37:
1611:
2190:
1930:
2114:
2110:, which reduces inflammation and protects neurons. At higher levels of Ang II, the AT1R is preferably activated, causing inflammation, decreased blood flow to the brain, and cognitive impairment in the long term. Ang II can be cleaved by ACE2 into more neuroprotective species, such as Ang III and IV, which counteract the effect of Ang II. In AD, AT1R signaling has been shown to be increased, contributing to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment.
1680:. While COVID-19 has been known to more severely impact elderly populations, AD patients have been shown to have a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to cognitively normal patients. The disproportionate risk of COVID-19 in AD patients is thought to arise from an interplay of biological and social factors between the two diseases. Many common biological pathways are shared between COVID-19 and AD, notably those involved in
1975:, among others, increases risk of developing AD. In a study of 6,245,282 patients, it was observed that cognitively normal individuals over 65 are at an increased risk of a new dementia diagnosis following COVID-19 infection. Moreover, COVID-19 has been shown to potentially exacerbate the progression of existing AD, leading to increased research interest into the interaction between the two diseases
1865:
2211:
inflammation and neurodegeneration in AD. Being a virus, SARS-CoV-2 can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, triggering inflammation required to fight infection. It is through this mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 is thought to increase deposition of toxic Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau, worsening AD pathology. The subsequent increase in inflammatory
2170:, an immune cell will initially prime an inflammatory response by increasing expression of NLRP3 (signal 1). NLRP3 will become active once the cell receives an additional "activation signal", normally consisting of toxins, viral RNA, or signs of cell damage. Once activated, NLRP3 will interact with two other proteins, ASC and
1953:
of blood vessels, only allowing certain molecules from the blood to access the central nervous system. A decline in the integrity of the BBB has long been associated with AD and contributes to disease progression by allowing neurotoxic factors from the blood to enter the brain. As the BBB declines in
1711:
Multiple studies have shown that AD patients are at a significantly increased risk of death due to COVID-19. AD diagnosis was one of the major risk factors in predicting death due to complications from COVID-19. Patients with AD were also at a higher risk of death due to COVID-19 compared to patients
2263:
Multiple studies have shown that regular physical exercise can reduce the risk of developing AD or other forms of dementia. Exercise is associated with increased blood flow to the brain and improved cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to potentially improve psychiatric symptoms and slow
1851:
public health measures. As such, this increases the risk of contracting COVID-19. Moreover, as dementia patients are susceptible to wandering which, when combined with lack of adherence to public health protocols, can increase contact with infected people. In addition, many dementia patients live in
1850:
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the introduction of numerous public health measures to curb the virus' spread, including recommendations on hand washing, social distancing, and masking. Due to the effect of dementia on memory and cognition, AD patients often are unable to remember or properly follow
1837:
Age is one of the primary contributors to the risk of AD, over 10% of individuals over 65 years of age are thought to have the disease. Likewise age is also a primary risk factor for morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. As AD patients are generally older, they are more susceptible to
2121:
Some studies have found a link between increased ACE2 in the brain and AD, however this remains controversial. ACE2 has been shown to potentially play a protective role in AD, as ACE2 decreases activity of the Ang II/AT1R axis. Additionally, ACE2 has been shown to have benefits in AD besides the
2231:
can be detrimental or even fatal, especially in cases of severe COVID-19. In addition to their role in viral infections, cytokines are highly abundant in the brains of AD patients. While initially produced to help clear toxic Aβ , chronic cytokine release is thought to play an important role in
2133:
to increase its binding to ACE2. Inhibition of ACE2 due to infection ultimately leads to increased accumulation of Aβ peptides and decreased activation of BDNF, accelerating neurodegeneration in AD. Additionally, inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 causes increased Ang II, contributing to neuronal
2197:
Studies have shown involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD. The expression of genes related to inflammasome activation were shown to be increased in AD, while stimulation of immune cells with Aβ42 can directly activate it. Aβ plaques and oligomers can function similar to DAMPs, priming and
2210:
towards neuroinflammation as Aβ buildup can further activate additional inflammasomes. NLRP3 activation can also arise from hyperphosphorylated tau, and can consequently lead to additional tau phosphorylation. This chronic activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome ultimately contributes to chronic
1855:
facilities, which have an overall higher rate of COVID-19 transmission due to poor social distancing between residents and staff. Many AD patients, especially those with advanced disease, are dependent on others to provide basic care, such as hygiene and feeding. In these situations, social
1365:
2264:
the decline in the ability to perform daily tasks in AD patients. Lockdowns during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic have greatly hindered the ability for many individuals to engage in physical activities, which may worsen dementia risk and progression.
2226:
are cellular messages given off by immune cells and different tissues that can help promote or stop an immune response. These molecules are produced as a part of the normal immune response and are greatly increased due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However,
1703:, increasing their risk of infection. Additionally, studies have shown cognitively normal COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk of AD diagnosis following recovery, suggesting that COVID-19 has the potential to cause AD.
1213:
1249:
1203:
36:
1962:
Research has shown that there is a link between prior infection with certain viruses and the development of neurodegenerative diseases later in life. This extends to AD, where infection with viruses such as
1912:
carriers show increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viral stimulation and show increased BBB permeability, respectively increasing the risk of severe disease and neuroinvasion. In
1572:
1121:
2271:. Mandatory face masking, while essential to prevent viral spread, can further impair facial recognition in AD. This has been proposed to contribute to distress and declining mental health in AD patients.
698:
683:
1208:
4179:
Montazersaheb, Soheila; Hosseiniyan
Khatibi, Seyed Mahdi; Hejazi, Mohammad Saeid; Tarhriz, Vahideh; Farjami, Afsaneh; Ghasemian Sorbeni, Faramarz; Farahzadi, Raheleh; Ghasemnejad, Tohid (2022-05-26).
2260:, including depression, agitation, and hallucinations. This partially is thought to arise from lack of socialization and mental stimulation associated with caregiver programs and social interaction.
1269:
4003:
Ortiz, Genaro
Gabriel; Velázquez-Brizuela, Irma E.; Ortiz-Velázquez, Genaro E.; Ocampo-Alfaro, María J.; Salazar-Flores, Joel; Delgado-Lara, Daniela L. C.; Torres-Sanchez, Erandis D. (2022-10-18).
1908:
carriers may show a decreased ability to express key genes involved in the antiviral response, which may compromise the ability to fight the virus in AD patients carrying the allele. Additionally,
1274:
1592:
1456:
1419:
2630:
Hardan, Louis; Filtchev, Dimitar; Kassem, Ratiba; Bourgi, Rim; Lukomska-Szymanska, Monika; Tarhini, Hassan; Salloum-Yared, Fouad; Mancino, Davide; Kharouf, Naji; Haikel, Youssef (2021-10-25).
1597:
1409:
678:
1567:
1548:
1227:
1148:
1528:
816:
2102:, all of which are present in the brain. Renin is an enzyme that cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I (Ang I), while ACE converts Ang I into Ang II. Ang II can either bind to the
1131:
892:
774:
1288:
1259:
1153:
823:
784:
1553:
1516:
1486:
1183:
2126:, a protein that supports proper neuron function and is decreased in AD. Additionally, ACE2 has been shown to convert toxic Aβ43 into protective Aβ40, decreasing amyloid burden.
1582:
1451:
1178:
779:
754:
734:
1414:
1323:
1254:
1163:
804:
794:
789:
710:
501:
350:
199:
1639:
1496:
1429:
759:
749:
496:
417:
386:
374:
345:
266:
235:
223:
194:
115:
2267:
Additionally, AD patients often require a sense of familiarity in their surroundings and those they interact with. Despite the need for familiarity, AD patients often have
1577:
1436:
1264:
1239:
769:
764:
639:
525:
520:
513:
412:
405:
381:
369:
362:
261:
254:
230:
218:
211:
110:
103:
2206:, an endogenous molecule that can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Consequently, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome prevents microglia from ingesting Aβ42, creating a
1244:
799:
508:
489:
400:
357:
338:
249:
206:
187:
98:
2564:
Gkouskou, Kalliopi; Vasilogiannakopoulou, Theodora; Andreakos, Evangelos; Davanos, Nikolaos; Gazouli, Maria; Sanoudou, Despina; Eliopoulos, Aristides G. (2021-05-01).
1954:
AD, it is thought to allow increased passage of SARS-CoV-2 particles into the brain, enhancing the risk of severe neurological complications resulting from infection.
1587:
1543:
1303:
1158:
811:
744:
693:
484:
441:
429:
333:
290:
278:
182:
139:
127:
2122:
classical RAS. Administration of ACE2 activating drugs can reduce amyloid plaques and prevent cognitive symptoms in mouse models of AD. One of the targets of ACE2 is
1716:. A separate study assessing the contribution of underlying conditions towards death due to COVID-19 found that the three strongest predictors of mortality were age,
1873:
1533:
1476:
1394:
1338:
1318:
1141:
919:
477:
465:
436:
424:
326:
314:
285:
273:
175:
163:
134:
122:
2129:
Binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 inhibits its function. This is exacerbated in AD, as one of the major toxic species of Aβ, Aβ42, has been shown to interact with the
2178:, a circular structure made of multiple copies of each involved protein. From here, the NLRP3 inflammasome will cleave inactive pro-inflammatory proteins such as
931:
472:
460:
453:
321:
309:
302:
170:
158:
151:
1333:
1328:
1298:
1198:
1173:
914:
448:
297:
146:
2434:
Knopman, David S.; Amieva, Helene; Petersen, Ronald C.; Chételat, Gäel; Holtzman, David M.; Hyman, Bradley T.; Nixon, Ralph A.; Jones, David T. (2021-05-13).
1892:
gene variant are at a higher risk of developing AD due to impaired clearance of Aβ from the brain. Approximately 14.8% of AD patients carry two copies of the
1471:
1441:
1424:
1313:
629:
1511:
1293:
1126:
727:
1506:
1466:
1308:
1222:
1168:
552:
545:
1560:
1281:
1188:
1136:
671:
532:
86:
4418:
1193:
3381:
Cosarderelioglu, Caglar; Nidadavolu, Lolita S.; George, Claudene J.; Oh, Esther S.; Bennett, David A.; Walston, Jeremy D.; Abadir, Peter M. (2020).
2375:
Rudnicka-Drożak, Ewa; Drożak, Paulina; Mizerski, Grzegorz; Zaborowski, Tomasz; Ślusarska, Barbara; Nowicki, Grzegorz; Drożak, Martyna (2023-01-25).
1404:
1399:
1110:
978:
2244:. While these cytokines are essential in mounting a response to COVID-19 infection, they may consequently drive neurodegeneration in AD patients.
1696:
1632:
1521:
1461:
904:
882:
739:
634:
1377:
666:
2163:
1725:
1717:
3198:
Piekut, Thomas; Hurła, Mikołaj; Banaszek, Natalia; Szejn, Paulina; Dorszewska, Jolanta; Kozubski, Wojciech; Prendecki, Michał (2022-03-28).
983:
2134:
stress in AD. As such, SARS-CoV-2 infection can accelerate AD progression through both the classic RAS pathway and alternative mechanisms.
1538:
1491:
868:
1904:
increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is associated with mortality and morbidity due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore,
2167:
1900:
carriers are also at an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 and dying due to the disease. Aside from its role in Aβ clearance,
688:
1625:
887:
863:
589:
579:
2123:
1446:
601:
79:
606:
3447:"Neurotrophic Factor BDNF, Physiological Functions and Therapeutic Potential in Depression, Neurodegeneration and Brain Cancer"
2232:
causing and progressing neuroinflammation. Many cytokines involved in AD are also increased due to COVID-19 infection, such as
1351:
988:
899:
564:
4062:
Gouveia, Filipa; Camins, Antoni; Ettcheto, Miren; Bicker, Joana; Falcão, Amílcar; Cruz, M. Teresa; Fortuna, Ana (2022-05-01).
2107:
2103:
2069:
Isolation leads to worsening of psychiatric symptoms in AD, chronic isolation may lead to increased risk of AD later in life
1884:
and other lipids between cells. It is present in the brain, where it is secreted by resident immune cells, as well as in the
1720:, and AD. Data collected from 93 countries shows that AD has a stronger association with mortality due to COVID-19 than both
1481:
4064:"Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future"
2099:
1914:
1384:
1013:
851:
654:
2256:
and mandatory face mask use. Social isolation of AD patients due to COVID-related lockdowns has been shown to worsen the
2083:
4355:
Müller, Patrick; Achraf, Ammar; Zou, Liye; Apfelbacher, Christian; Erickson, Kirk I.; Müller, Notger G. (January 2020).
584:
574:
559:
2500:
Wang, Haili; Lu, Juan; Zhao, Xia; Qin, Rongyin; Song, Kangping; Xu, Yao; Zhang, Jun; Chen, Yingzhu (December 2021).
1097:
1052:
1040:
993:
20:
2130:
1082:
858:
624:
569:
3082:
Onyeaka, Helen; Anumudu, Christian K; Al-Sharify, Zainab T; Egele-Godswill, Esther; Mbaegbu, Paul (April 2021).
2056:
Worsen psychiatric symptoms, such as agitation and distress, in AD patients due to impaired facial recognition
1077:
1067:
1035:
1030:
1020:
973:
968:
958:
846:
68:
3883:"Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of COVID-19 and Effects on Elderly Individuals With Dementia"
1713:
1370:
1072:
1057:
1025:
661:
63:
1972:
2257:
1968:
1673:
1653:
1062:
1006:
705:
1941:
is integral in protecting the brain from external objects, including waste, circulating blood cells, and
3701:"Inflammatory Cytokines and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review from the Perspective of Genetic Polymorphisms"
2189:
1842:
present at baseline is thought to play a role in the poor prognosis observed following viral infection.
1839:
1501:
1087:
926:
2198:
activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Additionally, Aβ that has been phagocytosed by microglia can damage
1929:
1964:
1692:
963:
909:
40:
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
2252:
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought many public health measures into the spotlight, such as
2113:
1938:
1876:
and severity of COVID-19. The primary genetic risk factor for late onset AD is the presence of the
1777:
1979:
Factors in COVID-19 infection and management that increase risk of developing
Alzheimer's disease
4337:
4101:
3980:
3292:
3237:
2937:
2253:
2237:
2179:
1885:
1114:
649:
644:
2502:"Alzheimer's disease in elderly COVID-19 patients: potential mechanisms and preventive measures"
1610:
4423:
4394:
4376:
4329:
4321:
4282:
4264:
4220:
4202:
4161:
4143:
4093:
4085:
4044:
4026:
3972:
3922:
3904:
3860:
3842:
3798:
3780:
3738:
3720:
3674:
3622:
3604:
3554:
3536:
3486:
3468:
3422:
3404:
3352:
3334:
3284:
3276:
3229:
3221:
3180:
3162:
3121:
3103:
3061:
3043:
2999:
2981:
2929:
2921:
2879:
2861:
2811:
2793:
2751:
2733:
2671:
2653:
2603:
2585:
2539:
2521:
2473:
2455:
2416:
2398:
2344:
2326:
2207:
1700:
28:
4384:
4368:
4313:
4272:
4254:
4210:
4192:
4151:
4135:
4075:
4034:
4016:
3962:
3912:
3894:
3850:
3832:
3788:
3772:
3728:
3712:
3664:
3656:
3612:
3594:
3544:
3526:
3476:
3458:
3412:
3394:
3342:
3326:
3268:
3211:
3170:
3152:
3111:
3095:
3051:
3035:
2989:
2973:
2913:
2869:
2853:
2801:
2785:
2741:
2723:
2661:
2643:
2593:
2577:
2529:
2513:
2463:
2447:
2406:
2388:
2334:
2316:
2146:(NLRP) family of proteins are crucial mediators of the innate immune response to pathogens.
1877:
1685:
875:
841:
2840:
Yamazaki, Yu; Zhao, Na; Caulfield, Thomas R.; Liu, Chia-Chen; Bu, Guojun (September 2019).
3645:"The NLRP3 inflammasome and COVID-19: Activation, pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies"
2962:"Blood–brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders"
1852:
1615:
3583:"The Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease and Potential Therapeutic Targets"
3116:
3083:
1896:
allele, in comparison to 1.9% of the general population. In addition to its role in AD,
4389:
4356:
4277:
4242:
4215:
4180:
4156:
4124:"Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors"
4123:
4039:
4004:
3917:
3882:
3855:
3820:
3793:
3760:
3733:
3700:
3669:
3644:
3617:
3582:
3549:
3514:
3481:
3446:
3417:
3382:
3347:
3314:
3175:
3140:
3056:
3023:
2994:
2961:
2874:
2841:
2806:
2773:
2746:
2711:
2666:
2631:
2598:
2565:
2534:
2501:
2468:
2435:
2411:
2376:
2339:
2304:
2228:
2183:
2090:, plays a unique and important role in the brain. The RAS system involves the proteins
2087:
1946:
4243:"Relationship Between Exercise and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Literature Review"
4412:
4122:
Yang, Yang; Wang, Huanan; Kouadir, Mohammed; Song, Houhui; Shi, Fushan (2019-02-12).
4105:
3984:
3296:
3241:
2941:
2268:
2233:
715:
4341:
4301:
4005:"Alzheimer's Disease and SARS-CoV-2: Pathophysiological Analysis and Social Context"
1732:
Factors in
Alzheimer's disease that lead to an increased risk of COVID-19 infection
3383:"Brain Renin–Angiotensin System at the Intersect of Physical and Cognitive Frailty"
2175:
1856:
distancing is not possible, thus increasing the risk of infection from caregivers.
1695:
in AD may prevent patients from following proper public health guidelines, such as
1681:
1669:
3660:
2710:
Chen, Feng; Chen, Yanting; Wang, Yongxiang; Ke, Qiongwei; Cui, Lili (2022-09-11).
1864:
4317:
3759:
Rahman, Mohammad Azizur; Islam, Kamrul; Rahman, Saidur; Alamin, Md (March 2021).
3084:"COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the global lockdown and its far-reaching effects"
2917:
2144:
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein
3515:"The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation"
2581:
2566:"COVID-19 enters the expanding network of apolipoprotein E4-related pathologies"
2203:
2091:
1950:
1881:
1838:
negative outcomes in COVID-19 infection. In aged individuals and those with AD,
4361:
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational
Research & Clinical Interventions
4197:
3881:
Alonso-Lana, Silvia; Marquié, Marta; Ruiz, Agustín; Boada, Mercè (2020-10-26).
3821:"Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer's Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action"
3776:
3272:
3039:
2901:
2842:"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies"
2728:
2517:
2451:
2321:
4139:
4080:
4063:
3899:
3837:
3716:
3599:
3399:
3330:
3099:
2977:
2857:
2789:
2774:"Apolipoprotein E: from cardiovascular disease to neurodegenerative disorders"
1657:
1358:
953:
720:
55:
4380:
4325:
4268:
4259:
4206:
4181:"COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions"
4147:
4089:
4030:
4021:
3908:
3846:
3784:
3724:
3608:
3540:
3472:
3408:
3338:
3280:
3256:
3225:
3166:
3157:
3107:
3047:
2985:
2925:
2865:
2797:
2737:
2657:
2648:
2589:
2525:
2459:
2402:
2330:
3581:
Liang, Tao; Zhang, Yang; Wu, Suyuan; Chen, Qingjie; Wang, Lin (2022-02-16).
2712:"The COVID-19 pandemic and Alzheimer's disease: mutual risks and mechanisms"
1677:
1092:
943:
4398:
4333:
4286:
4224:
4165:
4097:
4048:
3976:
3926:
3864:
3802:
3742:
3678:
3626:
3558:
3490:
3445:
Colucci-D’Amato, Luca; Speranza, Luisa; Volpicelli, Floriana (2020-10-21).
3426:
3356:
3288:
3233:
3184:
3125:
3065:
3003:
2960:
Sweeney, Melanie D.; Sagare, Abhay P.; Zlokovic, Berislav V. (March 2018).
2933:
2883:
2815:
2755:
2675:
2607:
2543:
2477:
2420:
2393:
2348:
3216:
3199:
3531:
3463:
2377:"Links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease—What Do We Already Know?"
2241:
2223:
2212:
2199:
2151:
2150:
is one protein in this family that is involved in the body's response to
1942:
1665:
1661:
49:
2004:
High angiotensin II can increase progression of neurodegeneration in AD
1880:(APOE) 4 allele. APOE is a protein that is responsible for transporting
4372:
3967:
3950:
2171:
2014:
Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, decreased due to COVID-19 infection
1656:(AD) patients are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from
948:
3761:"Neurobiochemical Cross-talk Between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease"
2193:
Pathways involved in increased risk of AD following COVID-19 infection
1921:
genotype has been shown to increase the rate of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
35:
3513:
Kelley, Nathan; Jeltema, Devon; Duan, Yanhui; He, Yuan (2019-07-06).
3139:
Zhou, Li; Miranda-Saksena, Monica; Saksena, Nitin K (December 2013).
2155:
1721:
2305:"COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease: how one crisis worsens the other"
1684:. Genetic factors that put individuals at risk for AD, such as the
2159:
2147:
2095:
1691:, are associated with worse outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
2381:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2030:
Increased risk of AD due to increased deposition of beta-amyloid
2215:
can further lead to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment.
2143:
2186:
to their active forms, which continue to promote inflammation.
3024:"The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with dementia"
3819:
Abate, Giulia; Memo, Maurizio; Uberti, Daniela (2020-08-21).
3313:
Phillips, M. Ian; de
Oliveira, Edilamar Menezes (June 2008).
1933:
Dysfunction of the blood brain barrier in
Alzheimer's disease
4357:"COVID-19, physical (in-)activity, and dementia prevention"
2202:, cellular structures containing waste, causing release of
2106:, which promotes inflammation and damages neurons, or the
3951:"Alzheimer's Disease and Face Masks in Times of COVID-19"
3255:
Gonzalez-Fernandez, Ezekiel; Huang, Juebin (2023-09-01).
2017:
Increased risk of AD due to accumulation of beta-amyloid
4241:
Meng, Qing; Lin, Muh-Shi; Tzeng, I-Shiang (2020-03-26).
2906:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
2303:
Xia, Xiaohuan; Wang, Yi; Zheng, Jialin (December 2021).
2053:
Required in many care scenarios to prevent viral spread
2027:
Increased activity in COVID-19 infection to fight virus
4302:"Alzheimer's Disease and Exercise: A Literature Review"
3440:
3438:
3436:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
2632:"COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review"
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2040:
Increased levels in COVID-19 infection to fight virus
1811:
Decreased ability to remember public health measures
3876:
3874:
2248:
Social factors influencing worsening of AD symptoms
1958:
Contribution of COVID-19 to AD risk and progression
3699:Su, Fan; Bai, Feng; Zhang, Zhijun (October 2016).
3308:
3306:
3022:Numbers, Katya; Brodaty, Henry (February 2021).
1868:How APOE4 genotype influences COVID-19 pathology
1707:Contribution of AD to increased risk of COVID-19
3949:Gil, Roger; Arroyo-Anlló, Eva M. (2021-01-05).
3077:
3075:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2078:Renin-angiotensin system and ACE family enzymes
2066:Required in many cases to prevent viral spread
1872:Studies have shown a degree of overlap between
3754:
3752:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
2900:Fu, Y.-W.; Xu, H.-S.; Liu, S.-J. (June 2022).
2164:pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
1824:Increased risk of contacting infected persons
1798:Increased risk of transmission from caretaker
3998:
3996:
3994:
3814:
3812:
3643:Zhao, Ni; Di, Bin; Xu, Li-li (October 2021).
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
2767:
2765:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2117:Brain renin-angiotensin pathway and effectors
1633:
8:
4236:
4234:
4117:
4115:
3638:
3636:
2705:
2168:damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
2001:Increased angiotensin II and AT1R signaling
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3519:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3451:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3200:"Infectious agents and Alzheimer's disease"
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3261:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
2895:
2893:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
1640:
1626:
15:
4388:
4276:
4258:
4214:
4196:
4155:
4079:
4038:
4020:
3966:
3916:
3898:
3854:
3836:
3792:
3732:
3668:
3616:
3598:
3548:
3530:
3480:
3462:
3416:
3398:
3346:
3215:
3174:
3156:
3115:
3055:
2993:
2902:"COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases"
2873:
2805:
2745:
2727:
2665:
2647:
2597:
2533:
2467:
2410:
2392:
2338:
2320:
2188:
2124:brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
2112:
1990:Contribution to AD risk and progression
1977:
1928:
1863:
1730:
2280:
1668:worldwide and is clinically defined by
1366:Neurological and psychological symptoms
27:
2043:Contribute to neurodegeneration in AD
2104:angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)
1726:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
3649:Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
3315:"Brain renin angiotensin in disease"
1915:induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
1846:Social factors influencing infection
3204:Journal of Integrative Neuroscience
2242:tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)
1785:Increased risk of brain infection
1770:Increased risk of severe COVID-19
1757:Increased risk of severe COVID-19
14:
1664:. AD is the most common cause of
1767:Increased risk of developing AD
1754:Increased risk of developing AD
1609:
4306:Current Sports Medicine Reports
4300:Cass, Shane P. (January 2017).
3887:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
3257:"Cognitive Aspects of COVID-19"
3141:"Viruses and neurodegeneration"
2772:Mahley, Robert W. (July 2016).
2716:Translational Neurodegeneration
2309:Translational Neurodegeneration
3955:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
2440:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2084:renin-angiotensin system (RAS)
1795:Required for many AD patients
1743:Contribution to COVID-19 risk
1:
3661:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.06.002
3319:Journal of Molecular Medicine
2778:Journal of Molecular Medicine
2229:uncontrolled cytokine release
4419:Alzheimer's disease research
4318:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000332
2918:10.26355/eurrev_202206_29093
1969:varicella zoster virus (VZV)
1390:Alzheimer's disease patients
915:Misinformation and hesitancy
2582:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101938
1874:genetic risk factors for AD
4440:
4198:10.1186/s12985-022-01814-1
3777:10.1007/s12035-020-02177-w
3273:10.1007/s11910-023-01286-y
3040:10.1038/s41582-020-00450-z
2729:10.1186/s40035-022-00316-y
2518:10.1007/s10072-021-05616-1
2452:10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y
2322:10.1186/s40035-021-00237-2
2258:psychiatric symptoms of AD
1965:herpes simplex virus (HSV)
1792:Requirement for caretaker
4247:Frontiers in Neuroscience
4140:10.1038/s41419-019-1413-8
4081:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612
3900:10.3389/fnagi.2020.588872
3838:10.3390/healthcare8030286
3717:10.1007/s12264-016-0055-4
3600:10.3389/fphar.2022.845185
3587:Frontiers in Pharmacology
3400:10.3389/fnins.2020.586314
3387:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3331:10.1007/s00109-008-0331-5
3100:10.1177/00368504211019854
2978:10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188
2858:10.1038/s41582-019-0228-7
2790:10.1007/s00109-016-1427-y
2269:trouble recognizing faces
2088:blood pressure regulation
1998:Renin-angiotensin System
699:World Health Organization
4260:10.3389/fnins.2020.00131
4128:Cell Death & Disease
4022:10.3390/brainsci12101405
3158:10.1186/1743-422X-10-172
3028:Nature Reviews Neurology
2966:Nature Reviews Neurology
2846:Nature Reviews Neurology
2649:10.3390/medicina57111159
2131:SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
1973:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
1888:. Patients carrying the
1676:, and activation of the
1660:, the virus that causes
1652:Studies have shown that
869:Public health mitigation
553:By country and territory
4068:Ageing Research Reviews
2086:, which is involved in
1714:frontotemporal dementia
1674:neurofibrillary tangles
1371:Post-exertional malaise
711:Undercounting of deaths
3765:Molecular Neurobiology
3094:(2): 003685042110198.
2394:10.3390/ijerph20032146
2208:positive feedback loop
2194:
2180:pro-interleukin(IL)-1β
2162:. Upon recognition of
2118:
1934:
1869:
1529:Science and technology
1405:Death rates by country
619:International response
41:
3705:Neuroscience Bulletin
3217:10.31083/j.jin2102073
2506:Neurological Sciences
2192:
2116:
1932:
1886:cardiovascular system
1867:
1678:brain's immune system
1554:Xenophobia and racism
1420:Emergency evacuations
39:
3532:10.3390/ijms20133328
3464:10.3390/ijms21207777
1840:chronic inflammation
1718:chronic lung disease
1693:Cognitive impairment
1289:Association football
910:Operation Warp Speed
2436:"Alzheimer disease"
2024:NLRP3 inflammasome
1987:Effect of COVID-19
1980:
1939:blood-brain barrier
1925:Blood-brain barrier
1778:Blood-brain barrier
1733:
1654:Alzheimer's disease
1487:Other health issues
1014:Variants of concern
4373:10.1002/trc2.12091
3968:10.3233/JAD-201233
2195:
2138:NLRP3 inflammasome
2119:
1978:
1945:. It is formed by
1935:
1917:-derived neurons,
1870:
1782:Breaks down in AD
1731:
979:Oxford–AstraZeneca
817:federal government
728:National responses
42:
2912:(12): 4535–4544.
2512:(12): 4913–4920.
2075:
2074:
2063:Social isolation
1951:endothelial cells
1943:infectious agents
1830:
1829:
1701:social distancing
1650:
1649:
1415:Domestic violence
1324:Gridiron football
1159:Financial markets
932:Vaccine passports
679:Social distancing
640:International aid
29:COVID-19 pandemic
4431:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4262:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4200:
4185:Virology Journal
4176:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4083:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4024:
4000:
3989:
3988:
3970:
3946:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3902:
3878:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3840:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3771:(3): 1017–1023.
3756:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3696:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3602:
3578:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3534:
3510:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3466:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3402:
3378:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3219:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3160:
3145:Virology Journal
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3088:Science Progress
3079:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3019:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2957:
2946:
2945:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2837:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2731:
2707:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2651:
2627:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2561:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2396:
2372:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2324:
2300:
1981:
1878:Apolipoprotein E
1808:Increased in AD
1805:Memory deficits
1734:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1613:
1122:Arts and culture
938:Current vaccines
864:Drug repurposing
859:Drug development
836:Medical response
16:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4002:
4001:
3992:
3948:
3947:
3934:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3698:
3697:
3686:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3580:
3579:
3566:
3512:
3511:
3498:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3380:
3379:
3364:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3021:
3020:
3011:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2839:
2838:
2823:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2709:
2708:
2683:
2629:
2628:
2615:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2499:
2498:
2485:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2374:
2373:
2356:
2302:
2301:
2282:
2277:
2250:
2221:
2140:
2092:angiotensinogen
2080:
1960:
1947:tight junctions
1927:
1862:
1853:assisted living
1848:
1835:
1764:APOE4 genotype
1709:
1646:
1616:COVID-19 portal
1608:
1603:
1602:
1517:Catholic Church
1492:Popular culture
1354:
1344:
1343:
1184:Performing arts
1117:
1111:Economic impact
1103:
1102:
1098:Lineage B.1.617
1009:
999:
998:
984:Pfizer–BioNTech
842:Disease testing
837:
829:
828:
672:Fake treatments
620:
612:
611:
548:
538:
537:
82:
12:
11:
5:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4347:
4292:
4230:
4171:
4111:
4054:
4009:Brain Sciences
3990:
3932:
3870:
3808:
3748:
3711:(5): 469–480.
3684:
3632:
3564:
3496:
3432:
3362:
3325:(6): 715–722.
3302:
3267:(9): 531–538.
3247:
3190:
3131:
3071:
3009:
2972:(3): 133–150.
2947:
2889:
2852:(9): 501–518.
2821:
2784:(7): 739–746.
2761:
2681:
2613:
2549:
2483:
2426:
2354:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2249:
2246:
2220:
2217:
2174:, to form the
2139:
2136:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1959:
1956:
1926:
1923:
1861:
1860:APOE4 genotype
1858:
1847:
1844:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1708:
1705:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Notable deaths
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Media coverage
1459:
1457:Long-term care
1454:
1452:LGBT community
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1047:Other variants
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
989:Sinopharm BIBP
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
939:
935:
934:
929:
924:
923:
922:
912:
907:
905:Authorizations
902:
897:
896:
895:
885:
879:
878:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
849:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
820:
819:
809:
808:
807:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
745:European Union
742:
737:
731:
730:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
702:
701:
694:United Nations
691:
686:
681:
676:
675:
674:
669:
667:by governments
662:Misinformation
659:
658:
657:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
604:
598:
597:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
556:
555:
549:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
529:
528:
523:
518:
517:
516:
506:
505:
504:
494:
493:
492:
482:
481:
480:
470:
469:
468:
458:
457:
456:
446:
445:
444:
434:
433:
432:
422:
421:
420:
410:
409:
408:
397:
396:
392:
391:
390:
389:
379:
378:
377:
367:
366:
365:
355:
354:
353:
343:
342:
341:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
306:
305:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
246:
245:
241:
240:
239:
238:
228:
227:
226:
216:
215:
214:
204:
203:
202:
192:
191:
190:
180:
179:
178:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
154:
144:
143:
142:
132:
131:
130:
120:
119:
118:
108:
107:
106:
95:
94:
90:
89:
83:
78:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
53:
44:
43:
32:
31:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4436:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4367:(1): e12091.
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:Redox Biology
2567:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:pro-caspase-1
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:Face masking
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Mental health
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:Combat sports
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:sportscasting
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Food security
1167:
1165:
1164:Food industry
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
890:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
877:
874:
873:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
833:
832:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
717:
716:COVID-19 apps
714:
712:
709:
707:
706:WTO IP waiver
704:
700:
697:
696:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:Endemic phase
623:
622:
616:
615:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
596:By conveyance
595:
594:
591:
590:South America
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:North America
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
551:
550:
547:
542:
541:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
452:
451:
450:
447:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
407:
404:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
356:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
332:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
260:
256:
253:
252:
251:
248:
247:
243:
242:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
76:
75:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4312:(1): 19–22.
4309:
4305:
4295:
4250:
4246:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4131:
4127:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4015:(10): 1405.
4012:
4008:
3958:
3954:
3890:
3886:
3828:
3824:
3768:
3764:
3708:
3704:
3652:
3648:
3590:
3586:
3525:(13): 3328.
3522:
3518:
3457:(20): 7777.
3454:
3450:
3390:
3386:
3322:
3318:
3264:
3260:
3250:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3091:
3087:
3034:(2): 69–70.
3031:
3027:
2969:
2965:
2909:
2905:
2849:
2845:
2781:
2777:
2719:
2715:
2642:(11): 1159.
2639:
2635:
2573:
2569:
2509:
2505:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2384:
2380:
2312:
2308:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2222:
2196:
2176:inflammasome
2141:
2128:
2120:
2081:
2011:ACE2 enzyme
1961:
1949:between the
1936:
1918:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1871:
1849:
1836:
1710:
1686:
1682:inflammation
1670:amyloid beta
1651:
1534:Social media
1395:Black people
1389:
1339:Rugby league
1319:Gaelic games
927:Vaccine card
847:Breathalyzer
602:Cruise ships
3961:(1): 9–14.
2387:(3): 2146.
2204:cathepsin B
1882:cholesterol
1821:Seen in AD
1740:Role in AD
1583:New Zealand
1437:Environment
1260:New Zealand
1228:Video games
852:Development
785:Philippines
775:New Zealand
770:Netherlands
630:Evacuations
607:Naval ships
4413:Categories
4134:(2): 128.
4074:: 101612.
3831:(3): 286.
3825:Healthcare
3151:(1): 172.
2576:: 101938.
2275:References
2037:Cytokines
1818:Wandering
1728:(COPD).
1658:SARS-CoV-2
1549:Telehealth
1410:Disability
1359:Long COVID
1334:Motorsport
1329:Ice hockey
1299:Basketball
1234:By country
1199:Television
1174:Journalism
954:Convidecia
900:Deployment
805:government
721:Zero-COVID
655:by country
635:Face masks
565:Antarctica
56:SARS-CoV-2
4381:2352-8737
4326:1537-8918
4269:1662-453X
4207:1743-422X
4191:(1): 92.
4148:2041-4889
4106:247716820
4090:1568-1637
4031:2076-3425
3985:227234393
3909:1663-4365
3847:2227-9032
3785:0893-7648
3725:1673-7067
3609:1663-9812
3541:1422-0067
3473:1422-0067
3409:1662-453X
3339:0946-2716
3297:260132167
3281:1534-6293
3242:247865467
3226:0219-6352
3210:(2): 73.
3167:1743-422X
3108:0036-8504
3048:1759-4766
2986:1759-4758
2942:250174817
2926:1128-3602
2866:1759-4766
2798:0946-2716
2738:2047-9158
2722:(1): 40.
2658:1648-9144
2590:2213-2317
2526:1590-1874
2460:2056-676X
2446:(1): 33.
2403:1660-4601
2331:2047-9158
2315:(1): 15.
2254:lockdowns
2224:Cytokines
2219:Cytokines
2213:cytokines
2200:lysosomes
2184:pro-IL-18
1993:Citation
1746:Citation
1672:plaques,
1568:Diplomacy
1502:Pregnancy
1472:Migration
1442:Hospitals
1425:Education
1314:Disc golf
1115:recession
1093:Cluster 5
994:Sputnik V
944:CoronaVac
650:Lockdowns
546:Locations
514:responses
502:responses
497:September
490:responses
478:responses
466:responses
454:responses
442:responses
430:responses
418:responses
406:responses
387:responses
375:responses
363:responses
351:responses
346:September
339:responses
327:responses
315:responses
303:responses
291:responses
279:responses
267:responses
255:responses
236:responses
224:responses
212:responses
200:responses
195:September
188:responses
176:responses
164:responses
152:responses
140:responses
128:responses
116:responses
104:responses
52:(disease)
4424:COVID-19
4399:33083514
4342:30822576
4334:28067736
4287:32273835
4225:35619180
4166:30755589
4098:35346852
4049:36291338
3977:33252083
3927:33192483
3865:32839380
3803:33078369
3743:27568024
3679:34183243
3655:: 2–15.
3627:35250595
3559:31284572
3491:33096634
3427:33117127
3357:18385968
3289:37490194
3234:35364661
3185:23724961
3126:34061685
3117:10454957
3066:33408384
3004:29377008
2934:35776055
2884:31367008
2816:27277824
2756:36089575
2676:34833377
2636:Medicina
2608:33730676
2544:34550494
2478:33986301
2421:36767513
2349:33941272
2152:bacteria
1689:genotype
1666:dementia
1662:COVID-19
1578:Malaysia
1561:Politics
1544:Suicides
1512:Religion
1497:Protests
1477:Military
1447:Language
1294:Baseball
1282:By sport
1255:Malaysia
1214:programs
1194:Shipping
1132:Cannabis
1127:Aviation
1007:Variants
888:Research
876:Vaccines
684:Software
526:December
521:November
413:February
382:December
370:November
262:February
231:December
219:November
111:February
80:Timeline
50:COVID-19
21:a series
19:Part of
4390:7550554
4278:7113559
4253:: 131.
4216:9134144
4157:6372664
4040:9599687
3918:7649130
3856:7551579
3794:7571527
3734:5563762
3670:8233448
3618:8889079
3550:6651423
3482:7589016
3418:7561440
3348:7095973
3176:3679988
3057:7786184
2995:5829048
2875:7055192
2807:4921111
2747:9464468
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