94:. They are multiple choice, containing three wrong answers and one correct answer. To form an exam, a requisite number of questions are taken from each section of the question pool for which one is seeking a particular class, in random order, and with the four answers in random order. The passing percentage is 74, meaning one may miss up to 9 questions on each of the Technician or General exams, or up to 13 on the Amateur Extra exam. At many exam sessions, Volunteer Examiners may offer exams for all three license classes, so if someone desired, they could be eligible to be granted an Amateur Extra license in a single day, after answering 120 questions (and passing each class). Because of this nature of these published question and answer pools, it is also possible for an applicant not to know or understand radio, electronics, safety, etc., and just rote memorize the questions and the correct answers.
387:(ITU) regulations still required proficiency in Morse telegraphy for operation below 30 MHz, new Technicians were allowed all modes and bands above 30 MHz. If a Technician passed any of the contemporary Morse tests, he or she gained access to the so-called Novice HF privileges, essentially "upgrading" to what a Tech had before the new rules went into effect. This new, sixth class had no name until the FCC started calling them "Technician Plus" in 1994. With a code-free class now available, Technician class became a second entry class, eventually surpassing the number of Novice class license holders.
172:
VEs are licensed radio amateurs who conduct examination sessions, frequently through permanently established teams on a monthly or quarterly basis. VEs are governed by
Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs), organizations that "coordinate the efforts of Volunteer Examiners ... in preparing and administering amateur service operator license examinations." As of April 2021, the FCC recognizes 14 VECs. The two largest VEC organizations are W5YI-VEC, a privately held company, and one sponsored by the non-profit
713:
339:(ARRL) developed a program known as "Incentive Licensing," which rearranged the HF spectrum privileges. The General/Conditional and Advanced portions of the HF bands were reduced, with the spectrum reassigned to those in the Advanced and Amateur Extra classes. It was hoped that these special portions of the radio spectrum would provide an incentive for hams to increase their knowledge and skills, creating a larger pool of experts to lead the
350:
number of amateurs to study and upgrade their knowledge and license privileges. Incentive licensing was not without controversy; a number of
General class operators, unhappy at having their privileges reduced, dropped out of the hobby rather than upgrade. One of the first foreign born non-citizen Ham radio operator was Julio Ricardo Ahumada LU7BD - from Argentina. Up until 1968 it was illegal for a non-citizen to operate a ham radio.
1216:. These call signs start with the letters K, N or W, followed by a single numeral from 0 to 9 then followed by a single letter from A through W, Y or Z. The letter X is not allowed as it is reserved for experimental stations. Thus, there are 750 such call signs available. Each call sign may be used for 15 days from its issue. Each station using the special 1x1 call must transmit its assigned call at least once every hour.
2971:
2981:
2960:
38:(FCC). Licenses to operate amateur stations for personal use are granted to individuals of any age once they demonstrate an understanding of both pertinent FCC regulations and knowledge of radio station operation and safety considerations. There is no minimum age for licensing; applicants as young as five years old have passed examinations and were granted licenses.
430:(often done through existing amateur radio clubs) to achieve the license acquisition. The restructuring also enabled a pre-1987 Technician operator to become an Extra operator simply by passing the element 4 theory examination. Additionally, an expired or unexpired Novice class license could be used as credit toward the 5 WPM Morse code examination when upgrading.
2991:
505:
located anywhere in the USA. Even particularly distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs.
215:
20:
78:, requires passage of the Technician test, as well as a 35-question multiple-choice General exam. General class licensees are granted privileges on portions of all amateur bands, and have access to over 83% of all amateur HF bands. However, some band segments often used for long distance contacts are not included.
479:
Amateur station call signs in the US take the format of one or two letters (the prefix), then a numeral (the call district), and finally between one and three letters (the suffix). The number of letters used in the call sign is determined by the operator's license class and the availability of letter
454:
With this change of international rules, the FCC announced on
December 15, 2006 that it intended to adopt rule changes which would eliminate the Morse code requirement for amateur operator licenses. Shortly thereafter, the effective date of the new rules was announced as February 23, 2007. After that
425:
In addition to the above changes, the FCC instituted an additional system of identification for all licensees (even beyond amateur radio itself) in the United States, named the "CORES" (COmmission REgistration System"), which added a ten-digit "FRN" ("FCC Registration Number") to all licensees' paper
373:
The changes also granted Novice and
Technician classes limited voice privileges on the 10-meter HF band. Novices were also granted voice privileges on portions of the then-220-MHz (since changed to 222 MHz) and 1,240 MHz bands using limited power. For the first time, Novices and Technicians
349:
Prior to the advent of incentive licensing, only a small percentage of
General Class operators progressed to the Amateur Extra Class. After incentive licensing, a large number of amateurs attained Advanced and Amateur Extra Class licenses. Thus, incentive licensing was successful in inducing a large
171:
Any individual, except for a representative of a foreign government, regardless of citizenship who wishes to apply for a US amateur radio license must appear before
Volunteer Examiners (VEs); any person who qualifies by examination is eligible to apply for an operator/primary station license grant.
97:
From
February 17, 2015 onwards, the FCC stopped routinely sending paper copies of licenses to licensees (the official license being the FCC's electronic record). However, until December 2020, it would continue sending paper copies upon a licensee's request or a licensee could print it out online from
504:
In the last few decades the FCC has discarded the requirement that a station be located in the corresponding numerical district. Whereas at one time the callsign W1xxx would have been solid identification that the station was in New
England (district 1), that is no longer the case, and W1xxx may be
429:
With the rule simplification, all pre-1987 Technician operators were now qualified to become
General class operators, having already passed both the theory and code exams now required for the higher class. All that was necessary was to apply for the General license, usually through a "paper upgrade"
293:
Amateur Extra was a new 5-year license, full privileges. Required holding an
Advanced, General or Conditional for at least 2 years, plus 20 wpm code and an added written test. If the prospective Extra had a Conditional, s/he had to pass 13 wpm code and the same written test as General and Technician
289:
Advanced was the renamed Class A. 5-year license, full privileges. Advanced required holding a General or Conditional for at least 1 year, plus an added written test. If the prospective Advanced had a Conditional, s/he had to pass 13 wpm code and the same written test as General and Technician at an
226:
At first, the Amateur Second Grade license required the applicant to certify that he or she was unable to appear at a field office but was nevertheless qualified to operate a station. Later, the applicant took brief written and code exams before a nearby existing licensee. This class of license was
222:
Under authority of the Radio Act of 1912, the Department of Commerce issued Amateur First Grade and Amateur Second Grade operator licenses beginning in December of that year. Amateur First Grade required an essay-type examination and five (later ten) words per minute code examination before a Radio
205:
Established in 1912, regulation of radio was a result of the U.S. Navy's concern about interference to its stations and its desire to be able to order radio stations off the air in the event of war. U.S. radio broadcasting was first governed by the U.S. Department of Commerce (the U.S. Department of
519:
Likewise, Advanced Class licensees can hold Group C or D call signs, as well as Group B, and any operator may choose a Group D call sign (in reality, all new licensees, except Amateur Extra, are assigned Group D call signs, since the supply of available Group C "1x3" call signs was quickly depleted
508:
A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which they live. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized call sign under the Vanity Licensing
157:
regulations requiring Morse proficiency for working HF, Technicians were restricted to operating above 50MHz, but could gain access to the so-called Novice Class privileges (effectively getting what the Technician Class had before the change) by passing any of the contemporary Morse tests. In 1994,
515:
An amateur operator with an Amateur Extra Class license can hold a call from any of the four call sign groups, either by keeping an existing call sign (indefinitely, since there is no requirement to change call sign upon license renewal), or by choosing a Group B, C or D call sign under the Vanity
41:
Operator licenses are divided into different classes, each of which corresponds to an increasing degree of knowledge and corresponding privileges. Over the years, the details of the classes have changed significantly, leading to the current system of three open classes and three grandfathered (but
1168:
Because the FCC will not issue long-term licenses to locations without mailing addresses, operators visiting some of these smaller islands, such as Navassa and Wake, can apply for temporary 1x1 call signs, as discussed below. Unofficial self-identification (for example, adding a /KP5 after one's
1181:
As of December 2015, the sequential system for Group C assigns 2-by-3 formats. Call signs begin with the letter K in Regions 1 through 10 (continental United States), and with a W (along with an area specific 2nd letter and area-specific numeral) in Regions 11 through 13 (Alaska, the Caribbean,
450:
to allow each country to determine whether it would require a person seeking an amateur radio operator license to demonstrate the ability to send and receive Morse code. The effect of this revision was to eliminate the international requirement that a person demonstrate Morse code proficiency in
407:
A reduction of the number of telegraphy examination element levels from three to one. Both the Amateur Extra Class' 20 words-per-minute (WPM); and General and Advanced classes' 13 WPM Morse code tests, were removed in favor of a standardized 5 WPM as the sole Morse code requirement for both the
248:
Class C licensees had the same privileges as Class B licensees, but took their examinations from other licensees rather than from Commission field offices. Because examination requirements were somewhat stiffened, Temporary Amateur licensees were not grandfathered into this class but had to be
403:
A reduction of the number of operator license classes from six to the current three (Technician, General, Extra). The Advanced Class, Technician Plus Class, and Novice Class licenses were deemed redundant and would no longer be issued; however, existing licensees would retain their operating
433:
With the change, Technicians who could pass the 5 WPM Morse code examination were given the same HF-band privileges as the Technician Plus class, although the FCC's callsign database no longer distinguished between those Technician licensees possessing HF privileges and those who did not.
304:
The 1951 restructuring meant that anyone who wanted HF 'phone on the bands between 2.5 and 25 MHz would have to get an Extra if they didn't get an Advanced before the end of 1952. This caused a number of amateurs to get Advanced licenses before they became unavailable at the end of 1952.
230:
The Department of Commerce created a new top-level license in 1923, the Amateur Extra First Grade, that conveyed extra operating privileges. It required a more difficult written examination and a code test at twenty words per minute. In 1929, a special license endorsement for "unlimited
187:
In the 1950s and 1960s, Novice, Technician and Conditional exams were given by licensees acting as volunteer examiners. No Advanced and very few Amateur Extra exams were administered during this period, leaving the General exam as the only exam class regularly administered by the FCC.
89:
Each licensing class has its own set of possible exam questions called a question pool. The pools contain a few hundred questions each, divided into several sections. Each question in a section asks about radio or electronic theory, regulations, safety topics, or the meaning of
358:
Prior to 1987, the only difference between the requirements for Technician and General licenses was the Morse telegraphy test, which was five words per minute (wpm) for Technician and 13 wpm for General. The written test, then called element 3, was the same for both classes.
1177:
During the processing of a new license application, a call sign is selected from the available list sequentially using the sequential call sign system. This system is based on the alphabetized regional-group list for the licensee's operator class and mailing address.
395:
In 1999, the FCC moved to simplify the Amateur Radio Service operator license structure, streamline the number of examination elements, and reduce the emphasis on telegraphy. The change was titled a restructuring, and the new rules became effective on April 15, 2000.
206:
Commerce and Labor until March 1913), then by the Federal Radio Commission, and finally (in 1934) by the FCC. The federal government's licensing of amateur radio experimenters and operators has evolved considerably over the century since the inception of licensing.
326:
Over time, the privileges of the various licenses classes changed. Technicians got 6 meters and later part of 2 meters in the 1950s. Novice privileges were expanded in the 1950s, with the addition of parts of 40 and 15 meters added and 11-meter privileges removed.
126:
examination and a basic theory exam. After the 1987 restructuring, privileges included four bands in the HF range (3–30 MHz), one band in the VHF range (30–300 MHz), and one band in the UHF range (300–3,000 MHz). This class was deprecated by the
183:
offices. Some of the exam times were not always convenient for candidates, so a few exceptions were allowed in cases where candidates were physically unable to get to the field offices (such as the Conditional license, discussed elsewhere in this article).
281:
General was the renamed Class B. 5-year license, full privileges except no phone privileges on the bands between 2.5 and 25 MHz (temporary restriction - see below). 13 wpm code and the same written test as Conditional and Technician. FCC exam only.
285:
Conditional was the renamed Class C. 5-year license, full privileges except no phone privileges on the bands between 2.5 and 25 MHz (temporary restriction - see below). 13 wpm code and the same written test as General and Technician. Exam by mail.
241:
Class A conveyed all amateur operating privileges, including certain reserved radiotelephone bands. Amateur Extra First Grade licensees and Amateur First Class licensees with "unlimited radiotelephone" endorsements were grandfathered into this
50:
Amateur radio licenses in the United States are issued and renewed by the Federal Communications Commission. In 2022 the FCC began charging a Congressionally-mandated $ 35 administrative fee. Private individuals recognized through a
231:
radiotelephone privileges" became available in return for passing an examination on radiotelephone subjects. This allowed amateurs to upgrade and use reserved radiotelephone bands without having to pass a difficult code examination.
131:. Novice operators gained Morse code only privileges in the entire Morse code and data only segments of the General class portions of 80, 40, 15 and data and Morse code in the general section of 10 meters in 2007 just prior to the
382:
In late 1990, the FCC released their Report and Order on Docket 90-55. Beginning on February 14, 1991, demonstration of proficiency in Morse code telegraphy was removed from the Technician license requirements. Because
322:
years, there were 6 license classes in the US (Novice, Technician, General, Conditional, Advanced and Amateur Extra) and four of those classes had full privileges. Only Novices and Technicians did not have full privileges.
300:
Note that the Advanced class license was made available again for new issues on November 22, 1967 with the incentive licensing program. Advanced class was still attainable in the interim by those migrating from Class A.
1219:
Five coordinators (ARRL, W5YI Group Inc, Western Carolina Amateur Radio Society/VEC Inc, W4VEC Volunteer Examiners Club of America and the Laurel Amateur Radio Club Inc) are authorized to handle these call sign requests.
223:
Inspector at one of the Department's field offices. This class of license was renamed Amateur Class in 1927 and then Amateur First Class in 1932. Amateur Radio licensing in the United States began in mid-December 1912.
98:
the FCC's database. As of December 2020, the FCC no longer offers paper licenses for any amateur radio licensee, though users can still easily print paper copies and wallet cards from their online certifications.
260:, licensing was suspended and amateurs were ordered to render their equipment inoperable. The military attempted to preserve this situation after armistice, though amateurs resisted and prevailed. During the
191:
The government's use of licensed amateur radio operators as voluntary examiners dates back to the founding of the Amateur Radio Service as a government-regulated entity in 1912 (Amateur Second Class licenses).
264:, station licenses were again suspended, though operator licenses continued to be issued and renewed, which did allow hams to listen if not transmit, and rights were phased back in following the war's end.
278:
Technician was a new 5-year license meant for experimenters. Full privileges on 220 MHz and higher, no privileges below 220 MHz. 5 wpm code tests and the same written test as Conditional and General.
374:
were able to operate using single sideband voice and data modes on HF. It was hoped that this would prompt more hams to move up to General, once they had a chance to sample HF without a Morse key.
370:. Element 3A became a requirement for the Technician class and element 3B became a requirement for General. Both classes also required candidates to have passed the Novice element 2 theory exam.
55:(VEC) who administer the examinations may recoup their expenses by charging a fee in addition to the FCC's fee. Licenses currently remain valid for ten years from the date of issuance or renewal.
85:. This license requires the same tests as General plus a 50-question multiple choice theory exam. Those with Amateur Extra licenses are granted all privileges on all US amateur bands.
501:
The 10th district (with numeral Ø) was split from the 9th district. Three additional regions cover Alaska, the Caribbean (including Puerto Rico), and the Pacific (including Hawaii).
234:
From 1912 through 1932, amateur radio operator licenses consisted of large and ornate diploma-form certificates. Amateur station licenses were separately issued on plainer forms.
1274:
275:
Novice was a new 1-year non-renewable introductory license with very limited privileges. It required passing 5 wpm code (sending and receiving) and a simple written test.
142:
operator license, whose privileges closely match those of the General class license but included 275 kHz of additional spectrum in the HF bands, was deprecated by the
709:
The call district assignments are as follows (note that a station may not actually be located in the district indicated by the numeral in the stations's callsign) :
63:, is awarded after an applicant successfully completes a 35-question multiple choice written examination. The license grants full operating privileges on all amateur
362:
In 1987, a number of changes, later called the "Novice Enhancement," were introduced. Among them, element 3 was split into two new exams, element 3A, which covered
1779:
1236:
455:
date, the FCC immediately granted the former Technician Plus privileges to all Technician Class operators, consolidating the class into a single set of rules.
2943:
2915:
2910:
1935:
245:
Class B licensees did not have the right to operate on the reserved radiotelephone bands. Amateur First Class licensees were grandfathered into this class.
3020:
1829:
1754:
1374:
153:
was effectively introduced – though without a name – in 1990, when the requirement for Morse Code was dropped from the Technician Class. To comply with
1609:
308:
However, near the end of 1952, FCC reversed its policy and gave full privileges to Generals and Conditionals, effective mid-Feb 1953. For the next
297:
The new Amateur Extra was intended to replace the Advanced as the top license. No new Advanced licenses would be issued after December 31, 1952.
1683:
1663:
2937:
408:
General and Extra Class licenses. With the removal of the high-speed Morse code tests, physician certification waivers were no longer accepted.
1204:
The FCC allows the use of special event "1x1" call signs to denote special occasions such as a club's anniversary, a historic event or even a
2932:
2922:
2902:
2704:
443:
418:
384:
272:
In 1951, the FCC moved to convert the existing three license classes (A, B, and C) into named classes, and added three new license classes.
154:
490:
Currently there are 13 geographically based regions. There were 9 original call districts within the 48 contiguous states, also known as
346:
The Advanced class license was made available again for new issues, by exam, on November 22, 1967 with the incentive licensing program.
2927:
2773:
2699:
1589:
1562:
1270:
2793:
180:
35:
1703:
1681:
FCC MODIFIES AMATEUR RADIO SERVICE RULES, ELIMINATING MORSE CODE EXAM REQUIREMENTS AND ADDRESSING ARRL PETITION FOR RECONSIDERATION
3015:
2578:
2126:
1928:
2689:
1196:
The FCC offers amateur licensees the opportunity to request a specific call sign for a primary station and for a club station.
2684:
2235:
1534:
1462:
1328:
414:
Authorization of Advanced Class amateur radio operators to prepare and administer examinations for the General Class license.
114:. These licenses would no longer be issued to new applicants, but existing licenses may be modified or renewed indefinitely.
52:
1247:
Girl Hams It Up for the World: Ham radio: At 5, she's maybe the youngest operator in U.S. Her mental skills are surprising.
1636:
2709:
1854:
1353:
512:
Approximately 88% of all amateur radio operators have call signs that reflect the district in which those operators live.
2994:
2984:
2745:
2642:
2185:
1952:
1775:
2974:
2481:
1921:
1324:
487:
where a number in place of the X indicates the quantity of letters, separated by a single digit of the call district.
472:
459:
451:
order to qualify for an amateur radio operator license with transmitting privileges on frequencies below 30 MHz.
336:
173:
2833:
2755:
2694:
2401:
110:, below). When the FCC made the most recent changes it allowed certain existing operator classes to remain under a
158:
this was specifically separated out as a separate class, called Technician Plus. This class was deprecated by the
2605:
2566:
2411:
2311:
2240:
2173:
2000:
1804:
2964:
2206:
2141:
2094:
1980:
1160:
253:
In addition, that year the FRC began issuing combined operator and station licenses in wallet-sized card form.
1875:
1825:
1750:
1496:
700:
2803:
2788:
2632:
2583:
2506:
2406:
2084:
1970:
1965:
1902:
237:
In 1933, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) reorganized amateur operator licenses into Classes A, B and C.
1605:
2725:
2511:
2326:
2271:
2266:
2079:
2044:
1896:
2627:
2431:
2396:
2316:
2296:
2218:
2106:
2027:
499:
1248:
2541:
2501:
2471:
2228:
2163:
2054:
1680:
1660:
835:
179:
Prior to 1984, many Novice exams were administered by volunteers, but all other exams were taken at
2551:
2491:
2250:
2212:
2069:
2010:
1995:
1444:
1059:
363:
1721:
106:
The FCC classifications of licensing have evolved considerably since the program's inception (see
2778:
2735:
2666:
2536:
2466:
2441:
2376:
2223:
1944:
902:
111:
520:
with the elimination of the Element 1A Morse Code requirement for the Technician Class in 1991)
2818:
2740:
2654:
2637:
2600:
2486:
2446:
2276:
2245:
2111:
2005:
712:
1606:"FCC document dated July 19, 2000 announcing the then-"new" CORES registration number system"
2823:
2783:
2763:
2730:
2659:
2617:
2531:
2386:
2371:
2346:
2321:
2281:
2131:
1990:
1985:
1975:
802:
773:
1586:
1555:
2451:
2306:
2074:
2037:
1725:
1707:
1687:
1667:
1593:
1191:
1065:
662:
Novice, Club, and Military Recreation Stations; and sequentially to Technician or General
91:
24:
2049:
1700:
2649:
2521:
2496:
2456:
2426:
2301:
2136:
2022:
1408:
1213:
1128:
1122:
1094:
1045:
839:
827:
367:
68:
64:
1889:
3009:
2798:
2571:
2561:
2476:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2336:
2158:
2017:
1209:
1154:
1150:
1136:
951:
748:
744:
176:(ARRL). The ARRL VEC coordinates about two-thirds of all U.S. license examinations.
31:
2676:
2516:
2461:
2391:
2356:
2291:
2190:
2180:
2032:
1090:
1082:
989:
985:
790:
752:
1530:
1458:
1320:
1826:"FCC: Wireless Services: Amateur Radio Service: Call Sign Systems: Special Event"
2876:
2526:
2436:
2421:
2381:
2341:
2200:
1632:
1208:. As an example, the call sign "N8S" was used for the April 2007 DXpedition to
1142:
1114:
1051:
876:
756:
261:
257:
1850:
1349:
716:
Callsign regions, including all 50 States and a partial showing of territories.
2881:
2588:
2286:
2195:
2151:
2121:
2099:
2089:
2064:
1751:"FCC: Wireless Services: Amateur Radio Service: Call Sign Systems: Sequential"
1271:"FCC "Paperless" Amateur Radio License Policy Goes into Effect on February 17"
1205:
889:
856:
777:
123:
462:
reported a significant increase in the number of applications for licensing.
411:
A reduction of the number of written examination elements from five to three.
294:
at an FCC exam session before being allowed to try for Extra. FCC exam only.
2866:
2331:
2146:
1005:
964:
872:
823:
495:
340:
1352:. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. 2010-12-15.
1295:
290:
FCC exam session before being allowed to try for Advanced. FCC exam only.
122:
operator license was for persons who had passed a 5 word per minute (wpm)
2861:
2851:
2768:
2593:
2416:
1445:"A History of Amateur Radio License Changes – Eastern Massachusetts ARRL"
1013:
1001:
993:
968:
943:
868:
864:
819:
815:
798:
794:
497:
159:
143:
128:
2856:
2841:
1701:
Application Avalanche Under Way as New Codeless Testing Regime Ramps Up
972:
930:
918:
914:
843:
831:
760:
1800:
2886:
2846:
2168:
1960:
1913:
1421:
1258:
1100:
1026:
997:
922:
906:
214:
2871:
2808:
2116:
910:
860:
740:
711:
213:
18:
2813:
1108:
1009:
947:
926:
19:
1917:
1407:
Friedman, Neil D., N3DF, "83 Years of U.S. Amateur Licensing,"
2059:
1561:. Federal Communications Commission. 1999. pp. 12 of 70.
1500:
476:
which is used to identify the station during transmissions.
67:
above 30 MHz and limited privileges in portions of the
1719:
1531:"Trends in Amateur Radio licensing over the last ten years"
649:
KL, NL, or WL; NP or WP; KH, NH, or WH, plus three letters
218:
Cancellation notice of all amateur licenses in World War 2
1321:"The Novice License Helped Shape the '50s Ham Generation"
1907:
1908:
National Conference of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators
391:
Restructuring in 2000 and CORES registration numbers
107:
2895:
2832:
2754:
2718:
2675:
2616:
2550:
2259:
1951:
1633:"FCC gives morse element credit to expired novices"
483:The format of the callsign is often abbreviated as
404:privileges and be allowed to renew their licenses.
132:
1655:
1653:
1422:"The Storied History of the Ham Radio Call Sign"
1169:call sign for Desecheo Island) is also allowed.
426:licenses, generally in the same Y2K-timeframe.
378:Technician: the first license without Morse code
1736:
1734:
1459:"Impact of new rules on Novice and Technician"
1439:
1437:
574:AA–AK, KA–KZ, NA–NZ, or WA–WZ plus one letter
1929:
1740:Note: vanity only; not used for new licensees
524:Amateur Radio Callsigns in the United States
8:
1259:ARRL page listing the current question pools
2944:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2980:
1936:
1922:
1914:
1776:"Vanity Call Signs Request Types: By List"
458:Following the change in requirements, the
1897:Amateur Radio Service Operator Licensing
1375:"Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs)"
1350:"47 CFR 97.5 - Station license required"
719:
612:KA–KZ, NA–NZ, or WA–WZ plus two letters
522:
417:Elimination of station licenses for the
1728:N4MC's Vanity HQ, retrieved 18-Dec-2011
1229:
1556:"FCC Report and order, 99-412 page 12"
1710:. ARRLWeb Bulletin. February 28, 2007
1612:from the original on January 23, 2019
444:International Telecommunication Union
419:Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service
385:International Telecommunication Union
343:. It did not take effect until 1968.
155:International Telecommunication Union
23:FCC amateur radio station license of
7:
2990:
1635:. American Radio Relay League, Inc.
16:Licensing of amateur radio in the US
1533:. The W5YI Group, Inc. 2007-03-19.
1461:. The W5YI Group, Inc. 2007-01-07.
1182:Hawaii and insular Pacific areas).
227:renamed Temporary Amateur in 1927.
42:closed to new applicants) classes.
3021:Amateur radio in the United States
59:The entry-level license, known as
14:
1379:Federal Communications Commission
196:History of U.S. amateur licensing
133:end of the Morse code requirement
36:Federal Communications Commission
2989:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2579:Free-space optical communication
1851:"Special Event (1x1) Call Signs"
1520:FCC Order, 9 FCC Rcd 6111 (1994)
1237:5-year-old passes ham radio exam
1173:Sequentially assigned call signs
673:KA–KZ, WA–WZ plus three letters
1903:Volunteer Examiner Coordinators
1890:U.S. License Privileges by Band
1857:from the original on 2014-08-20
1832:from the original on 2007-05-12
1807:from the original on 2016-03-21
1782:from the original on 2015-04-14
1757:from the original on 2007-02-18
1639:from the original on 2007-02-18
1568:from the original on 2011-08-05
1537:from the original on 2007-10-07
1465:from the original on 2007-10-07
1356:from the original on 2017-02-19
1331:from the original on 2007-01-26
1277:from the original on 2015-02-18
108:History of US amateur licensing
634:K, N, or W plus three letters
625:Technician or General Classes
446:(ITU) ratified changes to the
53:Volunteer Examiner Coordinator
1:
1482:FCC Report and Order #90-55,
1398:See FCC Docket 99-412, page 3
1319:Thomas, Ronald (2006-06-28).
438:End of Morse code requirement
102:Grandfathered license classes
34:licensing is governed by the
2965:Telecommunication portal
2746:Telecommunications equipment
1631:Lindquist, E. (2000-02-11).
1484:Codeless Technician Decision
1200:Special event 1x1 call signs
561:K, N, or W plus two letters
81:The top US license class is
2482:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1325:American Radio Relay League
470:Each station is assigned a
337:American Radio Relay League
201:Formation and early history
174:American Radio Relay League
74:The middle level, known as
3037:
2186:Telecommunications history
1910:(source of question pools)
1189:
492:radio inspection districts
268:1951 license restructuring
2953:
2794:Public Switched Telephone
2606:telecommunication circuit
2567:Fiber-optic communication
2312:Francis Blake (telephone)
2107:Optical telecommunication
1801:"Hamdata FCC Information"
1074:
1071:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1025:
984:
963:
942:
901:
888:
855:
814:
789:
772:
739:
728:
697:
688:KA–KZ plus three letters
664:
661:
658:
627:
624:
621:
554:
551:
548:
335:In 1964, the FCC and the
2705:Orbital angular-momentum
2142:Satellite communications
1981:Communications satellite
1876:History of Amateur Radio
701:FCC Callsign information
399:The major changes were:
3016:Amateur radio licensing
2584:Molecular communication
2407:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2236:Undersea telegraph line
1971:Cable protection system
1585:FCC's Report and Order
1497:"Amateur Radio History"
729:States and Territories
628:Five or six characters
590:AA–AK plus two letters
46:Current license classes
2726:Communication protocol
2512:Charles Sumner Tainter
2327:Walter Houser Brattain
2272:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2080:Information revolution
717:
366:and 3B, which covered
219:
92:diagrams or schematics
30:In the United States,
27:
2700:Polarization-division
2432:Narinder Singh Kapany
2397:Erna Schneider Hoover
2317:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2297:Alexander Graham Bell
2028:online video platform
1659:FCC Report and Order
1296:"Obtain License Copy"
715:
217:
160:restructuring in 2000
151:Technician Plus Class
144:restructuring in 2000
129:restructuring in 2000
22:
2542:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2502:Almon Brown Strowger
2472:Charles Grafton Page
2127:Prepaid mobile phone
2055:Electrical telegraph
1224:Notes and references
646:(location specific)
552:Amateur Extra Class
2492:Johann Philipp Reis
2251:Wireless revolution
2213:The Telephone Cases
2070:Hydraulic telegraph
1901:FCC Information on
1895:FCC Information on
1678:FCC press release,
1495:Dinkins, Rodney R.
1060:U.S. Virgin Islands
525:
516:Licensing Program.
331:Incentive licensing
167:Volunteer examiners
83:Amateur Extra Class
2690:Frequency-division
2667:Telephone exchange
2537:Charles Wheatstone
2467:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2442:Innocenzo Manzetti
2377:Reginald Fessenden
2112:Optical telegraphy
1945:Telecommunications
1724:2011-12-05 at the
1706:2007-08-27 at the
1686:2006-12-29 at the
1666:2011-10-19 at the
1592:2011-08-05 at the
1078:Hawaii and Pacific
718:
523:
354:Novice enhancement
220:
112:grandfather clause
28:
3003:
3002:
2741:Store and forward
2736:Data transmission
2650:Network switching
2601:Transmission line
2447:Guglielmo Marconi
2412:Internet pioneers
2277:Mohamed M. Atalla
2246:Whistled language
1691:December 15, 2006
1166:
1165:
1161:Northern Marianas
707:
706:
670:(Novice or Club)
448:Radio Regulations
210:1912 through 1950
3028:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2834:Notable networks
2824:Wireless network
2764:Cellular network
2756:Types of network
2731:Computer network
2618:Network topology
2532:Thomas A. Watson
2387:Oliver Heaviside
2372:Philo Farnsworth
2347:Daniel Davis Jr.
2322:Charles Bourseul
2282:John Logie Baird
1991:Data compression
1986:Computer network
1938:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1698:
1692:
1676:
1670:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:on 27 April 2007
1499:. Archived from
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1186:Vanity callsigns
720:
606:Five characters
584:Five characters
555:Four characters
526:
321:
320:
316:
313:
262:Second World War
61:Technician Class
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2891:
2828:
2750:
2714:
2671:
2620:
2612:
2553:
2546:
2452:Robert Metcalfe
2307:Tim Berners-Lee
2255:
2075:Information Age
1947:
1942:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1726:Wayback Machine
1718:
1714:
1708:Wayback Machine
1699:
1695:
1688:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
1668:Wayback Machine
1658:
1651:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1594:Wayback Machine
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:, Vol. 9 (1995)
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1202:
1194:
1192:Vanity Callsign
1188:
1175:
1095:Howland Islands
1066:Desecheo Island
684:
669:
665:Six characters
645:
603:Advanced Class
468:
440:
393:
380:
356:
333:
318:
314:
311:
309:
270:
258:First World War
212:
203:
198:
169:
104:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Space-division
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Camille Tissot
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Claude Shannon
2494:
2489:
2487:Tivadar Puskás
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Antonio Meucci
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Charles K. Kao
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Harold Hopkins
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Emile Berliner
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Videotelephony
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2137:Radiotelephone
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Internet video
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1883:External links
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1842:
1817:
1792:
1767:
1742:
1730:
1712:
1693:
1671:
1649:
1623:
1597:
1578:
1547:
1522:
1513:
1487:
1475:
1450:
1433:
1413:
1409:The AWA Review
1400:
1391:
1366:
1341:
1311:
1287:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1214:American Samoa
1201:
1198:
1190:Main article:
1187:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1129:American Samoa
1125:
1123:Johnston Atoll
1118:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:Navassa Island
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
983:
980:
976:
975:
962:
959:
955:
954:
941:
938:
934:
933:
900:
897:
893:
892:
887:
884:
880:
879:
854:
851:
847:
846:
813:
810:
806:
805:
788:
785:
781:
780:
771:
768:
764:
763:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
705:
704:
695:
694:
689:
686:
680:
679:
674:
671:
666:
663:
660:
656:
655:
650:
647:
641:
640:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
596:
591:
588:
585:
581:
580:
575:
572:
568:
567:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
480:combinations.
467:
464:
439:
436:
423:
422:
415:
412:
409:
405:
392:
389:
379:
376:
355:
352:
332:
329:
269:
266:
251:
250:
249:licensed anew.
246:
243:
211:
208:
202:
199:
197:
194:
168:
165:
164:
163:
147:
140:Advanced Class
136:
103:
100:
87:
86:
79:
72:
69:high frequency
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3033:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:Code-division
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Time-division
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:and switching
2619:
2615:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:optical fiber
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Coaxial cable
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Radia Perlman
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Lee de Forest
2365:
2363:
2362:Thomas Edison
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Donald Davies
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Claude Chappe
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Smoke signals
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:Semiconductor
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2018:Digital media
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:Swains Island
1207:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1155:Jarvis Island
1152:
1151:Palmyra Atoll
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:Midway Island
1134:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
978:
977:
974:
970:
966:
960:
957:
956:
953:
949:
945:
939:
936:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
895:
894:
891:
885:
882:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
852:
849:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
808:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
782:
779:
775:
769:
766:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
733:
732:
725:
722:
721:
714:
710:
703:
702:
696:
693:
690:
687:
685:(Sequential)
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
667:
657:
654:
651:
648:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
547:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
527:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
500:
498:
496:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
475:
474:
465:
463:
461:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:In 2003, the
437:
435:
431:
427:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
402:
401:
400:
397:
390:
388:
386:
377:
375:
371:
369:
365:
360:
353:
351:
347:
344:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:
267:
265:
263:
259:
254:
247:
244:
240:
239:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
216:
209:
207:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:
177:
175:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
116:
115:
113:
109:
101:
99:
95:
93:
84:
80:
77:
76:General Class
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
56:
54:
45:
43:
39:
37:
33:
32:amateur radio
26:
21:
2677:Multiplexing
2552:Transmission
2517:Nikola Tesla
2507:Henry Sutton
2462:Samuel Morse
2392:Robert Hooke
2357:Amos Dolbear
2292:John Bardeen
2211:
2191:Telautograph
2095:Mobile phone
2050:Edholm's law
2033:social media
1966:Broadcasting
1859:. Retrieved
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1745:
1715:
1696:
1679:
1674:
1641:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1600:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1490:
1483:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1453:
1425:. Retrieved
1416:
1403:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1381:. 2016-10-07
1378:
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1300:www.arrl.org
1299:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1265:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1218:
1203:
1195:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1083:Kingman Reef
708:
698:
691:
676:
652:
637:
615:
593:
577:
564:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
491:
489:
484:
482:
478:
471:
469:
457:
453:
447:
441:
432:
428:
424:
398:
394:
381:
372:
361:
357:
348:
345:
334:
325:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
271:
255:
252:
236:
233:
229:
225:
221:
204:
190:
186:
178:
170:
150:
139:
120:Novice Class
119:
105:
96:
88:
82:
75:
60:
49:
40:
29:
2877:NPL network
2589:Radio waves
2527:Alfred Vail
2437:Hedy Lamarr
2422:Dawon Kahng
2382:Elisha Gray
2342:Yogen Dalal
2267:Nasir Ahmed
2201:Teleprinter
2065:Heliographs
1143:Wake Island
1115:Kure Island
1052:Puerto Rico
256:During the
71:(HF) bands.
3010:Categories
2923:Antarctica
2882:Toasternet
2804:Television
2287:Paul Baran
2219:Television
2203:(teletype)
2196:Telegraphy
2174:transistor
2152:Phryctoria
2122:Photophone
2100:Smartphone
2090:Mass media
1861:2014-08-20
1836:2007-04-25
1811:2015-12-25
1786:2015-04-01
1761:2007-03-29
1643:2007-04-20
1572:2011-06-18
1541:2007-04-20
1507:2007-04-20
1469:2007-04-20
1427:2022-11-18
1385:2021-04-21
1360:2017-02-18
1335:2007-04-20
1305:2021-04-26
1281:2015-02-18
1206:DXpedition
1039:Caribbean
466:Call signs
364:VHF theory
124:Morse code
2907:Americas
2896:Locations
2867:Internet2
2628:Bandwidth
2332:Vint Cerf
2229:streaming
2207:Telephone
2147:Semaphore
2038:streaming
509:program.
473:call sign
368:HF theory
341:Space Age
2975:Category
2862:Internet
2852:CYCLADES
2769:Ethernet
2719:Concepts
2643:terminal
2594:wireless
2417:Bob Kahn
2260:Pioneers
2085:Internet
1976:Cable TV
1855:Archived
1830:Archived
1805:Archived
1780:Archived
1755:Archived
1722:Archived
1704:Archived
1684:Archived
1664:Archived
1637:Archived
1616:July 17,
1610:Archived
1590:Archived
1563:Archived
1535:Archived
1463:Archived
1354:Archived
1329:Archived
1275:Archived
723:District
699:Source:
659:Group D
622:Group C
600:Group B
549:Group A
544:Example
421:(RACES).
25:Al Gross
2995:Commons
2985:Outline
2938:Oceania
2857:FidoNet
2842:ARPANET
2655:circuit
2224:digital
1953:History
1892:charts.
1888:ARRL's
1874:AC6V's
1661:#06-178
1587:#99-412
1050:P3/P4:
726:Numeral
631:1-by-3
609:2-by-2
587:2-by-2
571:2-by-1
558:1-by-2
541:Letters
317:⁄
2933:Europe
2903:Africa
2887:Usenet
2847:BITNET
2784:Mobile
2660:packet
2169:MOSFET
2164:device
1961:Beacon
1101:Hawaii
1099:H6/7:
1075:H0–H9
1036:P1–P5
692:KNØWCW
683:2-by-3
677:KA2DOG
668:2-by-3
653:KL5CDE
644:2-by-3
538:Format
529:
485:X-by-X
242:class.
2916:South
2911:North
2872:JANET
2809:Telex
2799:Radio
2638:Nodes
2633:Links
2554:media
2132:Radio
2117:Pager
2045:Drums
2011:video
2006:image
1996:audio
1566:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1113:H7K:
1091:Baker
1081:H5K:
1023:L0–L9
638:N1NJA
616:NZ9WA
594:ADØEC
532:Class
65:bands
2928:Asia
2814:UUCP
2774:ISDN
1618:2019
1159:H0:
1149:H5:
1141:H9:
1135:H4:
1127:H8:
1121:H3:
1109:Guam
1107:H2:
1089:H1:
1064:P5:
1058:P2:
1044:P1:
578:ABØC
565:W1AW
535:Size
460:ARRL
149:The
138:The
118:The
2819:WAN
2789:NGN
2779:LAN
2060:Fax
2001:DCT
1212:in
1072:13
1033:12
494:.
181:FCC
3012::
1853:.
1828:.
1803:.
1778:.
1753:.
1733:^
1652:^
1608:.
1436:^
1377:.
1327:.
1323:.
1298:.
1273:.
1153:,
1093:,
1027:AK
1020:11
1014:MO
1012:,
1010:IA
1008:,
1006:MN
1004:,
1002:CO
1000:,
998:KS
996:,
994:NE
992:,
990:SD
988:,
986:ND
979:10
973:IN
971:,
969:IL
967:,
965:WI
952:WV
950:,
948:OH
946:,
944:MI
931:AZ
929:,
927:UT
925:,
923:NV
921:,
919:WY
917:,
915:MT
913:,
911:ID
909:,
907:OR
905:,
903:WA
890:CA
877:MS
875:,
873:LA
871:,
869:AR
867:,
865:OK
863:,
861:TX
859:,
857:NM
844:FL
842:,
840:SC
838:,
836:GA
834:,
832:AL
830:,
828:NC
826:,
824:TN
822:,
820:VA
818:,
816:KY
803:DC
801:,
799:MD
797:,
795:DE
793:,
791:PA
778:NJ
776:,
774:NY
761:VT
759:,
757:CT
755:,
753:RI
751:,
749:MA
747:,
745:NH
743:,
741:ME
310:15
2946:)
2942:(
1937:e
1930:t
1923:v
1864:.
1839:.
1814:.
1789:.
1764:.
1646:.
1620:.
1575:.
1544:.
1510:.
1472:.
1447:.
1430:.
1388:.
1363:.
1338:.
1308:.
1284:.
982:0
961:9
958:9
940:8
937:8
899:7
896:7
886:6
883:6
853:5
850:5
812:4
809:4
787:3
784:3
770:2
767:2
737:1
734:1
319:2
315:1
312:+
162:.
146:.
135:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
