29:
329:
214:
493:
49:
221:
278:
epoch deposits, and is flooded by freshwater rivers and by the tides. Tidal range is about 5.2 metres (17 ft), and tidal influence extends far into the interior. Strong ocean currents run along the coast. The currents carry fresh water and sediments from the Amazon basin northward, depositing
792:
for dying the sails of their boats. The main threat is unsustainable exploitation, particularly commercial extraction of wood and other forest products, sea food and minerals, and conversion of the land into pasturage. Offshore oil extraction also poses a threat, since an oil spill could have a
319:
epoch. Sediment from 2100 years before the present shows no sign of mangroves. This was followed by a phase where mud filled depressions and tidal channels. Mangroves developed on the edge of the channels and herbaceous field on the higher land. In the next phase mangrove development halted and
787:
gives the ecoregion the status "Relatively Stable/Intact". It is relatively inaccessible and has few people. The mangroves provide a source of crabs and seafood to the local artisanal fishermen, who use the mangrove wood for fuel and for building boats and dwellings, and use the bark to make
279:
the sediments to form unstable islands and mudflats of fine-grained clay that are colonized as they form by the mangroves. A complex network of natural canals runs through the mangroves. The low terrain and high tides let the mangroves reach to 40 kilometres (25 mi) inland.
342:
The ecoregion holds about 13% of
Brazilian mangrove formations. The mangroves along the Amapá coastal plain form zones parallel to the shoreline where different species of mangroves have responded differently to frequency of flooding, waterlogging, availability of nutrients,
320:
várzea vegetation expanded, indicating more freshwater and less sea water in the area. In the last and present phase both the várzea and the mangroves have been increasing in area, probably due to a rise in the sea level relative to the land.
282:
The ecoregion has a humid tropical climate. Mean temperatures are from 25 to 26 °C (77 to 79 °F). Annual rainfall is up to 4,000 millimetres (160 in), with a dry season that lasts only two months.
808:
municipality. The shoreline and stream banks are dominated by mangroves, with typical floodplain species of trees in the more elevated areas. The conservation units are part of the
246:. The ecoregion is naturally fragmented, with patches of mangroves developing where the conditions are suitable for their growth. The mangroves form the coastal margin of the
190:
in Brazil. The low coastal plain has been formed from recent sedimentation, including sediments deposited by the rivers and sediments carried northward from the mouth of the
442:
on inland margins and dry parches within the mangroves. The heavy rainfall and freshwater from the many rivers from the interior create low salinity so that palms such as
1139:
202:
flooded forests further inland. The ecoregion is generally well-preserved, although excessive extraction of natural resources including timber and shrimps is a concern.
1122:
995:
359:
species. They extend from the mean tidal level to the high spring tide. The mangroves extend inland along estuaries for up to 20 kilometres (12 mi).
137:
238:
The Amapá mangroves cover an area of 1,550 square kilometres (600 sq mi). They run along the
Atlantic coast to the north of the mouth of the
1089:
801:
804:
protects the 602 square kilometres (232 sq mi) Ilhas de Maracá, two islands about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) offshore in
213:
1200:
809:
1185:
229:
1195:
347:
and volume of freshwater from the rivers, the last depending on rainfall. The dense mangrove forests mainly consist of
1059:
797:
462:
392:
39:
1001:
251:
1015:
Guimarães, José T.F.; Cohen, Marcelo C.L.; França, Marlon C.; Lara, Rúben J.; Behling, Hermann (June 2010),
805:
497:
712:
669:
501:
480:
1190:
426:
411:
405:
386:
374:
334:
34:
474:
255:
198:
grow on the newly formed coastal mudflats and along the edges of estuaries. They merge into freshwater
680:
613:
605:
28:
784:
653:
621:
468:
399:
368:
64:
247:
99:
736:
517:
438:
432:
417:
378:
are common, with the latter growing up to 45 metres (148 ft) high. Away from the coast the
243:
328:
1085:
1079:
1041:
752:
629:
472:
can grow among the mangroves. Other tropical forest species found among the mangroves include
380:
292:
263:
259:
69:
1031:
728:
696:
661:
452:
312:
199:
533:
525:
94:
443:
768:
704:
1179:
1140:"Brazil's forgotten state: oil and agribusiness threaten Amapá forests – in pictures"
513:
344:
1036:
492:
1159:
1144:
760:
589:
356:
239:
191:
1106:
1058:
Silva, José Maria
Cardoso da; Rio do Valle, Milena del; Santos, Isabela (2007),
744:
720:
688:
637:
308:
48:
549:
457:
352:
1045:
1016:
812:, which contains the largest stretch of protected mangroves in the Americas.
152:
139:
363:
348:
183:
1017:"Model of wetland development of the Amapá coast during the late Holocene"
885:
883:
597:
316:
296:
275:
195:
187:
81:
926:
924:
922:
796:
The ecoregion is protected by several conservation units including the
366:
family, with canopies of 15 to 20 metres (49 to 66 ft) in height.
789:
645:
581:
573:
565:
557:
125:
362:
On the recently formed coastal land the mangroves are mainly in the
541:
491:
327:
76:
793:
devastating effect on the mangroves and thus on fish stocks.
194:
by strong currents and deposited by the tides. The extensive
1124:
Unidade de
Conservação: Estação ecológica de Maracá-Jipioca
846:
844:
874:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
783:
The mangroves are the best-preserved in the
Americas. The
966:
913:
901:
889:
978:
942:
311:
gives information on the way in which the mangrove and
1078:
Spalding, Mark; Kainuma, Mami; Collins, Lorna (2010),
930:
307:
A study of sediment cores from the coastal plain near
424:Non-tree species that grow among the mangroves are
168:
131:
121:
113:
108:
87:
75:
63:
58:
21:
679:Birds adapted to the mangrove environment include
1127:(in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente
1108:Northern South America: Northern Brazil (NT1402)
384:is more common, often lying behind a fringe of
274:The flat coastal plain of Amapá is made up of
8:
862:
850:
315:flooded forest have evolved during the late
1105:Tognetti, Sylvia S.; Burdette, Christine,
254:global ecoregion, which also includes the
1035:
397:Other mangroves found further inland are
186:along the Atlantic coast of the state of
1024:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
820:
250:ecoregion. They are part of the larger
220:
18:
979:Silva, Rio do Valle & Santos 2007
954:
943:Silva, Rio do Valle & Santos 2007
7:
931:Spalding, Kainuma & Collins 2010
117:1,550 km (600 sq mi)
430:on the margin facing the sea, and
14:
802:Maracá-Jipioca Ecological Station
1138:Vidal, John (16 February 2017),
219:
212:
47:
27:
1037:10.1590/S0001-37652010000200021
53:Ecoregion territory (in purple)
1030:(2), Rio de Janeiro: 451–465,
875:Guianan-Amazon Mangroves – WWF
1:
1000:, WWF Global, archived from
967:Unidade de Conservação – MMA
1061:Amapá Biodiversity Corridor
810:Amapá Biodiversity Corridor
172:Af: equatorial, fully humid
1217:
1164:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
1111:, WWF: World Wildlife Fund
701:Buteogallus aequinoctialis
676:) also use the mangroves.
16:Ecoregion in Amapá, Brazil
798:Cabo Orange National Park
602:Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
463:Montrichardia arborescens
393:Montrichardia arborescens
291:The ecoregion is in the
46:
40:Cabo Orange National Park
26:
1081:World Atlas of Mangroves
997:Guianan-Amazon Mangroves
252:Guianan-Amazon Mangroves
22:Amapá mangroves (NT1402)
851:Tognetti & Burdette
242:up to the mouth of the
1201:Neotropical ecoregions
733:Chloroceryle americana
713:semipalmated sandpiper
670:leatherback sea turtle
642:Pteronura brasiliensis
509:
502:semipalmated sandpiper
390:or sometimes the lily
339:
914:Guimarães et al. 2010
902:Guimarães et al. 2010
890:Guimarães et al. 2010
495:
427:Spartina alterniflora
412:Laguncularia racemosa
406:Rhizophora harrisonii
387:Laguncularia racemosa
375:Avicennia schaueriana
335:Avicennia schaueriana
331:
35:Avicennia schaueriana
1186:Ecoregions of Brazil
681:orange-winged amazon
674:Dermochelys coriacea
614:South American coati
606:South American tapir
230:class=notpageimage|
1196:Mangrove ecoregions
785:World Wildlife Fund
741:Conirostrum bicolor
654:West Indian manatee
650:Sotalia fluviatilis
626:Procyon cancrivorus
622:crab-eating raccoon
481:Rhabdadenia biflora
400:Rhizophora racemosa
369:Avicennia germinans
149: /
1067:, Belém: CI Brazil
916:, p. 451–452.
737:bicolored conebill
658:Trichechus manatus
634:Lontra longicaudis
610:Tapirus terrestris
562:Leopardus pardalis
522:Chiropotes satanas
518:black bearded saki
516:(Alouatta genus),
512:Mammals including
510:
439:Acrostichum aureum
433:Hibiscus tiliaceus
418:Conocarpus erectus
340:
256:Maranhão mangroves
233:Location in Brazil
1091:978-1-84977-660-8
753:little blue heron
709:Butorides striata
685:Amazona amazonica
630:neotropical otter
554:Puma yagouaroundi
475:Dalbergia brownei
381:Rhizophora mangle
293:Neotropical realm
264:Guianan mangroves
176:
175:
1208:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1009:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
878:
872:
866:
863:WildFinder – WWF
860:
854:
848:
757:Egretta caerulea
749:Crotophaga major
729:green kingfisher
717:Calidris pusilla
697:rufous crab hawk
662:green sea turtle
570:Leopardus wiedii
506:Calidris pusilla
453:Attalea speciosa
448:Euterpe oleracea
332:Mangrove swamp (
223:
222:
216:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
153:3.096°N 51.028°W
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
51:
31:
19:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1130:
1128:
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1114:
1112:
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1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1019:
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1007:
1005:
994:
990:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
888:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
822:
818:
781:
765:Eudocimus ruber
538:Cerdocyon thous
534:crab-eating fox
526:tufted capuchin
498:near-threatened
490:
456:and freshwater
326:
305:
289:
272:
244:Cassiporé River
236:
235:
234:
232:
226:
225:
224:
208:
182:(NT1402) is an
180:Amapá mangroves
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
104:
95:Guianan savanna
54:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1156:
1135:
1119:
1102:
1090:
1075:
1055:
1012:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
933:, p. 217.
918:
906:
904:, p. 451.
894:
892:, p. 452.
879:
867:
855:
819:
817:
814:
780:
777:
769:wattled jacana
705:striated heron
666:Chelonia mydas
594:Cuniculus paca
530:Sapajus apella
514:howler monkeys
489:
486:
338:) in formation
325:
322:
304:
301:
288:
285:
271:
268:
260:Pará mangroves
228:
227:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:
207:
204:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
158:3.096; -51.028
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
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105:
103:
102:
97:
91:
89:
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56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1148:, Amapá state
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1084:, Earthscan,
1083:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1004:on 2017-04-05
1003:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
981:, p. 40.
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
957:, p. 10.
956:
951:
948:
945:, p. 24.
944:
939:
936:
932:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
898:
895:
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871:
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843:
841:
839:
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835:
833:
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829:
827:
825:
821:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
791:
786:
778:
776:
774:
773:Jacana jacana
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Puma concolor
583:
579:
578:Panthera onca
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
503:
499:
494:
487:
485:
483:
482:
477:
476:
471:
470:
469:Mora oleifera
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:
422:
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
407:
402:
401:
396:
394:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
370:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:soil salinity
337:
336:
330:
323:
321:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
286:
284:
280:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Marajó várzea
245:
241:
231:
215:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
171:
167:
162:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
101:
100:Marajó várzea
98:
96:
93:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1191:Amazon biome
1166:, retrieved
1160:
1150:, retrieved
1145:The Guardian
1143:
1129:, retrieved
1123:
1113:, retrieved
1107:
1095:, retrieved
1080:
1069:, retrieved
1060:
1049:, retrieved
1027:
1023:
1006:, retrieved
1002:the original
996:
974:
962:
950:
938:
909:
897:
870:
858:
795:
782:
772:
764:
761:scarlet ibis
756:
748:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
700:
692:
684:
678:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
590:lowland paca
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
546:Eira barbara
545:
537:
529:
521:
511:
505:
479:
473:
467:
461:
451:
447:
437:
431:
425:
423:
416:
410:
404:
398:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
357:Laguncularia
341:
333:
306:
290:
281:
273:
240:Amazon River
237:
192:Amazon River
179:
177:
169:Climate type
33:
745:greater ani
721:great egret
693:Ardea cocoi
689:cocoi heron
638:giant otter
618:Nasua nasua
458:macrophytes
156: /
132:Coordinates
70:Neotropical
1180:Categories
1168:2017-03-25
1161:WildFinder
1152:2017-04-08
1131:2016-04-16
1115:2017-04-06
1071:2017-04-07
1051:2017-04-07
1008:2017-04-08
955:Vidal 2017
725:Ardea alba
550:jaguarundi
353:Rhizophora
144:51°01′41″W
1046:0001-3765
364:Avicennia
349:Avicennia
196:mangroves
184:ecoregion
141:3°05′46″N
109:Geography
598:capybara
460:such as
317:Holocene
309:Calçoene
297:mangrove
295:and the
276:Holocene
270:Physical
206:Location
82:Mangrove
1097:8 April
988:Sources
660:). The
652:) and
303:Origins
299:biome.
287:Ecology
122:Country
88:Borders
59:Ecology
38:in the
1088:
1044:
800:. The
790:tannin
779:Status
767:) and
668:) and
646:tucuxi
582:cougar
574:jaguar
566:margay
558:ocelot
500:wader
450:) and
313:várzea
200:várzea
126:Brazil
1065:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
816:Notes
806:Amapá
542:tayra
488:Fauna
324:Flora
188:Amapá
77:Biome
65:Realm
1099:2017
1086:ISBN
1042:ISSN
496:The
478:and
466:and
444:açaí
436:and
415:and
372:and
355:and
262:and
178:The
114:Area
1032:doi
775:).
759:),
751:),
743:),
735:),
727:),
719:),
711:),
703:),
695:),
687:),
644:),
636:),
628:),
620:),
612:),
604:),
596:),
588:),
580:),
572:),
564:),
556:),
548:),
540:),
532:),
524:),
1182::
1142:,
1040:,
1028:82
1026:,
1022:,
921:^
882:^
823:^
484:.
421:.
409:,
403:,
351:,
266:.
258:,
1034::
969:.
877:.
865:.
853:.
771:(
763:(
755:(
747:(
739:(
731:(
723:(
715:(
707:(
699:(
691:(
683:(
672:(
664:(
656:(
648:(
640:(
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608:(
600:(
592:(
584:(
576:(
568:(
560:(
552:(
544:(
536:(
528:(
520:(
508:)
504:(
446:(
395:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
