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957:, the new prefect of Egypt, marched with “less than ten thousand infantry and eight hundred cavalry” against thirty thousand Kushite men in Syene. The Kushites fought with “large, oblong shields made of raw ox-hide” and simple weaponry such as axes, pikes, and swords. Because of this, they were overwhelmed by Petronius’ attack. Strabo describes the Kushite forces as “badly marshaled.”
1092:, the Egyptian symbol of eternal life. Shackled prisoners are depicted beneath the ruling couple and the deities. Because the stela depicts the ruling couple with bound prisoners and dates to the first century BC, scholars believe the stela may provide a Kushite account of the campaign against Rome. It features the Meroitic term “Areme,” which may translate as Rome.
1021:
1073:, which dates to the first century BC, is made of sandstone. There are forty-five rows of Meroitic text, cursive and incised. The text mentions both Queen Amanirenas and King Akinidad, presumably her husband. The incised image of the couple, which features some deities, is lost; only the legs remain visible.
991:
In response, Amanirenas led a second attack against the forces of
Petronius left behind at Premnis. Strabo states she had “many thousands of men.” Petronius outmaneuvered Amanirenas and arrived at Premnis first, securing it against her attack. Amanirenas sent ambassadors, which Petronius had escorted
987:
and
Premnis along the way, Amanirenas dispatched envoys and the message that she would return both the captives taken in Syene and the statues of Caesar. Her entreaty was ignored and the city was razed. Of the surviving captives he took, some were sold and others sent to Augustus as prisoners of war.
1042:
in 1910. The glass, metal, and crystal eyes of the statue, which are frequently lost in similar pieces, remained intact due to its burial. The portrait is done in the Greek style, evoking youth and power. The head itself is made of bronze, larger-than-life, and similar in style to the
Augustus Prima
1108:
by Jason Porath and renewed scholarly interest in resistance to Roman rule. The introduction of post-colonial studies and a focus on identity under imperial rule within the
Classics and the resulting publications have broadened understanding of the subject, but information about Amanirenas remains
174:
Queen
Amanirenas is one of the most famous Meroitic queens because of her role in leading the Kushite army against the Romans in a war that lasted three years (25 BC to 22 BC). This war is largely responsible for halting Rome’s southward expansion in Africa. After an initial victory against Roman
1076:
The stela was discovered by John
Garstang, the archaeologist responsible for discovering the Meroë Head, in 1914. The stela stood at the doorway of a small temple, accompanied by a second stela on the opposite side. The stela is roughly two meters tall and one meter wide. It is incised with the
1054:. The temple was dedicated to Victory, likely in an attempt to subjugate Augustus in the mind of the Kushite people and establish Rome as a defeated power. Frescoes within the temple itself possibly depict Roman prisoners of war standing before a ruling Kushite, possibly Akinidad.
1017:
This treaty remained active until the end of the third century AD, with relations between the
Kushites and Roman Egypt remaining generally peaceful during this time. The kingdom of Kush remained a formidable power until its decline during the second century CE.
1188:
967:
Strabo ascertains that “among these fugitives were the generals of Queen
Candace,” queen of the Ethiopians. He describes her as “a masculine sort of woman, and blind in one eye.” Strabo is almost certainly referring to Amanirenas, who bore the title of
964:, the provincial governors of Egypt; Strabo does not provide information on what the issue was. After Petronius’ victory, the Kushite army fled in various directions: some into the cities, some into the desert, and others onto a nearby island.
198:, but the precise relationship between these three is not entirely clear in the historical record; however, scholars generally consider Akinidad to be her son and Teriteqas to be her husband, whilst kandake is her title.
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If the inscription discusses the Roman campaign, its translation is of vital importance for scholarship. The only extant descriptions of the
Meroitic-Roman conflict are Roman in origin and often rife with propaganda.
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limited due to
Meroitic being an undeciphered language. Strabo's account being the only translated primary source to discuss Amanirenas at length further limits understanding of this African queen.
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Strabo’s account of the Meroitic War led against the Roman Empire includes a queen named Kandakê (Κανδάκη, usually Latinized as Candace). Her name appears on stelae alongside those of
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1008:, including Primis, evacuated by the Romans. The Meroites were exempt from paying tribute to the Empire. The treaty allowed the Romans to continue to occupy the
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1061:) was funded by the Sudan Excavation Committee. After the Meroë Head’s discovery, it was gifted to the British Museum where it still resides today.
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972:; "Candace” is a Latinization of her title and does not refer to a separate ruler. After capturing the fleeing forces, Petronius sent them to
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158:, the indigenous language of the kingdom of Kush, remains undeciphered; however, inscriptions giving Queen Amanirenas the title of "
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org/story/queen-amanirenas-military-leader-born/#:~:text=She%20is%20known%20for%20halting,established%20a%20new%20Roman%20frontier
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1166:. In Wolfram Grajetzki, Solange Ashby, and Willeke Wendrich (eds.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. ISSN 2693-7425
992:
to Augustus in Samos on his way to Syria. Augustus imposed no further tributes and fulfilled the ambassadors’ wishes.
933:. Though Strabo does not mention it specifically, the head of one such statue was buried beneath the steps of a temple (the
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1834:
1395:. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 318–324.
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941:), resulting in its unique preservation. The bust remained intact throughout the centuries and is now displayed at the
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1014:(“Twelve-Mile Lands”) as a military border zone. The Roman frontier was then moved near Hiere Sycaminos (Maharraqa).
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Dictionary of battles and sieges : a guide to 8,500 battles from antiquity through the twenty-first century
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Though initially obscure, Amanirenas has become a popular figure due to recent popular publications such as
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An Analysis Of The Architectural, Religious, And Political Significance Of The Napatan And Meroitic Palaces
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After the success of Petronius’ Nubian campaign, the Roman Empire’s southern border moved beyond Egypt to
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occupied Egypt and successfully negotiating the end of Roman retaliation, retaining Kushite independence
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from the end of the 1st century BCE to beginning of the 1st century CE. She is known for invading
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Portrait of the Kushite queen regnant buried in pyramid Bar. 4, possibly Amanirenas
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was away fighting against in Arabia in 25 BC. They were successful in taking
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drove the Kushite army from Egypt and established a new Roman frontier at
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The kingdom of Kush : handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic civilization
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According to Strabo's account, the Kushite forces launched an attack on
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Chicago Oriental Institute Archive: picture of her destroyed pyramid
1326:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book XVII CHapter 1 (§§ 25-54)"
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The deities incised alongside Amanirenas and Akinidad are possibly
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1492:. British Museum, BBC Radio (First American ed.). New York.
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The head of Augustus preserved by Amanirenas, referred to as the
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Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience
1043:
Porta. The eyes are made of calcite, metal rings, and glass.
1389:"Automatic Syntax Analysis of Meroitic Funeral Inscriptions"
1667:- A novel about Queen Amanirenas' war with the Roman Empire
55:
End of the 1st century BCE–beginning of the 1st century CE
1393:
Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization
1004:(Qasr Ibrim). The resulting peace treaty saw part of the
1374:"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XVII., CHAPTER I., section 54"
1189:"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XVII., CHAPTER I., section 54"
1106:
Rejected Princesses: Heroines, Hellions, and Heretics
1046:
The head was buried beneath the steps of a temple in
166:" suggest that she was an individually ruling queen.
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2012:
1944:
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983:with her son. As Petronius approached, taking
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1391:. In Bock, Hans-Hermann; Ihm, Peter (eds.).
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1682:
1674:
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1520:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1038:, was discovered by British archaeologist
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859:
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40:
18:
1592:Vol. II, p. 723-725 (Bergen, 1996).
1277:"The Arab Dynasty of Dar for (Darfur)1"
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217:
1513:
113:
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1489:A history of the world in 100 objects
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1350:"The Global Egyptian Museum | Napata"
7:
1320:
1318:
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1312:
1310:
1293:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100377
1275:Robinson, Arthur E. (October 1928).
1246:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
1235:
1233:
1661:A short animation about Amanirenas.
1088:; the latter figure is holding an
201:
14:
1567:Schellinger, Sarah Maria (2017).
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2311:
1755:
1424:Edwards, David N. (2004-07-29).
842:
841:
229:
154:("Ameniras, qore and kandake").
2353:1st-century BC monarchs of Kush
938:
46:Meroitic Stela found at Hamadab
979:Amanirenas herself resided at
948:
1:
2358:1st-century BC queens regnant
2348:1st century BC in Roman Egypt
1609:. Harvard University Press.
1401:10.1007/978-3-642-76307-6_42
1354:www.globalegyptianmuseum.org
902:as being blind in one eye.
139:), was queen regnant of the
1704:Kushite monarchs and rulers
1631:"Women in power 500-B.C. 1"
202:Strabo's Account (17.53-54)
2389:
2373:Blind royalty and nobility
1603:Snowden, Frank M. (1970).
1162:Kuckertz, Josefine, 2021,
949:Petronius' Nubian Campaign
122:Ameniras, Qore and Kandake
2309:
1753:
1633:at Guide2womenleaders.com
1590:Fontes Historiae Nubiorum
1463:"statue | British Museum"
1057:The excavation of Meroë (
886:Kushite Invasion of Egypt
152:Amnirense qore li kdwe li
121:
112:
39:
26:
1541:"stela | British Museum"
1486:MacGregor, Neil (2011).
1129:List of monarchs of Kush
2363:Nubian women in warfare
1202:Török, László (1997).
1026:
895:
1436:10.4324/9780203482766
1330:penelope.uchicago.edu
1240:Jaques, Tony (2007).
1050:, the capital of the
1024:
898:She was described by
893:
16:Queen regnant of Kush
1825:Amenhotep called Huy
996:Ensuing Peace Treaty
345:Amenhotep called Huy
1665:"The Queen of Kush"
1637:Stela found in Naqa
1387:Hintze, F. (1991).
1077:Meroitic language.
976:to await judgment.
913:while then-prefect
150:Her full title was
1545:The British Museum
1467:The British Museum
1027:
896:
2325:
2324:
1616:978-0-674-07626-6
1499:978-0-670-02270-0
1445:978-1-134-20087-0
1410:978-3-642-76307-6
1253:978-0-313-02799-4
1208:. Leiden: Brill.
1006:Thirty-Mile Strip
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1427:The Nubian Past
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90:
89:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2385:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Talakhidamani
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Teqorideamani
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Amanitaraqide
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Shanakdakhete
2199:
2197:
2196:Amanishakheto
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:Late Meroitic
2126:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Malewiebamani
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Senkamanisken
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:Ramessesnakht
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1598:82-91626-01-4
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1479:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:. Routledge.
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:90-04-10448-8
1211:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1071:Hamadab Stela
1065:Hamadab Stela
1064:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:John Garstang
1037:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1011:Dodekashoinos
1007:
1003:
995:
993:
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
965:
963:
958:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Aelius Gallus
912:
908:
903:
901:
892:
885:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
856:
854:
853:
850:
849:
840:
839:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
816:
815:Talakhidamani
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Teqorideamani
803:
800:
798:
795:
792:
790:
789:Amanitaraqide
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Shanakdakhete
729:
727:
726:Amanishakheto
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:Late Meroitic
654:
653:
646:
643:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Malewiebamani
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
516:Senkamanisken
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
465:
464:
456:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:Ramessesnakht
427:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
275:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
237:
236:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
199:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
120:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
75:
74:Amanishakheto
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
35:
34:
30:
29:Queen regnant
25:
20:
2343:10 BC deaths
2338:57 BC births
2316:
2297:Patrapeamani
2263:Amanikhedolo
2251:Amanikhalika
2211:Amanikhabale
2190:
2160:Adikhalamani
2039:Piankhariten
1765:Viceroys at
1717:Main article
1670:
1647:
1605:
1589:
1586:László Török
1568:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:
1488:
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1426:
1419:
1392:
1382:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1242:
1204:
1197:
1183:
1174:
1163:
1158:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1056:
1045:
1033:
1016:
1009:
999:
990:
978:
969:
966:
959:
952:
904:
897:
846:
827:Patrapeamani
793:Amanikhedolo
781:Amanikhalika
741:Amanikhabale
720:
690:Adikhalamani
565:Piankhariten
286:Viceroys at
246:Main article
189:
173:
151:
149:
136:
132:
131:
85:Jebel Barkal
27:
2301:Amanipilade
2271:Mashadakhel
2267:Takideamani
2246:Tarekeniwal
2179:Pakhedateqo
2175:Tanyidamani
2150:Arnekhamani
2119:Sabrakamani
2068:Talakhamani
2020:Aramatle-qo
1795:Amenemnekhu
1710:Main topics
937:, see also
923:Elephantine
831:Amanipilade
801:Mashadakhel
797:Takideamani
776:Tarekeniwal
709:Pakhedateqo
705:Tanyidamani
680:Arnekhamani
645:Sabrakamani
594:Talakhamani
315:Amenemnekhu
240:Main Topics
60:Predecessor
2332:Categories
2289:Aryesbokhe
2216:Natakamani
2191:Amanirenas
2182:Naqyrinsan
2093:Amanibakhi
2078:Baskakeren
1835:Amenemopet
1550:2022-12-05
1472:2022-12-05
1359:2022-12-05
1335:2022-12-05
1150:References
1134:Meroe Head
1036:Meroë Head
1030:Meroë Head
1025:Meroë Head
974:Alexandria
935:Meroë Head
819:Aryesbokhe
746:Natakamani
721:Amanirenas
712:Naqyrinsan
619:Amanibakhi
604:Baskakeren
546:Aramatleqo
355:Amenemopet
133:Amanirenas
22:Amanirenas
2226:Shorkaror
2221:Amanitore
2206:Nawidemak
2186:Teriteqas
2145:Amantekha
2135:Arakamani
2103:Aktisanes
2083:Harsiotef
2043:Karkamani
2025:Malonaqen
1989:Atlanersa
1984:Tantamani
1929:Akheperre
1869:Mernudjem
1845:Heqanakht
1810:Amenhotep
1805:Usersatet
1516:cite book
1508:707969107
1301:1468-2621
1262:230808376
756:Shorkaror
751:Amanitore
736:Nawidemak
716:Teriteqas
675:Amantekha
665:Arakamani
629:Aktisanes
609:Harsiotef
569:Karkamani
551:Malonaqen
511:Atlanersa
506:Tantamani
449:Akheperre
389:Mernudjem
365:Heqanakht
330:Amenhotep
325:Usersatet
192:Teriteqas
185:Maharraqa
170:Biography
137:Amanirena
96:Teriteqas
87:(Bar. 4?)
70:Successor
64:Teriteqas
2318:Category
2155:Arqamani
2140:Amanislo
2108:Aryamani
2098:Nastasen
2088:Akhraten
2058:Nasakhma
2053:Siaspiqa
2030:Analmaye
1999:Anlamani
1969:Shebitku
1933:Neskhons
1912:Pinehesy
1904:Wentawat
1873:Khaemtir
1850:Paser II
1820:Tuthmose
1815:Merymose
1775:Si-Tayit
1224:36865663
1144:Augustus
1113:See also
985:Pselchis
962:nomarchs
848:Category
685:Arqamani
670:Amanislo
634:Aryamani
624:Nastasen
614:Akhraten
584:Nasakhma
579:Siaspiqa
556:Analmaye
521:Anlamani
491:Shebitku
453:Neskhons
432:Pinehesy
424:Wentawat
393:Khaemtir
370:Paser II
340:Tuthmose
335:Merymose
295:Si-Tayit
211:a series
209:Part of
196:Akinidad
156:Meroitic
107:Akinidad
2170:Nahirqo
2165:Tabirqo
2004:Aspelta
1979:Taharqa
1974:Shabaka
1946:Napatan
1937:Pamiu I
1925:Herihor
1916:Setmose
1900:Nahihor
1893:Hori II
1865:Anhotep
1830:Paser I
1747:Viceroy
1742:Pharaoh
1727:Kandake
1124:Kandake
970:kandake
907:Thebais
700:Nahirqo
695:Tabirqo
526:Aspelta
501:Taharqa
496:Shabaka
469:Napatan
457:Pamiu I
445:Herihor
436:Setmose
420:Nahihor
413:Hori II
385:Anhotep
350:Paser I
274:Viceroy
266:Pharaoh
251:Kandake
164:kandake
1959:Kashta
1920:Piankh
1888:Hori I
1878:Messuy
1655:
1613:
1596:
1588:, in:
1506:
1496:
1442:
1407:
1299:
1285:XXVIII
1260:
1250:
1222:
1212:
1169:. p. 5
1100:Legacy
1002:Primis
981:Napata
927:Philae
925:, and
900:Strabo
481:Kashta
440:Piankh
408:Hori I
398:Messuy
223:Rulers
93:Spouse
80:Burial
1954:Alara
1897:Siese
1860:Setau
1790:Penre
1767:Kerma
1737:Nubia
1059:Nubia
1048:Meroë
939:below
919:Syene
911:Syene
476:Alara
417:Siese
380:Setau
310:Penre
288:Kerma
261:Nubia
145:Roman
117:Names
102:Issue
52:Reign
1964:Piye
1883:Seti
1840:Yuny
1800:Nehi
1785:Seni
1780:Turo
1722:Qore
1653:IMDb
1611:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1522:link
1504:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1297:ISSN
1258:OCLC
1248:ISBN
1220:OCLC
1210:ISBN
1119:Kush
1090:ankh
1084:and
1082:Amun
1069:The
909:and
486:Piye
403:Seti
360:Yuny
320:Nehi
305:Seni
300:Turo
270:Qore
221:and
194:and
160:qore
33:Kush
1855:Huy
1651:at
1432:doi
1397:doi
1289:doi
1086:Mut
375:Huy
187:).
31:of
2334::
1559:^
1543:.
1530:^
1518:}}
1514:{{
1502:.
1465:.
1454:^
1438:.
1403:.
1352:.
1328:.
1309:^
1295:.
1283:.
1279:.
1256:.
1232:^
1218:.
945:.
921:,
213:on
1697:e
1690:t
1683:v
1619:.
1571:.
1553:.
1524:)
1510:.
1475:.
1448:.
1434::
1413:.
1399::
1376:.
1362:.
1338:.
1303:.
1291::
1264:.
1226:.
1191:.
874:e
867:t
860:v
183:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
