton White
4303:Thomas Nagel
4248:Otto Neurath
4197:Ernest Nagel
4144:Gilbert Ryle
4139:Derek Parfit
4099:J. L. Austin
4046:Casimir Lewy
4015:Peter Singer
4010:J. L. Mackie
3982:Barry Stroud
3942:Noam Chomsky
3935:Philosophers
3869:Natural kind
3753:Anti-realism
3713:Mathematical
3687:Performative
3646:Epistemology
3569:
3544:
3541:2012
3533:
3499:
3468:
3463:Alan Donagan
3442:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3398:
3391:
3386:Plantinga's
3375:
3364:
3354:
3348:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3172:
3152:
3133:
3106:
3086:. Retrieved
3080:
3064:
3057:Bibliography
3038:Ghostarchive
3036:Archived at
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2987:
2978:
2966:
2947:
2938:
2926:
2905:
2894:
2885:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2834:
2827:
2819:the original
2809:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2748:
2729:
2723:
2716:possibility.
2714:
2700:
2694:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2604:
2600:
2584:
2578:. Retrieved
2571:
2562:
2543:
2537:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2488:, 1993. 194.
2485:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2364:
2357:Meister 2009
2352:
2341:
2333:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2262:(1): 83–89.
2259:
2255:
2249:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2124:
2116:the original
2111:
2089:the original
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2007:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1967:
1959:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1835:
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1806:
1798:the original
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1671:
1611:
1598:
1581:
1564:
1551:
1533:
1518:
1504:. New York:
1499:
1478:
1461:
1444:
1427:
1408:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:Michael Ruse
1369:
1363:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1309:Thomas Nagel
1306:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:in his image
1277:
1250:
1223:
1215:
1197:
1196:A being has
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:A being has
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1137:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1074:John Bigelow
1066:John Pollock
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:epistemology
1035:
1033:
1006:
1004:
985:
957:
955:
939:
936:natural evil
933:
922:
867:
798:Natural evil
736:Key concepts
717:
693:
680:
677:basic belief
675:exists as a
670:
658:
654:
647:
640:
626:(1996), and
618:(1994), the
605:
594:
573:epistemology
557:
528:
513:
485:
470:
455:
449:
445:
439:
437:
422:
412:
401:
389:epistemology
376:
375:
274:Epistemology
227:Institutions
132:
124:
117:Notable work
8258:1932 births
8177:Jean Vanier
8171:Tomáš Halík
8153:Martin Rees
8059:Ian Barbour
8041:Bill Bright
8035:Paul Davies
7625:Antony Flew
7610:Peter Geach
7543:René Guénon
7490:Lev Shestov
7485:Rudolf Otto
7192:of religion
7031:Panentheism
6964:Inclusivism
6883:Exclusivism
6878:Esotericism
6848:Creationism
6828:Agnosticism
6796:Poor design
6791:Omnipotence
6718:Natural law
6693:Ontological
6646:Contingency
6496:Holy Spirit
6244:Proposition
6214:Objectivity
6100:Reliabilism
6090:Rationalism
6035:Fallibilism
6010:Coherentism
5955:Ernest Sosa
5930:Thomas Reid
5915:James Pryor
5885:G. E. Moore
5875:David Lewis
5865:Saul Kripke
5860:Peter Klein
5840:Susan Haack
5770:Robert Audi
5447:Metaphysics
5431:(c. 200 BC)
5421:(c. 350 BC)
5411:(c. 350 BC)
5298:Collingwood
5203:Malebranche
4951:Information
4879:Anima mundi
4858:Type theory
4813:Physicalism
4778:Materialism
4733:Determinism
4704:Metaphysics
4618:Lwow-Warsaw
4604:Ian Hacking
4571:Karl Popper
4566:Thomas Kuhn
4514:Alice Crary
4476:Saul Kripke
4471:Jaegwon Kim
4466:David Lewis
4456:Jerry Fodor
4425:Susan Haack
4339:Robert Audi
4149:John Searle
4119:Peter Geach
4109:Antony Flew
4056:G. E. Moore
3977:Ernest Sosa
3907:Possibility
3656:Mathematics
3641:Metaphysics
3528:Ernest Sosa
3130:Mackie, J.L
2756:Modal Logic
2484:Plantinga,
2431:Plantinga,
2024:16 December
1675:Pronounced
1464:Wisconsin:
1144:modal logic
1117:Holy Spirit
1105:Incarnation
1050:creator God
1000:reliabilism
993:externalist
689:other minds
581:Michael Rea
569:metaphysics
294:modal logic
279:metaphysics
8252:Categories
7595:J L Mackie
7553:Karl Barth
7350:David Hume
7272:Maimonides
7257:Heraclitus
7046:Polytheism
7016:Nondualism
7004:Humanistic
6989:Naturalism
6979:Monotheism
6937:Henotheism
6932:Gnosticism
6863:Demonology
6746:747 gambit
6663:Experience
6501:Misotheism
6345:Discussion
6335:Task Force
6254:Simplicity
6234:Perception
6110:Skepticism
6085:Positivism
6060:Infinitism
6025:Empiricism
5880:John Locke
5845:David Hume
5835:Anil Gupta
5830:Paul Grice
5805:John Dewey
5775:A. J. Ayer
5507:Monadology
5441:(c. 80 BC)
5148:Parmenides
5033:Perception
4931:Experience
4818:Relativism
4793:Naturalism
4743:Enactivism
4594:John Dupré
4461:Kurt Gödel
4417:Pragmatism
4332:Notre Dame
4323:John Rawls
4192:A. J. Ayer
4129:R. M. Hare
4124:Paul Grice
4036:Arif Ahmed
3823:Sense data
3808:Pragmatism
3682:Linguistic
3507:1983–1986
3478:1981–1982
3332:Interviews
3023:2010-04-28
2996:2010-04-28
2580:2010-04-28
2466:WPF, p. 21
2435:, 1993. 3.
2346:Beebe 2005
2205:2017-10-16
1902:2017-08-04
1846:2017-07-27
1817:2020-06-27
1780:calvin.edu
1723:References
1624:0802872042
1481:(ed. with
1430:. Oxford:
1413:. Ithaca:
1333:naturalism
1284:naturalism
1042:naturalism
793:Moral evil
788:Misotheism
500:musicology
259:Paul Weiss
51:1932-11-15
8001:Baba Amte
7695:Loyal Rue
7420:Karl Marx
7242:Gaudapada
7071:Shamanism
7036:Pantheism
7021:Nontheism
6999:Religious
6984:Mysticism
6957:Christian
6947:Religious
6898:Atheistic
6893:Christian
6776:Nonbelief
6761:Free will
6577:Mormonism
6401:Afterlife
6209:Knowledge
6194:Induction
6144:knowledge
6136:knowledge
5667:Teleology
5632:Mereology
5612:Cosmology
5471:(c. 1000)
5368:Plantinga
5358:Armstrong
5308:Heidegger
5283:Whitehead
5268:Nietzsche
5188:Descartes
5158:Aristotle
5113:Universal
5043:Principle
5013:Necessity
4973:Intention
4926:Existence
4889:Causality
4828:Solipsism
4758:Free will
4444:Princeton
4243:Hans Hahn
4029:Cambridge
3902:Necessity
3897:Actualism
3768:Emotivism
3733:Predicate
3703:Classical
2529:170510977
2475:WPF, 237.
2457:WPF, p. 4
2330:Max Black
2276:170439088
1973:"Welcome"
1728:Footnotes
1569:Blackwell
1154:'s modal
1113:atonement
925:Max Black
878:Swinburne
868:Plantinga
863:Nietzsche
773:Free will
763:Dystheism
638:in 1975.
510:Education
477:Friesland
462:Biography
435:in 2017.
70:Education
7817:Category
7762:Religion
7752:Exegesis
7237:Boethius
7232:Averroes
7227:Avicenna
7209:medieval
7179:Theodicy
7026:Pandeism
6942:Humanism
6910:Thealogy
6853:Dharmism
6823:Acosmism
6815:Theology
6683:Morality
6678:Miracles
6557:Hinduism
6547:Buddhism
6506:Pandeism
6481:Demiurge
6449:Theodicy
6330:Category
6149:Analysis
6134:A priori
6125:Concepts
6065:Innatism
6002:Theories
5685:Category
5607:Axiology
5461:(c. 270)
5389:more ...
5343:Anscombe
5338:Strawson
5333:Davidson
5228:Berkeley
5168:Plotinus
5129:more ...
5068:Relation
5048:Property
5023:Ontology
4946:Identity
4867:Concepts
4798:Nihilism
4763:Idealism
4711:Theories
4652:Category
4528:Reformed
4501:Quietism
3889:Modality
3849:Analysis
3842:Concepts
3813:Quietism
3773:Feminism
3746:Theories
3651:Language
3471:American
3425:trilogy.
3413:trilogy.
3403:Archived
3394:trilogy.
3380:Archived
3357:magazine
3132:(1982).
3040:and the
2955:Archived
2409:, p. 49.
2375:July 16,
2303:20131647
2180:April 7,
2158:April 7,
2136:April 7,
2131:"Events"
1978:April 7,
1952:Archived
1630:See also
1618:. 2015.
1616:Eerdmans
1571:. 2008.
1508:. 1993.
1489:. 1983.
1468:. 1980.
1451:. 1974.
1449:Eerdmans
1434:. 1974.
1388:unguided
1013:Chisholm
962:theodicy
833:Epicurus
727:Theodicy
718:a series
715:Part of
622:(1995),
614:(1986),
610:(1982),
458:(2015).
444:(1967),
221:Analytic
7788:more...
7521:postwar
7204:Ancient
7092:more...
7011:New Age
6952:Secular
6922:Fideism
6873:Dualism
6843:Atheism
6833:Animism
6739:Against
6582:Sikhism
6572:Judaism
6567:Jainism
6476:Brahman
6429:Miracle
6265:more...
6045:Fideism
5991:more...
5457:Enneads
5451:(c. 50)
5417:Timaeus
5407:Sophist
5353:Dummett
5348:Deleuze
5288:Russell
5278:Bergson
5273:Meinong
5253:Bolzano
5213:Leibniz
5193:Spinoza
5178:Aquinas
5163:Proclus
5093:Thought
5083:Subject
5063:Reality
5058:Quality
5028:Pattern
4988:Meaning
4963:Insight
4921:Essence
4906:Concept
4808:Realism
4773:Liberty
4738:Dualism
4554:Science
4271:Harvard
3917:Realism
3793:Marxism
3708:Deviant
3677:Aretaic
3661:Science
3520:Awards
3423:Warrant
3411:Warrant
3392:Warrant
2241:1384479
2112:nnp.org
1746:YouTube
1150:'s and
1124:Warrant
1101:Trinity
1093:Aquinas
1044:- i.e.
1025:Goldman
1017:BonJour
858:Maistre
853:Leibniz
524:Harvard
395:), and
347:Warrant
162:
154:
8238:(2023)
8232:(2022)
8226:(2021)
8220:(2020)
8203:(2019)
8197:(2018)
8191:(2017)
8185:(2016)
8179:(2015)
8173:(2014)
8167:(2013)
8161:(2012)
8155:(2011)
8149:(2010)
8132:(2009)
8126:(2008)
8120:(2007)
8114:(2006)
8108:(2005)
8102:(2004)
8096:(2003)
8090:(2002)
8084:(2001)
8078:(2000)
8061:(1999)
8055:(1998)
8049:(1997)
8043:(1996)
8037:(1995)
8031:(1994)
8025:(1993)
8019:(1992)
8013:(1991)
8007:(1990)
8003:&
7986:(1989)
7982:&
7976:(1988)
7970:(1987)
7964:(1986)
7958:(1985)
7952:(1984)
7946:(1983)
7940:(1982)
7934:(1981)
7928:(1980)
7911:(1979)
7905:(1978)
7899:(1977)
7893:(1976)
7887:(1975)
7881:(1974)
7875:(1973)
7807:Portal
7081:Theism
6974:Monism
6708:Reason
6658:Desire
6653:Degree
6621:Beauty
6535:God in
6491:Egoism
6444:Spirit
6159:Belief
6055:Holism
5591:(1981)
5581:(1943)
5571:(1927)
5561:(1846)
5551:(1818)
5541:(1807)
5531:(1783)
5521:(1781)
5511:(1714)
5501:(1710)
5491:(1677)
5487:Ethics
5481:(1641)
5383:Parfit
5373:Kripke
5363:Putnam
5323:Sartre
5313:Carnap
5263:Peirce
5208:Newton
5183:Suárez
5173:Scotus
5053:Qualia
5018:Object
5008:Nature
5003:Motion
4983:Matter
4916:Entity
4788:Monism
4086:Oxford
3543:With:
3245:
3180:
3159:
3140:
3118:
2842:
2777:
2736:
2707:
2682:
2638:
2611:
2550:
2527:
2332:(ed),
2301:
2274:
2239:
2015:
1622:
1605:
1592:
1584:(with
1575:
1558:
1547:online
1542:
1527:
1512:
1493:
1472:
1455:
1438:
1421:
1339:that:
1111:, the
1109:Christ
1103:, the
1097:Calvin
1021:Alston
946:heaven
883:Wiesel
828:Ehrman
583:, and
467:Family
216:School
205:Region
183:(2017)
177:(2012)
168:Awards
145:Spouse
137:(2000)
129:(1967)
64:, U.S.
8211:2020s
8140:2010s
8069:2000s
7994:1990s
7919:1980s
7866:1970s
7076:Taoic
6858:Deism
6641:Kalam
6592:Wicca
6562:Islam
6411:Faith
6340:Stubs
6259:Truth
5905:Plato
5637:Meta-
5378:Lewis
5328:Quine
5293:Moore
5258:Lotze
5243:Hegel
5218:Wolff
5198:Locke
5153:Plato
5123:Value
5103:Truth
4662:Index
3696:Logic
3670:Turns
3575:2017
3363:from
3353:from
2803:(14).
2525:S2CID
2299:JSTOR
2272:S2CID
2237:JSTOR
1663:Notes
1300:likes
1193:; and
397:logic
289:logic
156:(
152:
7638:2010
7636:1990
7634:1970
7519:1920
7441:1900
7439:1880
7376:1850
7374:1800
6766:Hell
6756:Evil
6673:Love
6439:Soul
5318:Ryle
5238:Kant
5233:Hume
5223:Reid
5098:Time
5078:Soul
5073:Self
4998:Mind
4956:Data
4941:Idea
3243:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3090:2009
2840:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2680:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2377:2012
2182:2016
2160:2016
2138:2016
2026:2010
2013:ISBN
1980:2016
1620:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1311:and
1164:some
873:Rowe
843:Hume
838:Hick
571:and
496:Leon
424:Time
41:Born
7206:and
6614:For
6415:or
3347:'s
2896:NPR
2873:doi
2517:doi
2264:doi
2229:doi
1744:on
673:God
502:at
195:Era
106:PhD
8254::
3441:.
3367:.
3114:.
3110:.
3100:;
3079:.
3044::
3013:.
2986:.
2929:,
2917:,
2913:,
2893:.
2869:79
2867:.
2863:.
2801:59
2799:.
2795:.
2781:).
2713:.
2659:.
2592:^
2583:.
2570:.
2523:.
2513:63
2511:.
2295:54
2293:.
2270:.
2260:15
2258:.
2235:.
2225:10
2223:.
2198:.
2110:.
2097:^
1997:^
1958:,
1911:^
1890:.
1863:.
1834:.
1778:.
1760:.
1323:.
1158:.
1084:.
1023:,
1019:,
1015:,
1002:.
721:on
663:.
587:.
579:,
542:,
506:.
399:.
387:,
158:m.
96:MA
86:BA
53:)
7851:e
7844:t
7837:v
6379:e
6372:t
6365:v
5731:e
5724:t
5717:v
4696:e
4689:t
4682:v
3855:)
3851:(
3612:e
3605:t
3598:v
3447:.
3186:.
3165:.
3146:.
3124:.
3092:.
3026:.
2999:.
2899:.
2879:.
2875::
2848:.
2742:.
2688:.
2617:.
2556:.
2531:.
2519::
2379:.
2305:.
2278:.
2266::
2243:.
2231::
2208:.
2184:.
2162:.
2140:.
2028:.
1982:.
1905:.
1867:.
1849:.
1820:.
1782:.
1764:.
1712:/
1709:ə
1706:ɡ
1703:ŋ
1700:ɪ
1697:t
1694:n
1691:æ
1688:l
1685:p
1682:ˈ
1679:/
1191:W
1187:W
1095:/
912:e
905:t
898:v
108:)
104:(
98:)
94:(
88:)
84:(
49:(
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