313:
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46:
212:
1764:
349:
332:
274:
292:
247:
252:
420:
227:
33:
509:
can be up to 15 centimetres (6 inches) in diameter, and is white to ivory, or silver-grey in colour. It is covered in raised pyramidal warts, that become less well defined, and less frequent towards the margin. These are remnants of the
593:
lives in the same locations, often at the same time. It is a more robust mushroom, with large, thick but flat patches on the cap, and typically has noticeable hanging veil remnants around the cap margin. With a delicate mealy
564:
are cream, but sometimes have a slight green tint. They are largely free of the stipe, but sometimes have a small decurrent tooth. The flesh is white, and is said to have an unpleasant smell.
514:
which covers the mushroom in its earliest stages. The young buttons are darker, and sometimes shaped like a two tier loaf, with a ring of raised scales around the base. The white to ivory
3018:
2899:
484:
184:
3005:
2873:
884:
556: in) wide, with several rings of upturned scales towards the bulbous base. It is fairly deeply rooted, often laterally below the surface. The
211:
937:
798:
770:
742:
717:
3069:
602:
has conical warts on the cap, and has recurved scales right to the underside of the ring. It is usually found on heavier soils.
664:
species. This mushroom is rare and protected. It is on the United
Kingdom Red Data List. It was reported that this species
2925:
699:
638:, giving rise to the suspicion that Southern England could be at the northern extent of its range. It occurs with
2564:
45:
3064:
2514:
1605:
841:
Borovicka, J; Randa, Z; JelĂnek, E; Kotrba, P; Dunn, CE; et al. (2007). "Hyperaccumulation of silver by
3074:
2340:
2146:
2096:
2046:
1187:
709:
703:
2789:
2450:
2440:
2300:
2026:
1705:
1635:
1545:
1321:
1157:
930:
589:
458:
892:
885:"Amanita poisonings resulting in acute, reversible renal failure: New cases, new toxic Amanita mushrooms"
2270:
2230:
2190:
2086:
1896:
1331:
1277:
1127:
454:
140:
2997:
2865:
2834:
2380:
2210:
2180:
2136:
2076:
2016:
1966:
1956:
1725:
1645:
1575:
1381:
1351:
1257:
1247:
1227:
1167:
1117:
695:
2744:
2684:
2604:
2504:
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2330:
2220:
2066:
1996:
1936:
1886:
1792:
1695:
1361:
1217:
1047:
423:
Both of the images featured depict the same fruiting body. Note the pyramidal warts on the button.
411:
2764:
2624:
2614:
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2484:
2400:
2320:
2036:
1986:
1715:
1655:
1535:
1177:
977:
598:
561:
557:
488:
385:
302:
233:
188:
170:
40:
491:) Fr. is considered a synonym here but according to many modern authors (subject specialists in
3023:
2904:
660:
Pronounced edible by some, but probably best avoided in case of confusion with other poisonous
2979:
2938:
2821:
2674:
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1976:
1916:
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1665:
1585:
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1391:
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506:
375:
257:
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1515:
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1411:
1341:
1137:
1077:
858:
635:
515:
450:
405:
297:
161:
396:. It frequently occurs singly or in small groups, resulting in it being referred to as the
2554:
2534:
2410:
2360:
2170:
2106:
2006:
1946:
1852:
1842:
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1505:
1495:
1465:
1267:
1207:
1107:
1097:
1027:
997:
665:
440:
388:
and opinions are divided as to which name takes precedence. It lives on chalky soils with
355:
157:
479:
section of the
Amanitaceae by some authors, because of its lack of a well formed volva.
2992:
2860:
2460:
2350:
2240:
2126:
2056:
1926:
1745:
1615:
1595:
1525:
1421:
1147:
1057:
1007:
987:
669:
511:
87:
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2116:
1565:
1401:
1311:
1067:
465:
77:
2984:
2826:
2724:
2708:
1431:
619:
615:
2970:
862:
2930:
2886:
622:. It appears in Britain during summer, and early autumn. It grows in light, dry
339:
319:
107:
2812:
497:, e.g., C. Bas or R.E. Tulloss) it is a valid name for this species.
631:
623:
437:
97:
2847:
57:
870:
392:
trees, and appears earlier than most mushrooms of similar size in southern
3031:
2964:
2912:
2806:
639:
371:
279:
238:
217:
419:
3010:
2878:
947:
493:
445:
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117:
2891:
3036:
2917:
67:
2783:
32:
2852:
915:
644:
627:
418:
410:
389:
2839:
2787:
919:
737:. Crows Nest, NSW: Stafford Pemberton Publishing. p. 36.
572:
Because the two species often share the same growing ground,
560:
is thin and fragile, often adhering to the stipe. The
2954:
2796:
2717:
2701:
2473:
2159:
1865:
1781:
1771:
1454:
1290:
966:
956:
346:
329:
309:
289:
271:
244:
224:
205:
642:on calcareous soils, often associated with Limes (
648:) in the Czech Republic, sometimes together with
763:Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe
374:with a characteristic spiny, or warty-looking
931:
761:Regis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem (1995).
756:
754:
626:soils with both broad leaved, (usually beech
8:
784:
782:
2784:
2714:
1778:
963:
938:
924:
916:
31:
20:
580:have both been erroneously identified as
687:
370:is a large, whitish or ivory-coloured
202:
708:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom:
668:silver. There are also reports about
7:
765:(British ed.). Harper Collins.
735:Mushrooms & Toadstools in colour
845:and related species of the section
818:and related species of the section
475:"head". It has been placed in the
14:
1762:
532: in) high and 2–3 cm (
453:and hence receiving its current
347:
330:
311:
290:
272:
250:
245:
225:
210:
44:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2735:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
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2635:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2461:
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2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1696:
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1676:
1666:
1656:
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1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1442:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
814:Borovicka, J (2006). "Notes on
793:. Pan MacMillan. p. 151.
1:
863:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.015
733:Seymour, Jacqueline (1978).
614:occurs in Britain, Europe,
402:European solitary lepidella
218:Mycological characteristics
3091:
432:It was first described as
1760:
443:, before being placed in
176:
169:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2568:. excelsa v. spissa
607:Distribution and habitat
3070:Fungi described in 1835
2956:Agaricus echinocephalus
2518:. brunneolocularis
1609:. lividopallescens
789:Roger Phillips (2006).
710:Oxford University Press
705:A Greek-English Lexicon
436:in 1835 by the Italian
434:Agaricus echinocephalus
400:or, more specifically,
2344:. ochrophylloides
2150:. volvarielloides
2100:. subpallidorosea
2050:. pseudoporphyria
1191:. parvipantherina
889:ndt.oxfordjournals.org
843:Amanita strobiliformis
816:Amanita strobiliformis
650:A. strobiliformis
590:Amanita strobiliformis
578:A. strobiliformis
424:
416:
2798:Amanita echinocephala
2454:. strobiliformis
2444:. sphaerobulbosa
2304:. magniverrucata
2030:. parviexitialis
1709:. submembranacea
1639:. olivaceogrisea
1549:. fuligineodisca
1325:. calyptratoides
1161:. orientigemmata
696:Liddell, Henry George
574:A. echinocephala
422:
415:Amanita_echinocephala
414:
367:Amanita echinocephala
207:Amanita echinocephala
150:Amanita echinocephala
132:A. echinocephala
25:Amanita echinocephala
2274:. kotohiraensis
2264:. echinocephala
2234:. cinereovelata
2194:. austroviridis
2090:. subjunquillea
1900:. elliptosperma
1335:. calyptroderma
1281:. xanthocephala
1131:. multisquamosa
2384:. pyramidifera
2214:. carneiphylla
2184:. atkinsoniana
2140:. virosiformis
2080:. subfuliginea
2020:. pallidorosea
1970:. magnivelaris
1960:. hygroscopica
1729:. umbrinolutea
1649:. orientifulva
1579:. groenlandica
1385:. kitamagotake
1355:. caesareoides
1261:. viscidolutea
1251:. virgineoides
1231:. rubrovolvata
1171:. parcivolvata
1121:. ibotengutake
672:effects similar to
634:trees. It is quite
518:is 8–16 cm (3–
2748:. prairiicola
2688:. solaniolens
2608:. flavorubens
2508:. brunnescens
2374:. polypyramis
2334:. ochrophylla
2224:. chlorinosma
2070:. suballiacea
2000:. molliuscula
1940:. griseorosea
1890:. bisporigera
1796:. chepangiana
1699:. sinicoflava
1365:. chepangiana
1221:. roseotincta
1051:. chrysoblema
599:Amanita vittadinii
425:
417:
3047:
3046:
2939:Open Tree of Life
2790:Taxon identifiers
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2768:. vittadinii
2697:
2696:
2628:. luteofusca
2618:. franchetii
2598:. flavoconia
2488:. aestivalis
2404:. rhopalopus
2324:. neoovoidea
2040:. phalloides
1990:. manginiana
1758:
1757:
1719:. subnudipes
1659:. pachycolea
1539:. flavescens
1181:. pantherina
981:. albocreata
857:(11): 1339–1344.
582:Amanita solitaria
481:Amanita solitaria
457:. It derives its
363:
362:
200:Species of fungus
198:
197:
192:
180:Amanita solitaria
16:Species of fungus
3082:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2931:NHMSYS0001474434
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2881:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2842:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2785:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2715:
2687:
2678:. silvicola
2677:
2668:. rubescens
2667:
2658:. porphyria
2657:
2648:. novinupta
2647:
2638:. nothofagi
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2528:. canescens
2527:
2517:
2507:
2498:. australis
2497:
2487:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2434:. solitaria
2433:
2424:. smithiana
2423:
2413:
2403:
2394:. ravenelii
2393:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2314:. mutabilis
2313:
2303:
2293:
2284:. lesueurii
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2204:. ananiceps
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1980:. marmorata
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1920:. fuliginea
1919:
1910:. exitialis
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1855:
1845:
1836:. ponderosa
1835:
1825:
1816:. gilbertii
1815:
1805:
1795:
1779:
1766:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1669:. pekeoides
1668:
1658:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1589:. islandica
1588:
1578:
1568:
1559:. friabilis
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1498:
1489:. battarrae
1488:
1479:. arenicola
1478:
1468:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1395:. jacksonii
1394:
1384:
1375:. hemibapha
1374:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1305:. arkansana
1304:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1241:. velatipes
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1201:. persicina
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1091:. frostiana
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1041:. breckonii
1040:
1030:
1021:. armeniaca
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
964:
940:
933:
926:
917:
905:
904:
902:
900:
895:on 11 March 2015
891:. Archived from
881:
875:
874:
838:
832:
831:
811:
805:
804:
786:
777:
776:
758:
749:
748:
730:
724:
723:
692:
666:hyperaccumulates
636:drought-tolerant
612:A. echinocephala
555:
554:
550:
547:
541:
540:
536:
531:
530:
526:
523:
459:specific epithet
406:drought-tolerant
398:solitary amanita
351:
350:
334:
333:
315:
314:
294:
293:
276:
275:
254:
253:
249:
248:
229:
228:
214:
203:
182:
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3065:Fungi of Europe
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2792:
2782:
2773:
2758:. thiersii
2738:. nauseosa
2722:
2706:
2693:
2588:. flavipes
2578:. flavella
2548:. elongata
2469:
2294:. longipes
2254:. daucipes
2155:
1880:. arocheae
1861:
1806:. curtipes
1767:
1754:
1739:. vaginata
1689:. rhacopus
1679:. protecta
1519:. ceciliae
1450:
1445:. zambiana
1415:. princeps
1345:. caesarea
1286:
1141:. muscaria
1081:. farinosa
952:
944:
914:
909:
908:
898:
896:
883:
882:
878:
840:
839:
835:
813:
812:
808:
801:
788:
787:
780:
773:
760:
759:
752:
745:
732:
731:
727:
720:
694:
693:
689:
684:
658:
609:
570:
568:Similar species
552:
548:
545:
543:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
521:
519:
503:
471:"hedgehog" and
441:Carlo Vittadini
430:
357:not recommended
348:
331:
316:
312:
291:
273:
251:
246:
226:
220:
215:
201:
165:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3075:Fungus species
3072:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2558:. excelsa
2551:
2541:
2538:. citrina
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2480:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2414:. sculpta
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2364:. ovoidea
2357:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2174:. abrupta
2166:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2110:. veldiei
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2010:. ocreata
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1950:. hesleri
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1856:. volvata
1849:
1846:. proxima
1839:
1829:
1826:. ovoidea
1819:
1809:
1799:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1629:. nivalis
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1509:. betulae
1502:
1499:. beckeri
1492:
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2060:. rimosa
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1749:. velosa
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1061:. diemii
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455:binomial name
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451:Lucien Quélet
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404:. It is very
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2725:Saproamanita
2719:
2709:Saproamanita
2703:
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2120:. verna
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2015:
2005:
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1569:. fulva
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1405:. lanei
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1315:. basii
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1071:. eliae
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946:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
888:
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827:
826:(in Czech).
823:
819:
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734:
728:
704:
700:Robert Scott
690:
675:A. smithiana
673:
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620:North Africa
616:Western Asia
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381:A. solitaria
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24:
18:
2887:iNaturalist
2162:Roanokenses
1868:Phalloideae
1435:. yema
830:(2): 43–46.
670:nephrotoxic
501:Description
340:mycorrhizal
337:Ecology is
320:Spore print
108:Amanitaceae
3054:Categories
899:17 January
851:Mycol. Res
682:References
632:coniferous
624:calcareous
438:mycologist
98:Agaricales
74:Division:
2971:Q33056115
2720:Lepidella
2704:Lepidella
2702:Subgenus
1774:Amanitina
1772:Subgenus
1457:Vaginatae
1293:Caesareae
957:Subgenus
847:Lepidella
820:Lepidella
791:Mushrooms
656:Edibility
640:hardwoods
477:Lepidella
464:from the
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
3032:MycoBank
3024:10868750
2993:Fungorum
2965:Wikidata
2913:MycoBank
2905:10966376
2861:Fungorum
2813:Q2713909
2807:Wikidata
2718:Section
2474:Section
2160:Section
1866:Section
1784:Amidella
1782:Section
1455:Section
1291:Section
967:Section
871:18023163
702:(1980).
428:Taxonomy
372:mushroom
280:Hymenium
239:hymenium
171:Synonyms
104:Family:
54:Domain:
3060:Amanita
3011:5240234
2944:3829825
2879:5240229
2476:Validae
969:Amanita
959:Amanita
951:species
948:Amanita
662:Amanita
551:⁄
537:⁄
527:⁄
494:Amanita
473:kephale
469:echino-
446:Amanita
394:England
386:synonym
158:Vittad.
119:Amanita
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
3037:461720
2998:461720
2918:211344
2892:350037
2866:211344
2853:AMANEC
2840:162787
869:
797:
769:
741:
716:
630:) and
618:, and
576:, and
300:has a
262:convex
164:(1872)
3019:IRMNG
2985:65NFJ
2900:IRMNG
2827:5TZFD
645:Tilia
628:Fagus
594:ring.
562:gills
516:stipe
485:Bull.
466:Greek
390:beech
384:is a
324:white
298:Stipe
234:Gills
191:) Fr.
185:Bull.
162:Quél.
68:Fungi
3006:GBIF
2874:GBIF
2848:EPPO
901:2022
867:PMID
795:ISBN
767:ISBN
739:ISBN
714:ISBN
698:and
558:ring
505:The
303:ring
284:free
266:flat
2980:CoL
2926:NBN
2835:EoL
2822:CoL
859:doi
855:111
849:".
822:".
507:cap
489:Fr.
449:by
376:cap
322:is
282:is
264:or
260:is
258:Cap
237:on
189:Fr.
3056::
3034::
3021::
3008::
2995::
2982::
2967::
2941::
2928::
2915::
2902::
2889::
2876::
2863::
2850::
2837::
2824::
2809::
2723:(=
2707:(=
887:.
865:.
853:.
828:83
781:^
753:^
712:.
678:.
652:.
408:.
378:.
160:)
2766:A
2756:A
2746:A
2736:A
2727:)
2711:)
2686:A
2676:A
2666:A
2656:A
2646:A
2636:A
2626:A
2616:A
2606:A
2596:A
2586:A
2576:A
2566:A
2556:A
2546:A
2536:A
2526:A
2516:A
2506:A
2496:A
2486:A
2462:A
2452:A
2442:A
2432:A
2422:A
2412:A
2402:A
2392:A
2382:A
2372:A
2362:A
2352:A
2342:A
2332:A
2322:A
2312:A
2302:A
2292:A
2282:A
2272:A
2262:A
2252:A
2242:A
2232:A
2222:A
2212:A
2202:A
2192:A
2182:A
2172:A
2148:A
2138:A
2128:A
2118:A
2108:A
2098:A
2088:A
2078:A
2068:A
2058:A
2048:A
2038:A
2028:A
2018:A
2008:A
1998:A
1988:A
1978:A
1968:A
1958:A
1948:A
1938:A
1928:A
1918:A
1908:A
1898:A
1888:A
1878:A
1854:A
1844:A
1834:A
1824:A
1814:A
1804:A
1794:A
1747:A
1737:A
1727:A
1717:A
1707:A
1697:A
1687:A
1677:A
1667:A
1657:A
1647:A
1637:A
1627:A
1617:A
1607:A
1597:A
1587:A
1577:A
1567:A
1557:A
1547:A
1537:A
1527:A
1517:A
1507:A
1497:A
1487:A
1477:A
1467:A
1443:A
1433:A
1423:A
1413:A
1403:A
1393:A
1383:A
1373:A
1363:A
1353:A
1343:A
1333:A
1323:A
1313:A
1303:A
1279:A
1269:A
1259:A
1249:A
1239:A
1229:A
1219:A
1209:A
1199:A
1189:A
1179:A
1169:A
1159:A
1149:A
1139:A
1129:A
1119:A
1109:A
1099:A
1089:A
1079:A
1069:A
1059:A
1049:A
1039:A
1029:A
1019:A
1009:A
999:A
989:A
979:A
939:e
932:t
925:v
903:.
873:.
861::
803:.
775:.
747:.
722:.
553:4
549:1
546:+
544:1
542:–
539:4
535:3
529:2
525:1
522:+
520:6
487::
483:(
187::
183:(
156:(
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