1344:) were sentenced to death by a court consisting of the governor and Council of the VOC at Amboina. However, four of the English and two of the Japanese condemned were subsequently pardoned. Consequently, ten Englishmen, nine Japanese and one Portuguese (the latter being employees of the VOC), were executed. On 9 March 1623 they were beheaded, and the head of the English captain, Gabriel Towerson, was impaled on a pole for all to see. The incident ended any hope of Anglo-Dutch cooperation in the area, a goal that both governments had been pursuing for several years, and marked the beginning of Dutch ascendancy in the Indies.
1364:, the version of events as he presented it also caused much anger at the VOC in Dutch government circles. However, the VOC soon presented its version of events which contradicted the English version in essential respects. The Dutch States General proposed a joint Anglo-Dutch commission of inquiry to establish the facts, but the suggestion was rejected by the English as too time-consuming. The Dutch did not want to execute the culprits of the torture and executions summarily as the English wished, so the States General commissioned an inquiry by
107:
1521:
1097:
1184:
1328:, as a member of the conspiracy. Subsequently, Towerson and the other English personnel in Amboyna and adjacent islands were arrested and questioned. In most, but not all cases, torture was used during the questioning. Torture consisted of having water poured over the head, around which a cloth was draped, bringing the interrogated repeatedly close to suffocation (this is today called
1415:
1294:
employees of both companies in the places it administered. Contrarily, the
English maintained, on the basis of the arbitration-article 30 of the treaty, that only the Council of Defence would have jurisdiction over employees of the "other" company. This proved to be an important difference of opinion in the ensuing events.
1827:
Gabriel
Towerson, agent of the EIC at Amboina; Samuel Colson, factor at Hitto; Emanuel Thompson, assistant at Amboina; Tymothy Johnson, assistant at Amboina; John Wetherall, factor at Cambello; John Clarke, assistant at Hitto; William Griggs, factor at Larica; John Fardo, steward of the English house
1293:
that was to govern the merchants of both companies; most important, those merchants were now to share trading posts peacefully, though each company was to retain and police the posts it had occupied. The Dutch interpreted this latter provision to mean that each company had legal jurisdiction over the
1480:
that caused
England's entry into that war. The play embellishes the affair by attributing the animus of Governor Van Speult against Gabriel Towerson to an amorous rivalry between the (fictitious) son of the governor and Towerson over an indigenous princess. After the son rapes the princess, Towerson
1302:
Despite the treaty, relations between the two companies remained tense. Both parties developed numerous grievances against each other including bad faith, non-performance of treaty-obligations, and "underhand" attempts to undercut each other in the relations with the indigenous rulers with whom they
1371:
The trial progressed slowly because the court of inquiry wished to cross-examine the
English witnesses. The English government balked at this demand because it felt it could not compel the witnesses to travel to the Republic. Besides, as the English based their case on the incompetence of the court
1422:
The East India
Company was unhappy with the outcome, and in 1632 its directors published an exhaustive brochure, comprising all the relevant papers, with extensive comments and rebuttals of the Dutch position. The Dutch had already sought to influence public opinion with an anonymous pamphlet,
1356:
and the
Council of Defence about the Amboyna affair, which they said was a false accusation based upon a fantasy and that the confessions had been obtained only by severe torture. When they were unable to obtain redress in Batavia, they traveled to England, accompanied by the English factor at
1323:
in the employ of the VOC) was caught in the act of spying on the defenses of the fortress
Victoria. When questioned under torture the soldier confessed to a conspiracy with other Japanese mercenaries to seize the fortress and assassinate the governor. He also implicated the head of the English
1340:. This was later disputed by the Dutch. According to Dutch trial records, most suspects confessed that they were guilty as charged, with or without being tortured. Since the accusation was treason, those that had confessed (confession being necessary for conviction under
1446:, calling for the exemplary punishment of any surviving culprits. However, no culprits appear to have been still alive at the time. Moreover, after arbitration on the basis of the treaty, the heirs of the English victims were awarded a total of £3615 in compensation.
1740:, torture was allowed in specific circumstances; Evans pp. 4–6. Though the English common law did not need torture for interrogative purposes (as a confession was not required for conviction), the English did torture in cases of treason. For this purpose, a royal or
22:
1562:
The old spelling for the name
Amboina/Ambon is used, because "Amboyna massacre" is a common expression in the English language. For that reason the word "massacre" is retained, though the incident was not a massacre in the usual sense of the
1380:. This contention could be decided without an examination of the witnesses. The Dutch, however, maintained that the court at Amboyna had been competent and therefore concentrated their inquiry on possible misconduct of the judges.
1155:, admiral of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), conquered the Portuguese fortress of Victoria at Amboyna, thereby taking over the Portuguese trading interests at Victoria. Like other European traders they tried to obtain a local
1332:). This was the usual interrogative procedure in the Dutch East Indies at the time. According to the English version of events, even more sadistic forms of torture were used. The accused conspirators were stretched on the
1146:
with the
Portuguese crown from 1580 to 1640). In 1598 the king of Spain embargoed Dutch trade with Portugal, and so the Dutch went looking for spices themselves in the areas that had been apportioned to Portugal under the
1837:
Hiheso, Tsiosa, Suisa, all from
Firando; Stanley Migiel, Pedro Congie, Thome Corea, all from Nangasacque; Quiondayo of Coraets; Isabinda of Tsoucketgo; Zanchoe of Fisien; all spellings as rendered in State Papers, No.
1357:
Batavia. Their story caused an uproar in England. The directors of the EIC asked that the English government demand reparations from the VOC and exemplary punishment of the Amboina judges from the Dutch government.
1314:
As a result, the Dutch at Amboyna became suspicious of the English traders that shared the trading post with them. These vague suspicions became concrete when in February 1623 one of the Japanese mercenary soldiers
1284:
in London in 1619 creating cooperation in the East Indies. The market in spices was divided between them in a fixed proportion of two to one (both companies having legal monopolies in their home markets); a
1406:
was established which ordered that reparations be paid by the VOC to the heirs of the English victims of the massacre. Towerson's heirs and others received £3,615 and the EIC £85,000 from the VOC.
2280:
2285:
807:
2290:
1727:
A number of the factors from the adjacent islands(Powle, Ladbrooke, Ramsey, and Sadler) had unshakeable "alibis" and were therefore left in peace; State Papers, No. 499I
1387:. They were made available to the court under restrictive conditions. The draft-verdict of the court (an acquittal of the accused) was presented to the new English king
787:
1438:
The East India Company brochure contained the gruesome details of the tortures, as related in its original "Relation". The massacre was used as casus belli for the
767:
1125:
856:
2310:
2177:), at the Nationaal Archief of the Netherlands in The Hague (part of the records of the Staten Generaal, records number 1.01.07, inventory number 12551.62)
1368:
from the highest courts in the Dutch republic to investigate the matter. The Amboyna judges were recalled from the East-Indies and put under house arrest.
1664:
in 1619, which resulted in a naval engagement between the English and the Dutch, and caused the Dutch to temporarily evacuate Java;Jourdain, pp. lxix–lxxi
1163:
of other European countries by force of arms. This especially caused strife with the English East India Company while the actions of the interloper Sir
1391:
in 1632 for approval (as agreed beforehand by the two governments). It was rejected, but the accused judges were released by the Dutch authorities.
1361:
1476:
or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants", apparently at the behest of his patron who had been one of the chief negotiators of the
1311:, who showed signs of intending to switch allegiance to the Spanish. Van Speult suspected the English of secretly stirring up these troubles.
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in 1624. At the time, ambassador Carleton had procured its suppression as a "libel" by the States General. However, an English minister in
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In the summer of 1623, the Englishmen who had been pardoned and acquitted sailed to Batavia and complained to the Dutch governor-general
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1539:
1442:, and the brochure was reprinted as "A Memento for Holland" (1652). The Dutch lost the war and were forced to accept a condition in the
1002:
1118:
1064:
2107:
Preventing Torture: A Study of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1993:. The Amboyna Massacre was cited as one of the causes for the move, but, in fact, the decision was made before the massacre occurred.
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1748:.For a contemporary instance see the entry about the torture in February 1620/21 of one "Peacock of Cambridge" in the diary of
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1220:
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866:
114:
2250:, Bewerkt door I.J.A. Nijenhuis, P.L.R. De Cauwer, W.M. Gijsbers, M. Hell, C.O. van der Meij en J.E. Schooneveld-Oosterling.
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incensed the Dutch. Unavoidably, the national governments got involved, and this threatened the congenial relations between
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After the Amboyna Massacre, the English reduced their interest in the East Indies and focused their attention on the
1509:" because, "if the secret should be discovered by my countrymen, the Dutch, they would cut my throat in the voyage."
1372:
to try employees of the EIC (according to the English interpretation of the Treaty of Defence), the executions were
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876:
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1403:
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2134:
The Journal of John Jourdain, 1608–1617, Describing His Experiences in Arabia, India, and the Malay Archipelago
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428:
54:
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174:
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1505:. He conceals from the crew the fact that he has not performed the ceremony demanded by the Japanese of "
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1990:
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1435:, inadvertently translated it and sent it to England, where it displeased the East India Company.
2010:
1936:
1909:"Anglo-Dutch Connections and Overseas Enterprises: A Global Perspective on Lion Gardiner's World"
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62:
50:
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King James I and the Netherlands States General caused the two warring companies to conclude a
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2110:
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1578:"Rethinking the History of Reparations for Historical Injustices: An Early Modern Perspective"
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817:
797:
578:
468:
458:
418:
153:
2181:
A Reply to the Remonstrance of the Bewinthebbers or Directors of the Dutch East-India Company
1891:
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1920:
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1101:
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241:
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Japanese mercenaries were also in the service of the Portuguese and the Siamese kings; see
1704:
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1481:
kills the son in a duel. The governor then takes his revenge in the form of the massacre.
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1341:
972:
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448:
281:
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and remained a source of tension between the two nations until late in the 17th century.
25:
The Dutch and English enclaves at Amboyna (top) and Banda-Neira (bottom). 1655 engraving.
2004:
1876:
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series ...: Preserved in the Public Record Office ...
1736:
Under Roman Dutch Law, as under other continental European systems of law, based on the
2198:
1749:
1577:
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1333:
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66:
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2192:
Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan – 1622–1624, Volume 4
1940:
1741:
1424:
1329:
1143:
301:
42:
53:, as well as Japanese and Portuguese traders and a Portuguese man, by agents of the
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1818:
Collins, Beaumont, Webber and Sherrocke; Soysimo en Sacoute; State Papers, No. 499I
1648:
1636:
291:
221:
184:
38:
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at Amboina; Abel Price, surgeon; and Robert Browne, tailor; State Papers, No. 499I
1893:
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series ...: East Indies, China and Japan, 1513
1753:
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1183:
408:
331:
133:
70:
61:. It was the result of the intense rivalry between the East India companies of
2095:, "Aanteekeningen en opmerkingen over den zoogenaamden Ambonschen moord", in:
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351:
21:
1932:
1601:
1337:
1156:
361:
311:
261:
164:
46:
1924:
143:
1773:, a predecessor of Van Speult at Amboina; State Papers, Nos. 661II, 684.
1449:
The brochure and its allegations also played a role at the start of the
1336:, subjected to flame, stabbed, and several had their limbs blown off by
2161:
Nathaniel’s Nutmeg: How one man's courage changed the course of history
1487:
refers to the massacre in Book 3, Chapter 11 of Jonathan Swift's novel
1320:
1308:
1208: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
231:
58:
1908:
1383:
The English witnesses traveled to the Dutch republic in 1630 with Sir
1453:. One of the casus belli used for the annexation of the Dutch colony
341:
2213:
Innocence abroad: The Dutch imagination and the New World, 1570–1670
2173:
Records of the special committee of judges on the Amboyna Massacre (
1418:
Torture of the English by the Dutch according to the English account
2097:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië
1593:
1414:
1413:
1316:
211:
49:) of twenty-one men, including ten in the service of the English
1617:
History of East India Company by Hourly History ,page number: 8.
1647:
The English established their trading outpost on the island of
1497:
pretends to be a "Hollander" and boards a Dutch ship named the
1177:
1461:
ending this war appeared to have finally settled the matter.
1468:, the matter was again raised in a propagandistic context.
1786:
Merchant Kings: When Companies Ruled the World, 1600--1900
1614:
1376:
illegal in the English view and, therefore, constituted a
1714:
1712:
2281:
Massacres committed by the Dutch East India Company
2144:
The Far East and the English Imagination, 1600–1730
1142:was at war with the Spanish crown (which was in a
1849:"Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia"
1303:dealt. In the Amboyna region, local VOC-governor
2286:Military history of the Dutch East India Company
1307:had trouble, in late 1622, with the Sultan of
1119:
8:
1890:Great Britain. Public Record Office (1878).
1873:Great Britain. Public Record Office (1878).
2006:Annals of the Honorable East-India Company
1126:
1112:
80:
2215:, Cambridge University Press; 480 pages,
1971:State Papers, Nos. 537I, 567II, 591, 661I
1268:Learn how and when to remove this message
1962:State Papers, Nos. 535, 567II, 661I, 695
37:) was the 1623 torture and execution on
20:
2009:. Black, Parry, and Kingsbury. p.
1953:Augustine Perez; State Papers, No. 499I
1675:"The "Separate Voyages" of the Company"
1555:
94:
83:
2230:The Cambridge Companion to John Dryden
2032:State Papers, Nos. 537I, 548, 551, 555
1626:Shorto, p. 72.; State Papers, No. 499I
1159:in the spice trade by keeping out the
2203:The Island at the Center of the World
2069:Second Part of the Tragedy of Amboyna
1635:Old spelling of the English name for
1545:British invasion of the Spice Islands
7:
2291:Netherlands–United Kingdom relations
2247:Resolutiën Staten-Generaal 1626–1630
1571:
1569:
1423:probably authored by its secretary,
1360:According to the English ambassador
1206:adding citations to reliable sources
1744:warrant was required, based on the
1540:Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands
2311:Massacres in the Dutch East Indies
14:
2099:, Vol. 101 (1942), p. 49–93
2080:Zwicker, p. 141; Schmidt, p. 296
1752:in connection with the trial of
1660:Best known is the expedition of
1519:
1182:
1095:
105:
1756:. A warrant for the torture of
1193:needs additional citations for
1457:was the Amboyna Massacre. The
808:French and British interregnum
1:
1980:Resolutiën, 30 April 1630, 19
1789:. Macmillan. pp. 47–49.
1582:The Journal of Modern History
2276:History of Maluku (province)
2232:, Cambridge U.P., 318 pages
2146:, Cambridge U.P.; 324 pages
1396:Treaty of Westminster (1654)
696:Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow
2183:, East-India Company (1632)
2163:, 2000 Sceptre; 400 pages,
2120:Hunter, W.W., Roberts, P.E.
1507:trampling upon the Crucifix
203:Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms
2327:
2271:British East India Company
2126:, Longman, Green & Co.
2124:A History of British India
2109:, Oxford U.P.; 512 pages,
2059:Hunter and Roberts, p. 427
1444:1654 Treaty of Westminster
1402:(1652–1654), a binational
877:United States of Indonesia
714:Chinese Kongsi federations
16:1623 killings in Indonesia
1783:Bown, Stephen R. (2010).
1028:Javanese historical texts
57:(VOC), on accusations of
2187:Sainsbury, W. Noel (ed.)
1472:wrote a play, entitled "
1138:From its inception, the
788:Dutch East India Company
429:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
55:Dutch East India Company
1615:https://amzn.in/3fuCL7e
1576:Koekkoek, René (2024).
2050:Art. 27 of the Treaty.
1913:Early American Studies
1907:Games, Alison (2011).
1896:. Longman. p. 25.
1809:State Papers, No. 499I
1769:According to governor
1718:State Papers, No. 499I
1694:State Papers, No. 537I
1478:Secret treaty of Dover
1459:Treaty of Breda (1667)
1451:Second Anglo-Dutch War
1419:
839:Emergence of Indonesia
26:
1925:10.1353/eam.2011.0012
1466:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1440:First Anglo-Dutch war
1417:
1404:arbitration committee
1400:First Anglo-Dutch War
1149:Treaty of Tordesillas
894:Republic of Indonesia
760:European colonization
659:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
24:
2003:Bruce, John (1810).
1853:www.eablanchette.com
1771:Frederick de Houtman
1760:was quashed in 1628.
1535:History of Indonesia
1464:However, during the
1385:Henry Vane the Elder
1354:Pieter de Carpentier
1202:improve this article
1153:Steven van der Hagen
1151:. In February, 1605
1102:Indonesia portal
723:Heshun Confederation
639:Yogyakarta Sultanate
569:Kalinyamat Sultanate
539:Sultanate of Jailolo
509:Sultanate of Ternate
222:Tarumanagara Kingdom
1991:Indian Subcontinent
1362:Sir Dudley Carleton
867:National Revolution
857:Japanese occupation
743:Santiaogou Republic
609:Palembang Sultanate
529:Sultanate of Tidore
399:Peureulak Sultanate
332:Dharmasraya Kingdom
33:(also known as the
1490:Gulliver's Travels
1420:
1289:was instituted in
1287:Council of Defence
1217:"Amboyna massacre"
1169:James I of England
1165:Edward Michelborne
946:1998–present
847:National Awakening
677:Christian kingdoms
643:1755–present
633:1745–present
629:Surakarta Sunanate
599:Kingdom of Kaimana
553:1526–present
519:Sultanate of Bacan
439:Pagaruyung Kingdom
380:Islamic sultanates
272:Shailendra Dynasty
51:East India Company
27:
2306:Massacres in 1623
2136:, Hakluyt Society
2130:Jourdain, J. e.a.
1746:Royal Prerogative
1305:Herman van Speult
1282:Treaty of Defence
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902:Liberal democracy
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666:
579:Mataram Sultanate
479:Cirebon Sultanate
459:Malacca Sultanate
419:Ternate Sultanate
370:
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352:Singhasari Empire
346:1000s–1300s
312:Kahuripan Kingdom
193:
192:
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2205:. Doubleday 2004
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1410:War of pamphlets
1398:which ended the
1366:delegated judges
1326:Gabriel Towerson
1319:, or masterless
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733:Lanfang Republic
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603:1600s–1926
593:1528s–1877
559:Banjar Sultanate
549:Banten Sultanate
533:1500s–1967
449:Brunei Sultanate
385:
384:
362:Majapahit Empire
262:Srivijaya Empire
242:Kalingga Kingdom
208:
207:
175:Toba catastrophe
158:94,000–12,000 BP
129:
128:
109:
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67:United Provinces
31:Amboyna massacre
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1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
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997:
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987:
962:
952:
951:
936:1967–1998
926:1966–1967
916:1959–1966
906:1950–1959
895:
887:
886:
881:1949–1950
871:1945–1949
861:1942–1945
851:1908–1942
840:
832:
831:
826:
825:1945–1949
824:
823:1800–1942
812:1806–1816
802:1685–1824
792:1602–1799
782:1521–1677
772:1512–1850
761:
753:
752:
747:1777–1853
737:1777–1884
727:1776–1854
716:
706:
705:
679:
669:
668:
663:1824–1911
653:1814–1946
623:1725–1946
613:1659–1823
589:Johor Sultanate
583:1586–1755
573:1527–1599
563:1526–1863
543:1496–1903
523:1515–1946
513:1486–1914
503:1496–1903
493:1475–1554
489:Demak Sultanate
483:1445–1677
473:1405–1851
463:1400–1511
453:1368–1888
443:1347–1833
433:1267–1521
423:1257–1914
413:1225–1613
389:Spread of Islam
382:
372:
371:
366:1293–1527
356:1222–1292
336:1183–1347
326:1045–1221
316:1019–1045
282:Mataram Kingdom
205:
195:
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79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2016:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1919:(2): 435–461.
1899:
1882:
1879:pp. xxv–.
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1594:10.1086/730043
1588:(2): 253–290.
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1554:
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1485:Jonathan Swift
1455:New Netherland
1411:
1408:
1349:
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1173:States General
1171:and the Dutch
1144:dynastic union
1140:Dutch Republic
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649:Deli Sultanate
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619:Siak Sultanate
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499:Aceh Sultanate
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469:Sulu Sultanate
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2169:0-340-69676-1
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2152:0-521-81944-X
2149:
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2125:
2118:
2116:
2115:0-19-826257-4
2112:
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2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
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1796:9781429927352
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1742:Privy Council
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1425:Willem Boreel
1416:
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1330:waterboarding
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1258:February 2018
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
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1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219: –
1218:
1214:
1213:Find sources:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:This section
1189:
1185:
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560:
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532:
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335:
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329:
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323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:Sunda Kingdom
300:
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219:
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213:
212:Kutai Kingdom
210:
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178:
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76:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Ambon, Maluku
41:(present-day
40:
36:
35:Amboyna trial
32:
23:
19:
2266:1623 in Asia
2253:
2246:
2229:
2212:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2174:
2160:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2106:
2096:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1998:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1765:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1699:
1690:
1680:16 September
1678:. Retrieved
1669:
1656:
1643:
1637:Ambon Island
1631:
1622:
1610:
1585:
1581:
1558:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1463:
1448:
1437:
1421:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1313:
1301:
1298:The incident
1279:
1264:
1255:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1212:
1200:Please help
1195:verification
1192:
1137:
1084:
1043:Christianity
292:Bali Kingdom
185:Buni culture
163:
148:1,000,000 BP
132:
39:Ambon Island
34:
30:
28:
18:
2209:Schmidt, B.
2140:Markley, R.
2103:Evans, M.D.
1758:John Felton
1754:Thomas Lake
1470:John Dryden
1394:As part of
1008:Archaeology
1003:Agriculture
409:Aru Kingdom
134:Paleolithic
96:History of
71:spice trade
2260:Categories
2243:(in Dutch)
2199:Shorto, R.
2157:Milton, G.
1738:ius civile
1551:References
1433:John Winge
1374:ipso facto
1228:newspapers
1065:Mass media
942:Reform era
922:Transition
768:Portuguese
154:Flores Man
124:Prehistory
77:Background
1941:144496133
1933:1559-0895
1602:0022-2801
1389:Charles I
1348:Aftermath
1338:gunpowder
1324:factors,
1157:monopsony
1023:Education
932:New Order
700:1670–1950
690:1515–1904
276:600s–900s
266:600s–1025
256:600s–1347
246:500s–600s
236:400s-500s
226:400s–500s
179:75,000 BP
165:Neolithic
98:Indonesia
47:Indonesia
2228:(2004):
2211:(2001):
2142:(2006):
2132:(1905):
2122:(1899):
2105:(1998):
1513:See also
1493:(1726).
1429:Flushing
1070:Military
1048:Hinduism
1038:Buddhism
1033:Religion
1013:Currency
996:By topic
216:350–1605
144:Java Man
115:Timeline
87:a series
85:Part of
65:and the
2301:Torture
2195:(1878).
1858:22 July
1499:Amboyna
1474:Amboyna
1321:samurai
1309:Ternate
1291:Batavia
1242:scholar
1161:factors
1058:Judaism
1018:Economy
983:Bandung
968:Jakarta
960:Regions
798:British
778:Spanish
232:Kantoli
189:400 BCE
69:in the
63:England
59:treason
2236:
2219:
2167:
2150:
2113:
1939:
1931:
1793:
1600:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1215:
89:on the
2023:Reply
1937:S2CID
1563:word.
1503:Japan
1317:ronin
1249:JSTOR
1235:books
1080:Women
1075:Sport
1053:Islam
978:Bogor
2234:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2111:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1860:2021
1838:499I
1791:ISBN
1682:2016
1598:ISSN
1334:rack
1221:news
973:Bali
29:The
1921:doi
1649:Run
1590:doi
1204:by
2262::
2201:,
2189:,
2159:,
2011:72
1935:.
1927:.
1915:.
1911:.
1851:.
1711:^
1596:.
1586:96
1584:.
1580:.
1568:^
1431:,
1175:.
45:,
2013:.
1943:.
1923::
1917:9
1862:.
1799:.
1684:.
1651:.
1604:.
1592::
1315:(
1271:)
1265:(
1260:)
1256:(
1246:·
1239:·
1232:·
1225:·
1198:.
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
