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895:, the mature Amaravati style is characterised by crowded scenes of "graceful, elongated figures who imbue the sculpted scenes with a sense of life and action that is unique in Indian art"; "decorative elements reach a suave richness never surpassed... In the narrative scenes, the deep cutting permits overlapping figures on two or even three planes, the figures appearing to be fully in the round. The superlative beauty of the individual bodies and the variety of poses, many realizing new possibilities of depicting the human form, as well as the swirling rhythms of the massed compositions, all combine to produce some of the most glorious reliefs in world art".
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692:, some topped with figures of sitting lions, a symbol of Buddhism. Several of these have survived. There are also small pilasters at the side of some other reliefs, especially drum-slabs showing stupas. The stupas on drum-slabs show large statues of a standing Buddha behind the entrances, but none of these have survived. Only a few fragments from the garland decorations shown high on the dome in drum-slab stupa depictions (one in Chennai is illustrated).
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685:, are carved with round lotus medallions, and sometimes panels with figurative reliefs, these mostly on the sides facing in towards the stupa. There are three medallions to a column, the bottom one incomplete. Based on the style of the sculpture the construction of the later railing is usually divided into three phases, growing somewhat in size and the complexity of the images.
1000:
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the actual find-spot of many
Andhran pieces is uncertain or unknown. The early excavations at Amaravati itself were not well recorded, and the subsequent history of many pieces is uncertain. As late as the 1920s and beyond, other sites were the subject of "excavations" that were sometimes little better than treasure hunts, with pieces sold abroad as "Amaravati School".
166:
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The history of the sculptures for the stupa is complicated and scholarly understanding of it is still developing. The subject matter of many detailed narrative reliefs is still unidentified, and many reliefs of the first main phase round the drum were turned round in the second, and recarved on their
898:
Though the subject matter is similar to that at
Bharhut and Sanchi "the style is notably different. Compared with the northern works, their figures are more attenuated and sensual, their decoration more abundant. Empty space is anathema, so that the entire surface is filled with figures in motion".
871:
Amaravati itself is the most important site for a distinct regional style, called the
Amaravati School or style, or Andhran style. There are numerous other sites, many beyond the boundaries of the modern state of Andhra Pradesh. One reason for the use of the terms Amaravati School or style is that
1035:
end in that). They perhaps began to rule around 20 BCE. Their coins nearly all have a standing lion, often with symbols that are very likely
Buddhist. Shimada suggests that much or most of the sculpture at Amaravati was created under Sada rule, before the Satavahanas took over in the 2nd century
728:
Drum-slab, later period, inscribed "(Adoration) to
Siddhartha! Gift of coping stone to the great stupa of the Lord by the wife of the merchant Samudra, the son of the householder Samgha, living in the chief city of Puki district and by the ... householder Kotachandi for welfare and happiness of the
909:
Especially in the later period at
Amaravati itself, the main relief scenes are "a sort of 'court art'", showing a great interest in scenes of court life "reflecting the luxurious life of the upper class, rich, and engaged in the vibrant trade with many parts of India and the wider world, including
321:
but there is no decisive evidence for the date of foundation. The earliest inscription from the site belongs to the early centuries BCE but it cannot be assigned to Aśoka with certainty. The earliest phase from which we have architectural or sculpted remains seems to be post-Mauryan, from the 2nd
267:
Like other major early Indian stupas, but to an unusual extent, the
Amaravarti sculptures include several representations of the stupa itself, which although they differ, partly reflecting the different stages of building, give a good idea of its original appearance, when it was for some time "the
626:
Very little of the sculpture was found and properly recorded in its original exact location, but the broad arrangement of the different types of pieces is generally agreed. The many representations of a stupa, either representing the
Amaravati Stupa itself, or an imaginary one very similar to it,
1374:
Apart from those in the site museum (some of which are casts), nearly all of the sculptures have been removed from the site of the stupa. Some pieces, especially from the early granite railing pillars, and lotus flower medallions, are placed around the stupa itself. Apart from the museum at the
572:
Plans have also been put in place to create a purpose built exhibition space for the sculptures still in India. Those marbles not in an air-conditioned store were said to show signs of damage from the atmosphere and salt. The
Chennai museum has plans for an air-conditioned gallery to install the
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whose territories eventually straddled both east and west coasts. However, this did not resolve the dating issues, as the dates of that dynasty were uncertain, especially at the start. Recently there has been more attention paid to the preceding local Sada dynasty, perhaps tributaries of the
391:
railings were also replaced with larger ones, with more sculpture. Some of the old stones were recycled elsewhere on the site. The pillars had mostly been plain, but there was a coping carved in relief at the top. Burgess estimated that the new railings were some 3 metres tall, 59 metres in
658:(apparently only on the east and west sides) and plain; the cross-bars were perhaps in limestone. Many stumps of the pillars are now arranged around the stupa. Fragments have been found of limestone coping stones, some with reliefs of running youths and animals, similar in style to those at
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reliefs, the latter slightly larger, and containing the most impressive surviving sculpture. Large numbers of the medallions contained just a single stylized lotus flower. The vedika had four entrances, at the cardinal directions, and here the railings turned to run away from the stupa.
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913:
Free-standing statues are mostly of the standing Buddha, wearing a monastic robe "organized in an ordered rhythm of lines undulating obliquely across the body and imparting a feeling of movement as well as reinforcing the swelling expansiveness of the form beneath". There is a "peculiarly
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The work of this period has generally been divided into three phases on the basis of the styles and content of the railing sculpture and so dates that can be assigned to parts of the great limestone railing. Shimada dates the first phase to 50-1 BCE, about the same period as the
642:
with no Buddha shown, and 3rd century CE for the reverse face, with a view of a stupa, which large numbers of the later drum-slabs show. The stupas are broadly consistent and are generally taken to show what the late form of the
Amaravati Stupa looked like, or was intended to.
383:
At the base the dome seems to have been brought out by 2.4 metres all round, the distance between the outer face of the old drum wall, and that of the new one. The older wall was 2.4 metres thick and the new one 1.2 metres. The size and shape of the new dome is uncertain.
593:
In the final form of the stupa, it seems that all the sculpture of the early phase was eventually replaced, and new sculpture added in positions where there had been none before, giving a profusion of sculpture, both relief and free-standing, on the stupa itself, and the
805:
844:
790:
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The later "railing copings" (uṣṇīṣa) are long pieces typically about 75 to 90 cm tall and 20 to 28 cm thick, running along the top of the railings (where perhaps their detail was hard to make out). Many are carved with crowded scenes, often illustrating
601:
The final form of the railings had a diameter of 192 feet. The railing uprights were some 9 feet high, with three rounded cross-bars horizontally between them, and a coping at the top. Both uprights and cross-bars were decorated with round medallion or
424:
sculpture. Some other types of sculpture belong to an even later time, about the seventh or eighth centuries, and include standing Bodhisattvas and goddesses. Amaravātī continued to be active after this time, probably to about the thirteenth century.
673:
378:
wherever one digs at the back of the outer rail, broken slabs, statues &etc, are found jammed in behind it. The dark slate slabs too of the procession path are laid on a sort of concrete formed of marble chips, broken slabs, pillars &etc
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provide a useful guide. It is not certain whether either the early or late phases of sculptural decoration were ever completed, as too much has been destroyed. Most survivals can be fitted into groups, by architectural function and placement.
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was concerned that the artefacts were deteriorating so in 1853 he started to raise a case for them to be moved. Elliot seems to have made extensive notes and sketches of his excavations, but most of these were lost getting back to England.
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of the Madras Civil Service explored the area around the stupa and excavated near the west gate of the railing, removing many sculptures to Madras (now Chennai). They were kept outside the local college before being transported to the
751:
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had a simple railing consisting of granite pillars, with plain cross-bars, and coping stones. The coping stones with youths and animal reliefs, the early drum slabs, and some other early fragments belong to this period. The
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or "university", which is now submerged under a lake, after construction of a dam. Many remains were relocated to what is now an island in the lake, but most sculptures are now in various museums, in India and abroad. The
710:
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had already destroyed what remained of the structure and many of the stones and bricks had been reused to build local houses. Mackenzie carried out further excavations, recorded what he saw and drew a plan of the stupa.
924:
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style. Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school or Andhra style of sculpture, seen in a number of sites in the region, had great influence on art in South India,
369:
The late period of construction started around ca. 50 BCE and continued until circa 250 CE. The exterior surfaces of the stupa and the railings were in effect all new, with the old elements reused or discarded.
581:
221:, India, probably built in phases between the third century BCE and about 250 CE. It was enlarged and new sculptures replaced the earlier ones, beginning in about 50 CE. The site is under the protection of the
276:
The name Amaravathi is relatively modern, having been applied to the town and site after the Amareśvara Liṅgasvāmin temple was built in the eighteenth century. The ancient settlement, just next to the modern
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This album of drawings of Amarāvati is a landmark in the history of archaeology in India. The pictures were made in 1816 and 1817 by a team of military surveyors and draftsmen under the direction of Colonel
1516:
325:
The main construction phases of Amaravati fall in two main periods, with the stupa enlarged in the second by additions to the main solid earth mound, faced with brick, consisting of railings (
1552:
232:, and the surviving sculptures do not include very large iconic Buddha figures, although it is clear these once existed. The largest collections are the group in the Government Museum,
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previously plain backs, before being re-mounted on the drum. The earlier sculptures, now invisible and facing into the stupa, were often badly abraded or worn down in this position.
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The surviving important sculptures from the site are now in a number of museums in India and abroad; many are considerably damaged. The great majority of sculptures are in
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906:. Unlike other major sites, minor differences in the depiction of narratives show that the exact textual sources used remain unclear, and have probably not survived.
614:, the surviving highly decorated stupa that is in the closest to its original condition. But the Sanchi railings have much less decoration, except around the famous
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from the previous lives of the Buddha. The early coping stones were smaller and mostly carved with a thick undulating garland with small figures within its curves.
1437:
1031:
Since the 1980s, the dynasty has been given this name as all the names of kings from it, known from coins and inscriptions, end in "-sada" (as all from the later
817:
2478:
569:, made further excavations in the 1880s, recording his excavations in some detail with drawings and sketches but not in the detail that would now be expected.
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1952:
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158:
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site, several museums across India and around the world have specimens from Amarāvati. The largest collections are the group in the Government Museum,
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construction built of bricks and faced with slabs of limestone. By the time he returned in 1816, indiscriminate excavations led by the powerful local
943:
1977:
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are now in the British Library. Many of the sculptures were exported to London in 1859, though more remained in Madras. Robert Sewell, under
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55:
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Around the stupa wall in 2011: early granite railing pillar fragments, lotus flower medallions, & a large drum casing fragment with
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130:
2639:
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Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the
1669:
South Indian transliteration differs from Hunterian transliteration, thus Amarāvatī can appear as Amarāvathī, Ratana as Rathana, etc.
681:
There was also a much smaller set of limestone railings, undecorated, whose placing and function remains unclear. The later ones, in
2208:
1842:
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proper. As elsewhere these slabs are usually called 'drum slabs' because they were placed round the vertical lower part or "drum" (
72:
2649:
1619:
775:
1904:
698:
662:, so perhaps from c. 150-100 BCE. This subject-matter continued in the coping stones of the first phase of the later railings.
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1889:
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2433:"Singapore And India Sign Agreement : Ministry of Information, Communications and The Arts Press Release, 1 March 2003"
2336:, a digital project agreed to and jointly developed by the Archaeological Survey of India and the British Academy, London.
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The album contains maps, plans and drawings of sculpture from the stūpa at Amarāvati. The album is preserved in the
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must have been fairly large at this time, considering the size of the granite pillars (some of which are still seen
1500:
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530:
362:
2432:
646:
2284:
1613:
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1233:
885:
2414:
2619:
1754:
The Buddhist Stupar of Amaravati and Jaggayyapeta in the Krishna District, Piadras Presidency, surveyed in 1882
1413:
285:; this was a significant place in ancient times, probably a capital city. The oldest maps and plans, drawn by
630:
A typical "drum-slab" is about 124 centimetres high, 86 cm wide and 12.5 cm thick. A two-sided example in the
1195:
1017:
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1987:
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By 1855, he had arranged for both photographs and drawings to be made of the artifacts, now called the
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Westerners were first alerted to the ruins of the Stupa at Amaravati after a visit in 1797 by Major
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characteristic" large fold at the bottom of the robe, one of a number of features similar to the
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railings and gateways surrounding it, making Amaravati "the most richly decorated stupa known".
534:
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mentions repairs made to the stupa, and after that it was forgotten. The stupa is related to the
252:
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2102:
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conducted a Kalachakra initiation at this location in 2006, attended by over 100,000 pilgrims.
465:, the stupa was neglected and was buried under rubble and grass. A 14th-century inscription in
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934:'s assault on the Buddha, depicted in aniconic form, 2nd century AD, now thought to come from
443:
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241:
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Early drum slab, with king and boy, and fragment of the relief decoration high on the dome
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782:
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Early Buddhist Architecture in Context:The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (Ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)
2017:
Becker, 7-9; Shimada, 71; Shimada, plates 20 and 21 illustrate both sides of an example.
1793:
2513:
Shifting Stones, Shaping the Past: Sculpture from the Buddhist Stūpas of Andhra Pradesh
1091:
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876:
865:
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538:
421:
268:
greatest monument in Buddhist Asia", and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".
218:
59:
41:
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2528:
2523:
2308:
1488:
1404:
1253:
1223:
1032:
902:
In earlier phases, before about 180-200 CE, the Buddha himself is not shown, as also
502:
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and monasteries there. It was still mentioned in Sri Lanka and Tibet as a centre of
449:
187:
1520:
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in London. Significant collections of sculpture are held in the following places:
1333:
1243:
1213:
1044:
1025:
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667:
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and it was to that company that the curator of the museum appealed. The curator Dr
2300:
1882:
The archaeology of early historic South Asia: the emergence of cities and states
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1283:
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From the 19th century, it was always thought that the stupa was built under the
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404:
357:
282:
17:
1453:
1323:
1152:
915:
796:
639:
482:
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diameter, with 136 pillars and 348 crossbars, running for 803 feet in total.
199:
A model of the original stupa, final phase, as reconstructed by archaeologists
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87:
74:
2027:
1982:
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1147:
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682:
470:
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1884:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
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689:
514:
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207:
1462:
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1228:
1162:
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635:
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1692:
The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion
1441:
1313:
1180:
1012:
892:
880:
615:
611:
439:
397:
229:
2522:, Edited by Akira Shimada and Michael Willis, British Museum, 2016,
432:) visited Amaravati in 640 CE, stayed for some time and studied the
2348:
1585:"Archaeological Museum, Amaravati - Archaeological Survey of India"
1102:, the Great Stupa of Amaravati and the statue of Buddha along with
549:
Excavation of the south gate of the stupa by J.G. Horsfall in 1880.
1432:
1085:
1054:
998:
859:
672:
645:
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506:
486:
417:
356:
318:
210:
194:
186:
1517:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
688:
Around the entrances there were a number of columns, pillars and
618:
gateways; these do not seem to have been a feature at Amaravati.
1917:
1047:, in the 3rd and early 4th centuries, perhaps starting 325-340.
420:. The third phase is circa 200-250 CE based on comparisons with
225:, and includes the stūpa itself and the Archaeological Museum.
2563:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
317:, was possibly founded in the third century BCE in the time of
403:
I gateways. The second phase is 50-100 CE, the same period as
2479:"Object - Online - Collections - Freer and Sackler Galleries"
650:
Reconstructed section of the later railing at the site museum
2520:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context
1918:
Government Museum homepage (and then click on "Archaeology"
1714:
Aśokan Sites and Artefacts: A Source-Book with Bibliography
2203:"India: The Ancient Past" p.113, Burjor Avari, Routledge,
2447:"Search Results for: Amaravati - Penn Museum Collections"
438:. He wrote a enthusiastic account of the place, and the
2575:
The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
1553:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
745:, and the worship of the Buddha's hair or turban, c. 150
240:), that in the Amaravati Archaeological Museum, and the
1920:, Chennai Museum, Tamil Nadu, retrieved 11 January 2014
741:
Railing medallion with figures, including an aniconic
2030:
for why this is presumably excluded from comparison).
1078:, where it is online, with a second copy in Kolkata.
573:
sculptures, but these goals have yet to be realised.
428:
The Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang (
2577:, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin,
2332:
These collections are being brought together in the
2561:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
2515:, 2015, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199359400
1678:For link to maps and plans at the British Library:
361:Reconstruction of the Amaravati Stupa, by or after
297:or 'hill of lights'. The monument was not called a
111:
103:
66:
51:
34:
1071:(1757-1821), the first Surveyor-General of India.
2401:"Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds"
989:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century CE, right panel
1870:, ancientindia.co.uk, retrieved 19 December 2013
965:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century CE, left panel
875:The second most important site for the style is
634:is dated by them to the 1st century BCE for the
977:Life scenes of Buddha-2nd century, middle panel
341:. In the early period (circa 200-100 BCE), the
2535:, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA),
1438:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
1039:At the later end of the chronology, the local
879:, some 160 km away. This was a large monastic
757:Worship of the Buddha's bowl in heaven, c. 150
585:Later period railing pillar, incomplete at top
1946:
1944:
1355:
638:face, with a scene of worshippers around the
8:
2285:"Colin Mackenzie and the Stupa at Amaravati"
1579:
1577:
374:in his book of 1887 on the site, noted that:
2630:Buildings and structures in Guntur district
2399:Virtual Museum of Images and Sound - VMIS.
1043:ruled after the Satavahanas and before the
453:Plan of the Amaravati Stupa as sketched by
1362:
1348:
1109:
825:Veneration of the Buddha as a Fiery Pillar
31:
1907:, PilgrimTrips, retrieved 12 January 2014
1615:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700
1024:to the north. Their capital was probably
1542:also Cleveland, Chicago, and Kansas City
580:
448:
301:in ancient inscriptions, but rather the
1564:
1121:
920:
694:
236:(along with the friezes excavated from
165:
137:
2635:Tourist attractions in Guntur district
2415:"British Museum - Room 33a: Amaravati"
1863:
1861:
1859:
29:Historic site in Andhra Pradesh, India
838:Drawing of pillar fragments, c. 1853
677:Coping stone relief, late, inner face
329:) and carved slabs placed around the
107:originally perhaps 73 m (241 ft)
46:Depiction of the stupa, from the site
7:
1880:Erdosy, George; et al. (1995).
1028:; the stupa was just outside this.
1003:Distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka
533:. At this time India was run by the
505:in the Andhra district of southeast
145:Location of Amaravati Stupa in India
2334:World Corpus of Amarāvatī Sculpture
244:in London. Others are given below.
1452:Baudhasree Archaeological Museum,
769:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven
557:. 75 photographs taken by Captain
25:
2322:link to the British Library album
1986:. 28 January 2002. Archived from
811:Railing cross-bar medallion, late
654:The early railing pillars are in
2625:Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh
1792:Shimada, 82-83, for Shimada see
1620:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1474:The British Museum, London (see
1131:
982:
970:
958:
942:
923:
843:
831:
816:
804:
789:
774:
762:
750:
734:
721:
709:
704:Later railing pillar, inner face
697:
610:All this is much the same as at
173:Amaravati Stupa (Andhra Pradesh)
164:
157:
136:
129:
40:
1598:PDF List from the BASAS Project
509:, Mackenzie came across a huge
2349:another site, little developed
1094:'s 'Buddhist Heritage' in the
1082:Amarāvati sculptures worldwide
850:Lion, from the top of a column
567:Archaeological Survey of India
223:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
2655:Buddhist archaeological sites
2549:, 1993, Thames & Hudson,
2547:Buddhist art and architecture
2533:Indian Art: A Concise History
2301:10.1080/02666030.2002.9628607
2049:"drum-slab" (BM 1880,0709.79)
1694:(Leiden: Brill, 2011), p. 47.
446:as late as the 14th century.
2386:"National Museum, New Delhi"
1036:CE, possibly around 100 CE.
463:decline of Buddhism in India
215:Amaravathi, Palnadu district
2465:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
2372:"Government Museum Chennai"
2026:Fisher, 40 (see 197-200 on
1951:Roy, Amit (December 1992).
1835:Ornament of Stainless Light
1526:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1381:group in the British Museum
995:Dating and ruling dynasties
518:Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu
501:. On the right bank of the
477:, still practiced today in
242:group in the British Museum
2671:
2103:Government Museum, Chennai
1916:Government Museum Website
1752:quoted, Shimada, 71, from
1716:(Mainz: Von Zabern, 2006).
1501:Asian Civilisations Museum
354:, following excavations).
289:and dated 1816, label the
176:Show map of Andhra Pradesh
2640:Indian Buddhist sculpture
2360:A fuller list, from BASAS
1756:, published Trubner, 1887
1051:The Colin Mackenzie album
886:Chandavaram Buddhist site
856:Amaravati School or style
823:Pilaster fragment, late,
781:Coping stone relief with
461:During the period of the
123:
119:
39:
2283:Howes, Jennifer (2002).
1774:Shimada, 64, plates 5-12
1414:National Museum of India
888:is another large stupa.
565:, first Director of the
191:Ruins of the stupa, 2012
2650:Buddhist sites in India
2591:, Leiden: Brill, 2013,
2343:23 October 2016 at the
1398:Archaeological Museum,
1018:Mahameghavahana dynasty
953:, 2nd century, aniconic
904:in other Indian schools
281:village, is now called
1107:
1106:teaching his disciples
1063:
1004:
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678:
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2605:10.1163/9789004233263
2167:Craven, 77; Harle, 38
1175:Four Additional Sites
1089:
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2645:History of Amaravati
1531:Freer Gallery of Art
1459:State Museum Lucknow
930:A representation of
305:or great sanctuary.
2573:Rowland, Benjamin,
2545:Fisher, Robert E.,
2511:Becker, Catherine,
2489:on 22 December 2015
2289:South Asian Studies
1990:on 14 February 2002
1805:Travels of Xuanzang
1680:The Amaravati Album
1392:Government Museum,
1142:The Four Main Sites
1124:Buddha's Holy Sites
88:16.5753°N 80.3580°E
84: /
2059:Shimada, 66-69, 72
1978:"History in stone"
1953:"Out of Amatavati"
1537:Seattle Art Museum
1533:, Washington, D.C.
1108:
1064:
1009:Satavahana dynasty
1005:
869:
679:
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622:Types of sculpture
587:
551:
535:East India Company
459:
416:(no. 3 and 10) at
367:
363:Sir Walter Elliott
213:at the village of
201:
193:
1629:978-0-520-05991-7
1610:Pal, Pratapaditya
1476:Amaravati Marbles
1372:
1371:
1104:Acharya Nagarjuna
864:Buddha statue at
444:Esoteric Buddhism
435:Abhidhammapitakam
185:
184:
148:Show map of India
16:(Redirected from
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2485:. Archived from
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847:
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797:"Vase of plenty"
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479:Tibetan Buddhism
414:Pandavleni Caves
272:Name of the site
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1622:. p. 154.
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1092:Andhra Pradesh
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555:Elliot Marbles
539:Edward Balfour
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422:Nagarjunakonda
322:century BCE.
313:The stupa, or
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524:In 1845, Sir
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1521:Philadelphia
1510:
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1429:Patna Museum
1386:
1385:
1373:
1334:Vikramashila
1244:Ellora Caves
1218:
1096:Republic Day
1073:
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1045:Gupta Empire
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1030:
1026:Dhanyakataka
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295:deepaladimma
294:
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246:
227:
206:is a ruined
203:
202:
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2113:BM, 2-6, 89
1994:22 December
1962:21 December
1929:Shimada, 88
1783:Shimada, 82
1765:Shimada, 82
1725:Shimada, 72
1703:Shimada, 66
1571:Shimada, 74
1448:Pudukkottai
1284:Pataliputra
1249:Kapilavastu
1234:Chandavaram
1208:Other Sites
1090:Tableau of
315:mahāchetiya
283:Dharanikota
91: /
67:Coordinates
2614:Categories
2597:9004233261
2583:0140561021
2569:0300062176
2555:0500202656
2541:0500201463
2506:References
2493:30 October
2158:Fisher, 51
2140:Craven, 76
2068:Averaging
1957:IndiaToday
1891:0521376955
1454:Vijayawada
1400:Amaravathi
1379:, and the
1324:Tilaurakot
1299:Pushpagiri
1153:Kushinagar
916:Kushan art
640:Bodhi Tree
577:Sculptures
483:Dalai Lama
475:Kalachakra
303:mahācetiya
279:Amaravathi
79:80°21′29″E
76:16°34′31″N
56:Amaravathi
2309:194108928
2295:: 53–65.
2228:BM, 38-39
2176:BM, 48-50
2149:Harle, 79
2122:BM, 7, 97
2039:Harle, 35
2028:Borobudor
2008:BM, 48-57
1983:The Hindu
1853:Becker, 6
1833:Kilty, G
1824:see BM, 3
1743:see BM, 6
1660:Harle, 34
1651:Harle, 35
1539:, Seattle
1505:Singapore
1495:Singapore
1424:Hyderabad
1418:New Delhi
1319:Udayagiri
1309:Ratnagiri
1264:Lalitgiri
1219:Amaravati
1191:Shravasti
1148:Bodh Gaya
1100:New Delhi
1061:pilasters
910:Rome".
690:pilasters
683:limestone
471:Vajrayana
467:Sri Lanka
337:) of the
335:tholobate
258:Sri Lanka
253:Gandharan
2461:"Search"
2341:Archived
1905:Amravati
1612:(1986).
1547:See also
1329:Varanasi
1294:Piprahwa
1196:Vaishali
1186:Sankissa
515:zamindar
511:Buddhist
493:Recovery
457:in 1816.
430:Xuanzang
412:and the
208:Buddhist
52:Location
2338:website
1463:Lucknow
1409:Kolkata
1394:Chennai
1377:Chennai
1274:Nalanda
1269:Mathura
1259:Kosambi
1239:Devdaha
1229:Bharhut
1163:Sarnath
1158:Lumbini
1022:Kalinga
1020:ruling
893:reliefs
729:world."
660:Bharhut
656:granite
636:obverse
440:viharas
409:chaitya
352:in situ
309:History
249:Mathura
234:Chennai
62:, India
2595:
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2567:
2553:
2539:
2518:"BM":
2307:
2264:BM, 40
2255:BM, 10
2237:BM, 41
2219:BM, 46
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2185:BM, 46
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1483:France
1442:Mumbai
1314:Sanchi
1214:Ajanta
1181:Rajgir
1013:Deccan
881:vihara
616:torana
612:Sanchi
596:vedika
481:. The
398:Sanchi
389:vedika
327:vedikā
230:relief
104:Height
2305:S2CID
1938:BM, 5
1815:BM, 1
1559:Notes
1433:Patna
1387:India
1279:Nasik
604:tondo
507:India
487:Tibet
418:Nasik
405:Karli
401:stūpa
365:1845.
348:stūpa
343:stūpa
339:stūpa
331:stūpa
319:Asoka
299:stūpa
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112:Built
2593:ISBN
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2495:2015
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2072:and
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1964:2013
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1289:Pāvā
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260:and
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