620:
496:
387:
37:
375:
450:
648:. When the beetles colonize a new tree, the fungus growing in the cuticular pouch is introduced to the walls of the new gallery, glandular activity stops, and the mycangium ceases to act as a selective organ. The larvae and adults feed exclusively upon the conidia produced along the walls of the gallery, through which the beetles meet all of their nutritional requirements. (This feature differentiates
707:, from which infestations have been reported). Perhaps in part due to its capacity for extreme polyphagy, this beetle is highly invasive and has spread beyond its native range in southeast Asia to Africa (from tropical regions to the southern tip), Australia and New Zealand, Europe, South America, and the United States, taking
370:
on malt yeast extract agar (MYEA) for approximately a week in darkness at 25 °C yields large colonies with translucent, filamentous edges, immediately preceded by a dark inner ring speckled with white powder, which grows increasingly dense moving towards the middle of the colony but tapers out
912:
Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada; Senanayake, Indunil C.; Perera, Rekhani H.; Shang, Qiu-Ju; Xiao, Yuanpin; D’souza, Melvina J.; Hongsanan, Sinang; Jayawardena,
984:
van der Nest, Magriet A.; Chávez, Renato; De Vos, Lieschen; Duong, Tuan A.; Gil-Durán, Carlos; Ferreira, Maria Alves; Lane, Frances A.; Levicán, Gloria; Santana, Quentin C.; Steenkamp, Emma T.; Suzuki, Hiroyuki; Tello, Mario; Rakoma, Jostina R.; Vaca, Inmaculada; Valdés, Natalia (5 March 2021).
763:
or mycopathogenic microorganisms remain under exploration . Ecologically, though biologists may be concerned about the downstream impact of beetle attacks on native plants such as oaks, cedars, maples, elms, redbud, magnolia, etc. , healthy trees outside of intensively managed environments are
643:
consists of a spacious mesonotal pouch. According to the current understanding of this symbiosis, when beetles emerge from pupae, their mycangia are inoculated with ambrosial fungi, and special gland cells flanking the mycangium begin to secrete compounds that promote their growth over that of
1206:
Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, Eric H. C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A.; Daranagama, Dinushani A.; Dayarathne, Monika; D’souza, Melvina J.; Goonasekara, Ishani D.; Hongsanan, Sinang; Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Kirk, Paul M.; Konta,
758:
The potential for damage necessitates management techniques such as ensuring the growth of vigorous, unstressed stands by allowing more space between individual trees, keeping track of soil water content, selecting plants well-adapted to the climate, pruning infested twigs, monitoring beetle
615:
common to this family. These enzymes are generally needed to help fungi metabolize certain plant chemical defenses, and the loss of these genes may reflect this genus’s association with individuals that are already weakened or dead and thus less likely to be producing effective antifungal
194:
was first described as a novel species of ambrosia fungus by
Harrington and McNew in 2014 based on isolations from beetles collected and trapped in the eastern United States, where it is invasive. It has not been assigned a common name at the time of this writing. All
371:
towards the very center. There may also be droplets of orange exudate coming from the powdery region of growth; this fluid may darken as the culture ages. The bottom of the colony similarly becomes a much deeper brown as it matures, even in refrigerated cultures.
749:
is highly attracted to ethanol produced by stressed trees, in which they can kill twigs, branches, and saplings; this makes them of particular concern in settings such as nurseries and orchards, where the protrusion of noodle-like extrusions of beetle
515:
is found primarily on the walls of ambrosia beetle galleries within a wide variety of host trees, where it survives by degrading compounds within wood. Traditionally, although they facilitate beetle growth and reproduction in nutritionally poor
1654:
Ranger, Christopher M.; Biedermann, Peter H. W.; Phuntumart, Vipaporn; Beligala, Gayathri U.; Ghosh, Satyaki; Palmquist, Debra E.; Mueller, Robert; Barnett, Jenny; Schultz, Peter B.; Reding, Michael E.; Benz, J. Philipp (24 April 2018).
606:
do not act as serious plant pathogens, the exact role of these peptide products in mediating their relationship with live or decaying tissue has yet to be determined. Unlike serious disease-causing fungi within the
719:
Among bark and ambrosia beetle pests that disperse various fungi, the degree to which the beetle and its symbiont are each responsible for causing host damage varies from system to system – for example,
683:
during certain seasons (for example, in the winter, when adult beetles remain dormant until their springtime emergence). It has been suggested that during the height of a beetle attack, the presence of
166:
facilitating this insect’s capacity to accumulate on and damage a diverse array of woody plants from around the world. It is one of several important nutritional partners derived from order
1257:
Mayers, Chase G.; McNew, Douglas L.; Harrington, Thomas C.; Roeper, Richard A.; Fraedrich, Stephen W.; Biedermann, Peter H.W.; Castrillo, Louela A.; Reed, Sharon E. (November 2015).
2084:"Semiochemical-mediated host selection by Xylosandrus spp. ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacking horticultural tree crops: a review of basic and applied science"
1969:"First Records of Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) from South America, with Notes on Its Distribution and Spread in the New World"
480:
can be found as small, several-cell chains with crosswalls; this material is likely derived from chunks of mycelium scraped from the gallery walls and may thus constitute an
430:
may arise from these phialides as chains – i.e., new spores are successively pushed out, with the newest growth closest to the original conidiogenous cell – or singly, as an
660:
and, though they may eat and/or disperse some fungi, can generally survive on wood alone.) Structures possibly comprising lipid bodies can be seen within the cytoplasm of
434:
that ruptures the membrane of the mother cell and then remains a unique, differentiated terminal unit without any subsequent neighbors produced from the phialide.
2228:
759:
populations with ethanol-based lures, designating trap trees or logs, and applying insecticides (for example, through direct injection) . Novel methods such as
797:"Fungal diversity in the mycangium of an ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Japan during their late dispersal season"
568:
than to other ambrosia fungi, further supporting the idea that making sweeping conclusions about fungal lifestyles based on data from apparently similar
1169:"First report of the ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus compactus and associated fungi in the Mediterranean maquis in Italy, and new host–pest associations"
1167:
Vannini, A.; Contarini, M.; Faccoli, M.; Valle, M. Dalla; Rodriguez, C. M.; Mazzetto, T.; Guarneri, D.; Vettraino, A. M.; Speranza, S. (April 2017).
2202:
1044:
Liu, FeiFei; Marincowitz, Seonju; Chen, ShuaiFei; Mbenoun, Michael; Tsopelas, Panaghiotis; Soulioti, Nikoleta; Wingfield, Michael J. (9 June 2020).
1259:"Three genera in the Ceratocystidaceae are the respective symbionts of three independent lineages of ambrosia beetles with large, complex mycangia"
548:
specifically, and it is worth noting that the article often cited in support of this conclusion only examined the fungal galleries of one beetle (
1763:"The granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont found in South Africa"
1300:"First report of a sexual state in an ambrosia fungus: Ambrosiella cleistominuta sp. nov. associated with the ambrosia beetle Anisandrus maiche"
484:-like structure. Notably, this indicates that the conidia produced in the galleries are unlikely to act as the predominant dispersive forms of
767:
Both in silvicultural and natural contexts, the beetles themselves remain the most problematic and worrisome components of the symbiosis, and
664:
spores and conidiogenous cells, which may represent a means of storage for energy-rich compounds that it then imparts to the feeding beetles.
1638:
1865:"First record of the Granulate Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in the Iberian Peninsula"
1723:
1527:"Phenolic degradation by catechol dioxygenases is associated with pathogenic fungi with a necrotrophic lifestyle in the Ceratocystidaceae"
1466:
Sayari, Mohammad; van der Nest, Magriet A.; Steenkamp, Emma T.; Soal, Nicole C.; Wilken, P. Markus; Wingfield, Brenda D. (30 April 2019).
1912:"First record of the Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in Slovenia"
703:
has been reported feeding on woody plants from over 40 families, though it seems to prefer non-coniferous species (with the exception of
1525:
Soal, Nicole C; Coetzee, Martin P A; van der Nest, Magriet A; Hammerbacher, Almuth; Wingfield, Brenda D (4 March 2022). Rokas, A (ed.).
987:"IMA genome – F14: Draft genome sequences of Penicillium roqueforti, Fusarium sororula, Chrysoporthe puriensis, and Chalaropsis populi"
2274:
460:
The conidia typically retain at least one adjacent spore-producing cell when broken away from the sporodochia, distinguishing
775:
nutrition. Disrupting the relationship between fungus and beetle may thus someday provide fruitful avenues for pest control.
2083:
639:
As in other ambrosia beetles, the fungus benefits from the opportunity for dispersal via the insect’s mycangium, which in
2014:
Anderson, D.M. (1974). "First record of
Xyleborus semiopacus in the continental United States (Coleoptera, Scolytidae)".
1411:"Lipids and small metabolites provisioned by ambrosia fungi to symbiotic beetles are phylogeny-dependent, not convergent"
572:
systems can be misleading, as well as reinforcing how much remains to be learned about this and other ambrosial species.
218:
representing several plant pathogens and sap-staining fungi, often transported by insects (including scolytine beetles);
544:, mirroring similar analyses made for various saprotrophic fungi. However, no equivalent studies have been performed on
211:(sterile tissue found among – and arising from the same surface as – spore-bearing cells). This family also includes
36:
2233:
1724:"New Host Record for the Asian Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)"
859:"Ambrosiella roeperi sp. nov. is the mycangial symbiont of the granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus"
1583:
1526:
161:
688:– produced by stressed trees and sometimes even by the fungus itself – helps to select for the proliferation of
468:; the original species description suggests this feature is meant to allow these units to snap off easily while
2082:
Ranger, Christopher M.; Reding, Michael E.; Addesso, Karla; Ginzel, Matthew; Rassati, Davide (February 2021).
203:, which, where sexual stages are recognized, produce round, ostiolate (with a pore) fruiting bodies for their
699:
mirrors that of its insect partner and is thus quite expansive, both in terms of hosts and geographic range.
2279:
760:
1818:"Seasonal flight and genetic distinction among Xylosandrus crassiusculus populations invasive in Australia"
264:, growing on conifers, producing disease and/or sap stain, and also often acting as a bark beetle associate
2131:
857:
Harrington, Thomas C.; McNew, Douglas; Mayers, Chase; Fraedrich, Stephen W.; Reed, Sharon E. (July 2014).
230:
2269:
1584:"Cladistic review of generic taxonomic characters in Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)"
274:
131:
2034:
619:
495:
1468:"Distribution and Evolution of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene Clusters in the Ceratocystidaceae"
2194:
1817:
1668:
612:
584:
569:
333:
284:
732:
598:
These products generally help chelate or bind iron for various cellular processes and can be major
692:
over potential competitors such as molds, which are unable to effectively detoxify this compound.
2111:
1996:
1949:
1845:
1798:
1633:. Vienna series in theoretical biology. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: The MIT Press.
1611:
1258:
1236:
942:
894:
824:
31:
520:
tissue, ambrosia fungi are considered to be ineffective agents of wood decomposition, producing
386:
307:
that have now been moved elsewhere). These analyses imply the genus is most closely related to
2241:
2163:
2103:
2064:
2056:
1988:
1941:
1933:
1892:
1884:
1863:
Gallego, Diego; Lencina, José Luis; Mas, Hugo; Ceveró, Julia; Faccoli, Massimo (6 June 2017).
1837:
1790:
1782:
1743:
1704:
1686:
1634:
1603:
1564:
1546:
1507:
1489:
1448:
1430:
1391:
1373:
1329:
1280:
1228:
1188:
1149:
1131:
1085:
1067:
1026:
1008:
934:
886:
878:
816:
374:
339:
200:
98:
2246:
1110:
de Beer, Z.W.; Duong, T.A.; Barnes, I.; Wingfield, B.D.; Wingfield, M.J. (1 September 2014).
1046:"Novel species of Huntiella from naturally-occurring forest trees in Greece and South Africa"
2095:
2046:
1980:
1923:
1876:
1829:
1774:
1761:
Nel, Wilma J.; De Beer, Z. Wilhelm; Wingfield, Michael J.; Duong, Tuan A. (27 August 2020).
1735:
1694:
1676:
1595:
1554:
1538:
1497:
1479:
1438:
1422:
1381:
1363:
1319:
1311:
1299:
1270:
1220:
1180:
1139:
1123:
1075:
1057:
1016:
998:
966:
926:
870:
808:
599:
449:
260:
1911:
1864:
1762:
342:
and translation elongation factor alpha confirms this and suggests a monophyletic clade of
649:
431:
78:
1672:
1168:
291:
The genera of
Ceratocystidaceae have been revised multiple times based on molecular data
2189:
2051:
1699:
1656:
1559:
1502:
1467:
1443:
1410:
1386:
1351:
1144:
1111:
1080:
1045:
1021:
986:
796:
635:
shares its most significant ecological interactions with the granulate ambrosia beetle
438:
operates only through the latter mechanism, which is distinct from what is reported in
858:
2263:
2115:
1849:
1802:
1599:
1240:
1208:
946:
914:
828:
537:
366:
galleries, not immediately distinguishable from many other ambrosia fungi. Culturing
245:
2000:
1953:
1816:
Tran, H. X.; Doland
Nichols, J.; Li, D.; Le, N. H.; Lawson, S. A. (2 October 2022).
1615:
1582:
Hulcr, Jiri; Dole, Stephanie A.; Beaver, Roger A.; Cognato, Anthony I. (July 2007).
186:
like fungi had previously been documented from the galleries and mycangia of native
2154:
898:
645:
423:
239:
213:
167:
88:
2168:
1833:
795:
Saragih, Syaiful Amri; Takemoto, Shuhei; Kusumoto, Dai; Kamata, Naoto (May 2021).
426:(minute, dense cushions of nonreproductive hyphae holding up the fertile tissue).
1968:
1275:
1127:
1542:
771:
is not in and of itself a severe tree disease, merely a critical foundation for
722:
653:
592:
529:
481:
464:
conidiogenous structures from the less swollen, non-detachable conidiophores of
220:
171:
108:
1739:
1003:
812:
410:) has ever been reported to produce sexual structures, and the rest (including
1928:
1880:
1778:
1426:
1224:
1062:
930:
704:
347:
234:
208:
68:
2107:
2060:
1992:
1937:
1888:
1841:
1786:
1747:
1690:
1607:
1550:
1493:
1434:
1377:
1333:
1232:
1192:
1135:
1071:
1012:
938:
882:
820:
2176:
1681:
1657:"Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles"
1298:
Mayers, Chase G.; Harrington, Thomas C.; Ranger, Christopher M. (May 2017).
727:
541:
473:
48:
2068:
2035:"The Ambrosia Symbiosis: From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management"
1945:
1896:
1794:
1708:
1568:
1511:
1452:
1395:
1368:
1352:"Patterns of functional enzyme activity in fungus farming ambrosia beetles"
1284:
1153:
1089:
1030:
890:
1484:
1315:
2215:
2148:
1984:
575:
There are various molecular indications that hint at other ways in which
427:
419:
2099:
1209:"Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes"
2207:
737:
but others merely facilitate the mass accumulation of beetles on wood.
685:
533:
1324:
1184:
2220:
657:
521:
207:
with a fine peridium (outer layer) and aseptate (lacking crosswalls)
58:
2125:
960:
414:) have been assumed to undergo exclusively clonal reproduction. All
2181:
1629:
Schultz, Ted R.; Peregrine, Peter N.; Gawne, Richard, eds. (2021).
970:
874:
679:, can often be found within and even seem to exceed the density of
488:
and beetles instead transport fungi to new trees as disarticulated
751:
676:
618:
561:
525:
517:
494:
489:
448:
385:
373:
204:
764:
unlikely to sustain serious permanent damage from these insects.
667:
Though trees and insects are perhaps the most pivotal points of
2129:
1631:
The convergent evolution of agriculture in humans and insects
225:
encompassing a few economically insignificant root diseases;
1967:
Flechtmann, Carlos A. H.; Atkinson, Thomas H. (March 2016).
560:
indicate that when growing on wood, this fungus possesses a
675:
grows are not monocultures and other fungi, particularly
627:
within its gallery. Walls are stained with fungal growth.
311:
Within this taxon, studies incorporating the LSU rDNA of
250:
containing various agents of disease affecting monocots;
159:
is the fungal symbiont of the granulate ambrosia beetle,
1409:
Huang, Yin-Tse; Skelton, James; Hulcr, Jiri (May 2020).
745:
fall into the latter category. As previously mentioned,
1350:
De Fine Licht, Henrik H; Biedermann, Peter H W (2012).
476:(a pocket in the insect cuticle for fungal dispersal),
456:
hyphae in culture on MYEA under a dissecting microscope
418:
produce translucent, flask-shaped conidiogenous cells (
199:
are ambrosia beetle symbionts and belong to the family
170:
that sustain and are transported by xylomycetophagous
2033:
Hulcr, Jiri; Stelinski, Lukasz L. (31 January 2017).
472:
is grazing upon the gallery. When within the beetle
394:
with a slightly different morphology growing on MYEA
2138:
556:. Interestingly, metabolomic studies incorporating
446:(suggested to use the former, chain-like method).
233:associated with lesions on trees, transported by
1722:Horn, Scott; Horn, George N. (1 January 2006).
1661:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
754:can be a diagnostic feature for this and other
579:may interact with its woody hosts. The genus
8:
611:possess only half of the full complement of
254:comprising several species of tree pathogens
16:Ambrosia fungus of granulate ambrosia beetle
1112:"Redefining Ceratocystis and allied genera"
362:appears as a dark stain along the walls of
295:incorporating sequences derived from other
268:The closest relatives within the genus are
2126:
323:comprise a monophyletic lineage excluding
20:
2050:
1927:
1698:
1680:
1558:
1501:
1483:
1442:
1385:
1367:
1323:
1274:
1143:
1079:
1061:
1020:
1002:
591:encoding intracellular and extracellular
564:profile more similar to non-mutualistic
784:
631:Aside from its association with trees,
962:Revista Facultad Nacional de AgronomĂa
552:associated with a different symbiont,
524:primarily dedicated to degradation of
1910:KavÄŤIÄŤ, Andreja (20 September 2018).
1345:
1343:
1252:
1250:
7:
1207:Sirinapa; Liu, Jian-Kui (May 2015).
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
965:. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
790:
788:
502:hyphae stained with lactophenol blue
406:from the xyleborine ambrosia beetle
346:associated with the scolytine tribe
602:in other fungi; however, seeing as
2052:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035105
2016:Cooperative Economic Insect Report
14:
1728:Journal of Entomological Science
1600:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2007.00386.x
741:and the symbionts of most other
671:ecology, the galleries in which
35:
587:gene clusters with the rest of
726:represents a true pathogen of
656:, which typically feed on the
609:Ceratocystidaceae, Ambrosiella
585:nonribosomal peptide synthesis
331:) and most closely aligned to
303:(and sometimes only including
190:populations in central Japan,
1:
1834:10.1080/00049158.2022.2151722
915:"Families of Sordariomycetes"
147:T.C. Harr. & McNew (2014)
1531:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
1276:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.08.002
1128:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.10.001
440:A. beaveri , A. trypodendri,
299:species but not necessarily
278:(the black twig borer), and
2039:Annual Review of Entomology
2296:
1973:The Coleopterists Bulletin
1740:10.18474/0749-8004-41.1.90
1004:10.1186/s43008-021-00055-1
913:Ruvishika S. (July 2016).
813:10.1007/s13199-021-00762-8
637:Xylosandrus crassiusculus.
338:subsequent analysis using
2088:The Canadian Entomologist
1929:10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.9
1881:10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.7
1779:10.11646/zootaxa.4838.3.7
1543:10.1093/g3journal/jkac008
1427:10.1038/s41396-020-0593-7
1225:10.1007/s13225-015-0331-z
1063:10.3897/mycokeys.69.53205
931:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6
625:Xylosandrus crassiusculus
358:When within a host tree,
329:Phialoporopsis ferruginea
162:Xylosandrus crassiusculus
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
390:An image of a colony of
378:An image of a colony of
317:A. xylebori, A. hartigii
288:(the black stem borer).
280:Ambrosiella grosmanniae,
2275:Fungi described in 2014
1773:(3): zootaxa.4838.3.7.
1682:10.1073/pnas.1716852115
422:) borne on non-fertile
229:, primarily made up of
1369:10.1186/1742-9994-9-13
723:Harringtonia lauricola
628:
536:(common components of
503:
457:
395:
383:
1588:Systematic Entomology
1485:10.3390/genes10050328
1316:10.1139/cjb-2016-0297
622:
613:catechol dioxygenases
498:
452:
389:
377:
275:Xylosandrus compactus
270:Ambrosiella xylebori,
1985:10.1649/072.070.0109
1356:Frontiers in Zoology
695:The distribution of
583:shares at least two
550:Xyleborinus saxenii)
334:Ceratocystis adiposa
285:Xylosandrus germanus
2140:Ambrosiella roeperi
2100:10.4039/tce.2020.51
1822:Australian Forestry
1673:2018PNAS..115.4447R
1116:Studies in Mycology
733:Xyleborus glabratus
237:and in one case an
156:Ambrosiella roeperi
141:Ambrosiella roeperi
25:Ambrosiella roeperi
629:
554:Raffaelea sulfurea
504:
458:
396:
384:
2257:
2256:
2242:Open Tree of Life
2132:Taxon identifiers
1667:(17): 4447–4452.
1640:978-0-262-54320-0
1269:(11): 1075–1092.
1185:10.1111/epp.12358
600:virulence factors
589:Ceratocystidaceae
566:Ceratocystidaceae
408:Anisandrus maiche
315:suggest that it,
201:Ceratocystidaceae
182:Although unnamed
152:
151:
99:Ceratocystidaceae
2287:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1931:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1684:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1487:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1421:(5): 1089–1099.
1415:The ISME Journal
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1371:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1213:Fungal Diversity
1203:
1197:
1196:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1065:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1006:
981:
975:
974:
957:
951:
950:
919:Fungal Diversity
909:
903:
902:
854:
833:
832:
792:
773:X. crassiusculus
761:entomopathogenic
747:X. crassiusculus
701:X. crassiusculus
650:ambrosia beetles
641:X. crassiusculus
470:X. crassiusculus
404:A. cleistominuta
364:X. crassiusculus
282:the symbiont of
272:the symbiont of
261:Endoconidiophora
188:X. crassiusculus
143:
40:
39:
21:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1043:
1042:
1038:
983:
982:
978:
959:
958:
954:
911:
910:
906:
856:
855:
836:
794:
793:
786:
781:
717:
509:
432:aleurioconidium
382:growing on MYEA
356:
180:
148:
145:
139:
126:
123:A. roeperi
79:Sordariomycetes
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2280:Fungus species
2277:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2225:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2094:(1): 103–120.
2074:
2045:(1): 285–303.
2025:
2006:
1959:
1922:(1): 191–193.
1902:
1875:(3): 431–434.
1855:
1828:(4): 224–231.
1808:
1753:
1714:
1646:
1639:
1621:
1594:(3): 568–584.
1574:
1517:
1458:
1401:
1339:
1310:(5): 503–512.
1290:
1263:Fungal Biology
1246:
1219:(1): 199–301.
1198:
1179:(1): 100–103.
1159:
1122:(1): 187–219.
1095:
1036:
976:
971:10.15446/rfnam
952:
904:
875:10.3852/13-354
869:(4): 835–845.
834:
807:(1): 111–118.
783:
782:
780:
777:
716:
713:
616:metabolites.
540:) rather than
508:
505:
355:
352:
252:Davidsoniella,
179:
176:
150:
149:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:EPPO Bulletin
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
980:
977:
972:
968:
964:
963:
956:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
765:
762:
757:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
725:
724:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
638:
634:
626:
621:
617:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:hemicellulose
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
506:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
388:
381:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
330:
326:
325:A. ferruginea
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
249:
247:
246:Thielaviopsis
243:bark beetle;
242:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
222:
217:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
163:
158:
157:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2270:Microascales
2139:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1979:(1): 79–83.
1976:
1972:
1962:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1734:(1): 90–91.
1731:
1727:
1717:
1664:
1660:
1649:
1630:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1359:
1355:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1266:
1262:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1119:
1115:
1053:
1049:
1039:
994:
990:
979:
961:
955:
925:(1): 1–317.
922:
918:
907:
866:
862:
804:
800:
772:
768:
766:
756:Xylosandrus.
755:
746:
742:
738:
731:
730:vectored by
721:
718:
715:Significance
708:
700:
696:
694:
689:
680:
672:
668:
666:
661:
654:bark beetles
640:
636:
632:
630:
624:
608:
603:
595:
593:siderophores
588:
580:
576:
574:
565:
557:
553:
549:
545:
512:
510:
499:
485:
477:
469:
465:
461:
459:
453:
443:
439:
435:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
391:
379:
367:
363:
359:
357:
343:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
283:
279:
273:
269:
265:
259:
255:
251:
244:
238:
226:
219:
214:Ceratocystis
212:
196:
191:
187:
184:Ambrosiella-
183:
181:
168:Microascales
160:
155:
154:
153:
140:
138:
122:
121:
109:
89:Microascales
24:
18:
743:Xylosandrus
669:Ambrosiella
623:The beetle
604:Ambrosiella
581:Ambrosiella
530:glucomannan
511:In nature,
486:A. roeperi,
482:arthrospore
466:A. xylebori
444:A. hartigii
424:sporodochia
416:Ambrosiella
400:Ambrosiella
344:Ambrosiella
305:Ambrosiella
297:Ambrosiella
235:sap beetles
221:Chalaropsis
197:Ambrosiella
110:Ambrosiella
2264:Categories
2155:Q107482123
2022:: 863–864.
1478:(5): 328.
1325:1807/77270
991:IMA Fungus
779:References
769:A. roeperi
739:A. roeperi
709:A. roeperi
697:A. roeperi
690:A. roeperi
681:A. roeperi
673:A. roeperi
662:A. roeperi
646:commensals
633:A. roeperi
577:A. roeperi
570:convergent
558:A. roeperi
546:A. roeperi
513:A. roeperi
500:A. roeperi
478:A. roeperi
462:A. roeperi
454:A. roeperi
436:A. roeperi
412:A. roeperi
392:A. roeperi
380:A. roeperi
368:A. roeperi
360:A. roeperi
354:Morphology
348:Xyleborini
321:A. beaveri
313:A. roeperi
309:Huntiella.
301:A. roeperi
209:paraphyses
205:ascospores
192:A. roeperi
69:Ascomycota
65:Division:
2116:225322145
2108:0008-347X
2061:0066-4170
1993:0010-065X
1938:1175-5334
1889:1175-5334
1850:257201135
1842:0004-9158
1803:222824697
1787:1175-5334
1748:0749-8004
1691:0027-8424
1608:0307-6970
1551:2160-1836
1494:2073-4425
1435:1751-7362
1378:1742-9994
1362:(1): 13.
1334:1916-2790
1241:256072233
1233:1560-2745
1193:0250-8052
1136:0166-0616
1072:1314-4049
1056:: 33–52.
1013:2210-6359
947:256070646
939:1560-2745
883:0027-5514
863:Mycologia
829:256073583
821:0334-5114
801:Symbiosis
728:Lauraceae
711:with it.
644:assorted
542:cellulose
474:mycangium
420:phialides
398:Only one
227:Huntiella
174:beetles.
172:scolytine
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
2216:MycoBank
2190:Fungorum
2149:Wikidata
2069:27860522
2001:87968678
1954:52976490
1946:30313805
1897:28610243
1795:33056816
1709:29632193
1616:84997704
1569:35077565
1512:31052158
1453:31988472
1396:22672512
1285:26466881
1154:25492989
1090:32733148
1050:MycoKeys
1031:33673862
997:(1): 5.
891:24895423
340:18S rDNA
231:saprobes
178:Taxonomy
95:Family:
45:Domain:
2247:5709637
2234:1535305
2208:8068713
1916:Zootaxa
1869:Zootaxa
1767:Zootaxa
1700:5924889
1669:Bibcode
1560:8896014
1503:6563098
1444:7174304
1387:3502098
1145:4255530
1081:7367892
1022:7934431
899:7083929
686:ethanol
534:callose
522:enzymes
507:Ecology
428:Conidia
105:Genus:
85:Order:
75:Class:
2221:805798
2195:805798
2182:AMBRRO
2114:
2106:
2067:
2059:
1999:
1991:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1895:
1887:
1848:
1840:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1746:
1707:
1697:
1689:
1637:
1614:
1606:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1510:
1500:
1492:
1451:
1441:
1433:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1332:
1304:Botany
1283:
1239:
1231:
1191:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1029:
1019:
1011:
945:
937:
897:
889:
881:
827:
819:
705:cedars
677:yeasts
658:phloem
532:, and
490:hyphae
319:, and
2112:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1950:S2CID
1846:S2CID
1799:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1537:(3).
1472:Genes
1237:S2CID
943:S2CID
895:S2CID
825:S2CID
752:frass
652:from
562:lipid
526:xylan
518:xylem
327:(now
59:Fungi
2229:NCBI
2203:GBIF
2177:EPPO
2169:CPR6
2104:ISSN
2065:PMID
2057:ISSN
1989:ISSN
1942:PMID
1934:ISSN
1920:4483
1893:PMID
1885:ISSN
1873:4273
1838:ISSN
1791:PMID
1783:ISSN
1771:4838
1744:ISSN
1705:PMID
1687:ISSN
1635:ISBN
1604:ISSN
1565:PMID
1547:ISSN
1508:PMID
1490:ISSN
1449:PMID
1431:ISSN
1392:PMID
1374:ISSN
1330:ISSN
1281:PMID
1229:ISSN
1189:ISSN
1150:PMID
1132:ISSN
1086:PMID
1068:ISSN
1027:PMID
1009:ISSN
935:ISSN
887:PMID
879:ISSN
817:ISSN
442:and
258:and
2164:CoL
2096:doi
2092:153
2047:doi
1981:doi
1924:doi
1877:doi
1830:doi
1775:doi
1736:doi
1695:PMC
1677:doi
1665:115
1596:doi
1555:PMC
1539:doi
1498:PMC
1480:doi
1439:PMC
1423:doi
1382:PMC
1364:doi
1320:hdl
1312:doi
1271:doi
1267:119
1221:doi
1181:doi
1140:PMC
1124:doi
1076:PMC
1058:doi
1017:PMC
999:doi
967:doi
927:doi
871:doi
867:106
809:doi
240:Ips
2266::
2244::
2231::
2218::
2205::
2192::
2179::
2166::
2151::
2110:.
2102:.
2090:.
2086:.
2063:.
2055:.
2043:62
2041:.
2037:.
2020:24
2018:.
1995:.
1987:.
1977:70
1975:.
1971:.
1948:.
1940:.
1932:.
1918:.
1914:.
1891:.
1883:.
1871:.
1867:.
1844:.
1836:.
1826:85
1824:.
1820:.
1797:.
1789:.
1781:.
1769:.
1765:.
1742:.
1732:41
1730:.
1726:.
1703:.
1693:.
1685:.
1675:.
1663:.
1659:.
1610:.
1602:.
1592:32
1590:.
1586:.
1563:.
1553:.
1545:.
1535:12
1533:.
1529:.
1506:.
1496:.
1488:.
1476:10
1474:.
1470:.
1447:.
1437:.
1429:.
1419:14
1417:.
1413:.
1390:.
1380:.
1372:.
1358:.
1354:.
1342:^
1328:.
1318:.
1308:95
1306:.
1302:.
1279:.
1265:.
1261:.
1249:^
1235:.
1227:.
1217:72
1215:.
1211:.
1187:.
1177:47
1175:.
1171:.
1148:.
1138:.
1130:.
1120:79
1118:.
1114:.
1098:^
1084:.
1074:.
1066:.
1054:69
1052:.
1048:.
1025:.
1015:.
1007:.
995:12
993:.
989:.
941:.
933:.
923:79
921:.
917:.
893:.
885:.
877:.
865:.
861:.
837:^
823:.
815:.
805:84
803:.
799:.
787:^
528:,
492:.
350:.
2118:.
2098::
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