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Tibetans driving out the
Muslims. Ma Qi responded with 3,000 Chinese Muslim troops, who retook Labrang and machine gunned thousands of Tibetan monks as they tried to flee. Ma Qi besieged Labrang numerous times, the Tibetans and Mongols fought against his Muslim forces for control of Labrang, until Ma Qi gave it up in 1927. His forces were praised by foreigners who traveled through Qinghai for their fighting abilities. However, that was not the last Labrang saw of General Ma. The Muslim forces looted and ravaged the monastery again.
987:
grasslands. Rebellion also stirred the region at the beginning of the 1950s as “Liberation” first settled on the northeastern
Tibetan plateau. The immediate ramifications of each disturbance both for the Amdo Tibetan elites and commoners, and for the Han cadres in their midst, elucidates early PRC nation-building and state-building struggles in minority nationality areas and the influence of this crucial transitional period on relations between Han and Tibetan in Amdo decades later.
30:
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typical family has two homes or bases: one for when they move up into the mountains with their animals in the summer for better grazing, and another down in the valleys where they weather harsh winters and grow fodder for their livestock in small agricultural fields. The families of some villages may make a shorter seasonal trek as their pasture may be nearby, and they may even migrate between homes each day.
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443:, but particularly in a series of settlement waves during the Ming period. Over the centuries, most of the Amdo Mongols have become highly Tibetanised and, superficially at least, it is now difficult to discern their original non-Tibetan ethnicity. Amdo has been famous in epic story and in history as a land where splendid horses are raised and run wild.
1127:'s (PRC) was founded, communist administrators overlaid a series of larger Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures (TAP) on top of the existing county system, but only where Tibetans formed the majority of the population. This policy towards Tibetans, considered a "minority nationality" within their own country, was set down in the constitution of the PRC.
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degrees of prestige. The Chone Prince ruled over the forty-eight "banners" of one group of
Tibetans; other Tibetan rulers or chiefs held grants or commissions- some of them hundreds of years old- from the Imperial Government. At that time the ethnic frontier corresponded almost exactly with the administrative frontier.
1015:
585:, he was set to travel to Central Tibet, but for a drought. Instead he chose to travel in solitude to Amdo. Locals had heard of him and his solitude was not to be as he was sought after. In time he established a line of refugee monks in Amdo and with the wealth that he acquired he built temples and stupas also.
1072:
Amdo
Tibetans' traditional lifestyle and economy are centered on agriculture. Depending on the region and environment Amdo Tibetans live in, they are either nomads (Drog pa) or farmers (Sheng pa). The economy of Amdo of has been constant throughout history and has changed little in the modern time. A
852:
In the time of the Manchu dynasty, the entire region was administered by a viceroy of the
Imperial Government. That portion of the country occupied by Chinese Moslems and some other, smaller, racial units was under traditional Chinese law. The Tibetans enjoyed almost complete independence and varying
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in 1368, although it avoided directly resisting the Yuan court until the latter's fall. By 1343, Mongol authority in Amdo had weakened considerably: Köden’s fiefdom had been leaderless for some time, and the
Tibetans were harassing the Mongols near Liangzhou (byang ngos). In 1347, a general rebellion
549:
There is a historical account of an official from the 9th century sent to collect taxes to Amdo. Instead, he acquires a fief. He then tells of the 10 virtues of the land. Two of the virtues are in the grass, one for meadows near home, one for distant pastures. Two virtues in soil, one to build houses
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of the former Amdo into
Sichuan. This boundary also roughly corresponds with the modern boundary of Qinghai with Sichuan. A new boundary, following the Ning-ching mountain range, was established between Sichuan and Tibet. East of these mountains, local chieftains ruled under the nominal authority of
951:
province. Due to the lack of a
Chinese administrative presence in the region, however, most of the communities of the rural areas of Amdo and Kham remained under their own local, Tibetan lay and monastic leaders into the 1950s. Tibetan region of Lho-Jang and Gyarong in Kham, and Ngapa (Chinese Aba)
545:
After 838 when Tibet's King Lang darma killed his brother, the
Tibetan Empire broke into independent principalities, while Do Kham (Amdo and Kham) maintained culturally and religiously Tibetan. Within Amdo, the historical independent polities of hereditary rulers and kingdoms remained, while Mongol
847:
In all these predominantly culturally
Tibetan areas, the Qing Empire used a system of administration relying on local, Tibetan, rulers. A 1977 University of Chicago PhD. thesis, described the political history of the Tibetan region in Gansu (which was historically one part of Amdo) during the Qing
550:
and one for good fields. Two virtues are in the water, one for drinking and one for irrigation. There are two in the stone, one for building and one for milling. The timber has two virtues, one for building and one for firewood. The original inhabitants of the Amdo region were the forest-dwellers (
986:
In July 1958 as the revolutionary fervor of the Great Leap Forward swept across the People's Republic of China, Zeku County in the Amdo region of cultural Tibet erupted in violence against efforts by the Chinese Communist Party to impose rapid collectivization on the pastoral communities of the
982:
In 1958, Chinese communists assumed official control of Tibetan regions in Kham and Amdo. Many of the nomads of Amdo revolted. Some areas were reported virtually empty of men: They either had been killed or imprisoned or had fled. The largest monastery in Amdo was forced to close. Of its three
920:
waged war in the name of the Republic of China against the Labrang monastery and Goloks. After ethnic rioting between Muslims and Tibetans emerged in 1918, Ma Qi defeated the Tibetans, then commenced to tax the town heavily for 8 years. In 1925, a Tibetan rebellion broke out, with thousands of
943:'s weak central government, effectively incorporating it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. From that point until 1949, much of the rest of Amdo was gradually assimilated into the Kuomintang Chinese provincial system, with the major portion of it becoming nominally part of
380:
city) of Qinghai province. While Xining city and Haidong city are geographically small compared to the rest of Qinghai province, this area has the largest population density, with the result that the Han Chinese outnumber other ethnicities in Qinghai province generally.
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he became so popular that he was made Kublai's spiritual guide and later appointed by him to the rank of priest king of Tibet and constituted ruler of (1) Tibet Proper, comprising the thirteen states of Ü-Tsang; (2) Kham, and (3) Amdo. He spent his later years at
163:. Phagspa was made Kublai's spiritual guide and later appointed by him to the rank of priest king of Tibet and constituted ruler of (1) Tibet Proper, comprising the thirteen states of Ü-Tsang; (2) Kham; and (3) Amdo. From the 14th century to the 16th century, the
740:
school and its incarnated spiritual leaders, the Dalai Lamas, to gain enough support to last through the present day. Gushi Khan also returned portions of Eastern Tiber (Kham) to Tibet, but his base in the Kokonor region of Amdo remained under Mongol control.
202:
Historically, culturally, and ethnically a part of Tibet, Amdo was from the mid-18th century and after administered by a series of local Tibetan rulers who were associated with the government located in Ü-Tsang through monastery systems, and Dalai Lama's
963:
was born in the Amdo region, in 1935, and when he was announced as a possible candidate, Ma Bufang tried to prevent the boy from travelling to Tibet. He demanded a ransom of 300,000 dollars, which was paid and then he escorted the young boy to Tibet.
780:
When the Manchu Qing dynasty rose to power in the early 18th century it established Xining, a town to the north of Amdo, as the administrative base for the area. Amdo was placed within the Qinghai Region. During this period they were ruled by the
727:
came there in 16th and 17th centuries. Power struggles among various Mongol factions in Tibet and Amdo led to a period alternating between the supremacy of the Dalai Lama (nominally) and Mongol overlords. In 1642, Tibet was reunified under the
3176:
889:, were ruled by local and regional warlords and chiefs. The Hui Muslims administered the agricultural areas in the north and east of the region. Amdo saw numerous powerful leaders including both secular and non. The monasteries, such as
1120:(Choné). In 1624, for example, the Drotsang Nangso sponsored a monastery which was called the Drotsang Sargön; the monastery at Detsa Nangso was called the Detsa Gompa. Earlier in 1376, a Horse and Tea Trading Station was in Co né.
1081:
As in Amdo and Kham, independent local polities were the traditional governing systems. In Amdo, communities of nomads, farmers, horse traders and monasteries were organized into these polities, which continued from the era of the
207:
had not directly governed the area since that time. Local Tibetan rulers were also often in some kind of alliance with or under the titular authority of a larger, more powerful non-Tibetan regime by such as Mongols and Qing.
844:
the Sichuan provincial government; Lhasa administered the area to the west. The 1720s thus saw Tibet's first major reduction in area in centuries. Other parts of old Amdo was administered by the Administrator of Qinghai.
436:) Mongolian and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, to the west of the Qinghai Lake, also has a minority Tibetan population (ca. 10%), and only those Tibetans in the eastern parts of this Prefecture are Amdo inhabitants.
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in Ü-Tsang, which required that he travel through Amdo regularly. On one of these trips, he encountered armed resistance in Amdo and required escorts from Mongol Princes to travel through Amdo. While the concept of
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is a monk that helped resurrect Tibetan Buddhism. He was taught as a child and showed amazing enthusiasm for the religion. When he was ordained he went in search of teachings. After obtaining the
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There are many dialects of the Tibetan language spoken in Amdo due to the geographical isolation of many groups. Written Tibetan is the same throughout Tibetan-speaking regions and is based on
3166:
2227:"青海解放：1950年1月1日青海省人民政府正式成立中央任命赵寿山为主席] (Liberation of Qinghai: January 1, 1950: Qinghai Provincial People's Government established. Central government appoints Zhao Shoushan as Governor)"
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erupted in some two hundred places in eastern Tibet, and though troops were sent to suppress them, by 1355 eastern Tibet was no longer mentioned in the dynastic history of the Mongols.
368:
Today, ethnic Tibetans predominate in the western and southern parts of Amdo, which are now administered as various Tibetan, Tibetan-Qiang, or Mongol-Tibetan autonomous prefectures. The
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231:
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From 1958 to 1962, the political climate in Amdo was considered unbearable. In 1958, the arrest and murder of the Tseten Monastery's Khenpo Jigme Rigpai Nyingpo while incarcerated in
2512:
Weiner, Benno Ryan (2012). "The Chinese Revolution on the Tibetan Frontier: State Building, National Integration and Socialist Transformation, Zeku (Tsékhok) County, 1953-1958".
967:
In May 1949, Ma Bufang was appointed Military Governor of Northwest China, making him the highest-ranked administrator of the Amdo region. However, by August 1949, the advancing
3491:
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687:, were collectively referred to as the three commanderies of Tibet since then. Tibet regained its independence from the Mongols before native Chinese overthrew the
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and Chinese populations fluctuated among the indigenous peoples and Tibetans. During this time period, Buddhist monks from Central Tibet exiled to the Amdo region.
1232:
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again seized political control in Amdo areas from the middle of the 16th century. However, the Ming Dynasty continued to retain control in Hezhou and Xining wei.
2675:
3108:
1054:
840:
408:(རྔ་བ།; Aba) Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous prefecture of north-west Sichuan province. Additionally, a great many Amdo Tibetans live within the Haidong (མཚོ་ཤར།;
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supervised the choosing of the local leaders or headmen in the areas under their control. These tribes consisted of several thousand nomads. Meanwhile,
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1236:
913:, had secular leaders appointed, with some becoming kings and even creating familial dynasties. This secular form of government went as far as Machu.
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2814:
2757:
1086:. Varying in size from small to large, some were inherited while others were not, and both women and men were individual leaders of these polities.
280:
Amdo consists of all of northeastern Tibet, including the upper reaches of the Machu or Yellow River and Lake Qinghai. Its southern border is the
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nominally maintained the Mongol divisions of Tibet with some sub-division, its power is weaker and influenced Amdo mostly at their borders. The
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In 1912, Qing Dynasty collapsed and relative independence followed with the Dalai Lama ruling Central Tibet. Eastern Tibet, including Amdo and
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428:) city, but they constitute only a minority (ca. 8.5%) of the total population there and so the region did not attain TAP status. The vast
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Kolmas, Josef (1967). "Tibet and Imperial China: A Survey of Sino-Tibetan Relations up to the End of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912".
800:
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975:(the PLA) had taken much of Amdo from the Nationalists. By 1952, the major towns in the region were fully under the control of
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3392:
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2804:
2340:
Pirie, Fernanda (Jan 2005). "Segmentation within the state: the reconfiguration of Tibetan tribes in China's reform period".
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2132:"Change, Conflict and Continuity among a community of nomadic pastoralists—A Case Study from western Tibet, 1950–1990"
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had annihilated Ma's army, though residual forces took several years to defeat. By 1949, advance units of the Chinese
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994:, protests broke out in 2008 in Amdo, among other places. Some were violent; however the majority were peaceful.
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in Amdo, were still independent of Chinese hegemony, despite the creation on paper of Qinghai Province in 1927.
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Amdo was traditionally a place of great learning and scholarship and contains many great monasteries including
770:
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kingdom) in the north-west was incorporated into Ü-Tsang. The formal name of this Tibetan region/province is
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people were early users of iron and stories abound of them in their iron breast-plates with iron swords.
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1965:
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49:
2015:
1936:
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Yeh, Emily T. (2003). "Tibetan Range Wars: Spatial Politics and Authority on the Grasslands of Amdo".
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are majority in the northern part (Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture) and eastern part (
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2626:. Vol. 2: The Calm Before the Storm, 1951–1955. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
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2327:. Serie Orientale Roma. Vol. 65. Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
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2191:. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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2143:
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979:, though many of the rural areas continued to enjoy de facto autonomy for several more years.
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401:
389:
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284:. The area is wind-swept and tree-less, with much grass. Animals of the region consist of the
180:
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China's Inner Asian Frontier: Photographs of the Wulsin Expedition to Northwest China in 1923
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578:
563:
551:
518:). These ministers had their positions inherited from their parents, similar to the emperor.
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2064:
1280:"An Overview of Amdo (Northeastern Tibet) Historical Polities | Mandala Collections - Texts"
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until 1962, fighting the People's Liberation Army and harsh Chinese land reform policies.
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2664:(7). Canberra, Australia: The Australian National University, Centre of Oriental Studies.
839:. The boundary of Xining Prefecture with Sichuan was also set at this time, dividing the
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The majority of Amdo Tibetans live in the larger part of Qinghai province, including the
1092:, consisting of groups of families, are the basic socio-cum-political organization. The
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1151:(TAR) is not part of the historical Amdo province. It was directly administered by the
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1038:
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and Tibet-proper was established following this. The boundary of Xining Prefecture and
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Dhondup, Yangdon; Diemberger, Hildegard (2002). "Introduction: Mongols and Tibetans".
732:, by gaining spiritual and temporal authority through the efforts of the Mongol king,
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Mongols too have been long-term settlers in Amdo, arriving first during the time of
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785:, who allowed near total autonomy by the monasteries and the other local leaders.
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In historical times, the people of the region were typically non-Tibetan, such as
2035:
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confirmed the division, and Do Kham as two well defined commanderies, along with
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369:
160:
23:
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1203:] (in Tibetan). Lanzhou, Gansu, China: Kan suʼu mi dmangs dpe skrun khang.
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929:
906:
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212:
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Labrang: A Tibetan Buddhist Monastery at the Crossroads of Four Civilizations
538:, while three stele were built – one at the border, one in Lhasa, and one in
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3307:
2887:
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1578:
Translation and Annotation of Dunhuang Tibetan Historical Documents of Tibet
1361:
1160:
936:
933:
925:
720:
219:
140:
2581:
2055:
Davis, Michael C. (May 2008). "Establishing a workable Autonomy in Tibet".
1339:
The Dragon in the Land of Snows : a History of Modern Tibet Since 1947
404:(ཀན་ལྷོ།; Gannan) TAP of the southwest Gansu province, and sections of the
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2842:
879:
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during the chaos, and held the entire region until their final defeat by
285:
144:
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tried to wrest control of this area from the ministers, unsuccessfully.
108:) in literatures. Historically, Amdo and Kham together were also called
3731:
3685:
3600:
2892:
2332:
2068:
1046:
944:
939:, the son of Ma Qi, seized the northeast corner of Amdo in the name of
894:
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832:
820:
804:
799:
724:
602:
377:
318:
215:
184:
125:
121:
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on maps and manuscripts. Amdo encompasses a large area from the Machu (
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seized full control of Qinghai (Amdo) in the 1720s. The boundaries of
3610:
3259:
3142:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
3137:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
2902:
2447:"Historical Map of Tibet IV: The End of Isolation, [1940-49]"
1061:
1030:
875:
866:
while touring the country, was enticed by a procession of a thousand
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816:
705:
622:
582:
491:
373:
211:
From 1917 to 1928, parts of Amdo were occupied intermittently by the
168:
148:
67:
2208:
Amdo Tibetans in Transition: Society and Culture in the Post-Mao Era
1937:
https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Jigme-Rigpai-Lodro/2948
1014:
388:(མཚོ་བྱང་།; Haibei in Chinese) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP),
365:) and Ü-Tsang, however, they are all considered ethnically Tibetan.
238:
forces in Amdo emerged in 1956 and continued operating through the
230:
forces had defeated both the Kuomintang and the Tibetan forces and
3796:
3615:
3605:
3478:
3167:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
2720:
1156:
1116:, translated as 'commissioner'. There were also kingdoms, such as
1013:
948:
917:
798:
782:
737:
625:
conquered eastern Amdo by 1240, and made the whole Tibetan region
598:
495:
289:
265:
129:
77:
28:
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into Tibet as it engulfed Eastern Tibet including Amdo and even
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the region, solidifying their hold on the area roughly by 1958.
93:
85:
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2380:
1798:
1796:
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forces started participating in the ruling of the Amdo area. A
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from the 10th century to the 12th century. In the 13th century
3573:
1221:(in Tibetan and Chinese). Translated by Chen, Qingying. Lhasa.
297:
2671:, Qing Colonial Legal Culture in Amdo Tibet (original title:
1966:
An Overview of Amdo (Northeastern Tibet) Historical Polities"
1192:
Dkon mchog bstan pa rab rgyas, brag dgon zhabs drung (1982).
663:
referring to the eastern parts of its territory as mdo-gams (
510:
and his successors to the royal family's ministers, the Gar (
416:) Prefecture of Qinghai which is located to the east of the
2286:(March 1960). "China and Tibet: Background to the Revolt".
2468:
Chinese Awakenings: Life Stories From The Unofficial China
1307:
1305:
878:. He spent a year resting and learning among other things
1849:
1112:, translated as 'encampment', while larger still is the
542:. The Tibetan army settled within the eastern frontier.
2643:
The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: Amdo
831:. This roughly corresponds with the modern boundary of
139:
until the 9th century and was ruled by a local Tibetan
120:). Amdo is mostly coterminous with China's present-day
3192:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
3177:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
349:) as a distinction from the Tibetans of Kham (Khampa,
321:
or Tibetan speakers of non-Tibetan origin such as the
2237:
The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama
1583:. Lanzhou: Gansu jiao yu chu ban she. pp. 46–49.
1064:'s Nantan prison marked the beginning of the period.
530:
In 821, a treaty established the borders between the
1560:
Dunhuang manuscripts of Tibetan historical documents
292:. Domesticated animals of the region consist of the
183:
seized control of Amdo in the 1720s after wars with
84:(Central Tibet) in the west and Dotoe also known as
3711:
3547:
3511:
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3371:
3330:
3215:
3124:
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2771:
2740:
2731:
2684:
International Society for Chinese Law & History
2111:Fletcher, Joseph (1980). Alonso, Mary Ellen (ed.).
333:
The inhabitants of Amdo are referred to as Amdowa (
2619:
2135:
1373:
1371:
761:of the Khoshud deposed the regent and killed the
506:. During this period, control of Amdo moved from
1630:
1628:
1342:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
947:province and a smaller portion becoming part of
486:From the seventh through the ninth century, the
1683:
1681:
1679:
775:an expedition of the Qing imperial army in 1720
570:). The grass men were famous for their horses.
222:. In 1928, the autonomous Ma Family joined the
22:For the county in Tibet Autonomous Region, see
2465:Tyson, James L. Jr.; Tyson, Ann Scott (1995).
2090:Cultural Relations on the Kansu-Tibetan Border
819:Prefecture, which contains most of Amdo, with
124:province, but also includes small portions of
3109:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
2705:
2134:. In Barnett, Robert; Akiner, Shirin (eds.).
1055:Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
8:
2375:. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc.
1201:The political and religious history of A-mdo
983:thousand monks, two thousand were arrested.
2686:— 中國法律与歷史國際學會, vol. 1, No 1, November 2014)
2430:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1658:
1521:
253:, monks, nuns, and scholars, including the
3551:
3517:
3377:
3225:
3221:
2737:
2712:
2698:
2690:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1919:
1860:
1775:
1739:
1670:
1646:
1545:
1497:
1473:
1449:
1231:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1143:The identically-named, sparsely-populated
400:(མགོ་ལོག།; Guoluo) TAP, as well as in the
226:, the Chinese Nationalist Party. By 1952,
2542:
2353:
1802:
1787:
1715:
1533:
1261:
1249:
629:, separated from the territory of former
2497:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
1814:
1001:
609:, possibly of Qiang descent, formed the
2409:A Brief History of Chinese Civilization
2392:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Shambhala.
2210:. The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub.
2206:Huber, Toni (2002). Huber, Toni (ed.).
1413:
1184:
1136:
2866:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
2261:. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
1907:
1751:
1727:
1711:
1605:
1509:
1224:
790:continue to expand further and further
613:, which lasted into the 13th century.
2947:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1977:
1947:
1895:
1872:
1826:
1763:
1699:
1687:
1634:
1593:
1485:
1461:
1425:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1323:
1311:
1296:
788:The 18th century saw the Qing Empire
696:14th century through the 16th century
637:began in 1253 when a Tibetan priest,
167:controlled some areas within today's
155:began in 1253 when a Tibetan priest,
7:
3074:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1884:
1838:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1235:) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1057:and Taktsang Lhamo in Dzoge County.
2673:A Document from the Xunhua Archives
2106:from the original on 18 March 2008.
1437:
245:Amdo is the home of many important
3052:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3007:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2445:Tibet Environmental Watch (2013).
1284:texts.mandala.library.virginia.edu
794:assumed control over Central Tibet
749:In 1705, with the approval of the
76:) is one of the three traditional
14:
3916:Administrative divisions of Tibet
3089:Protests and uprisings since 1950
3079:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
3197:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
3187:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
2016:"Tibet, and My Time Spent There"
1167:in the northern part of the TAR.
3172:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
2471:. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
2092:. University of Chicago Press.
2037:Tears Of Blood: A Cry for Tibet
1108:. A larger organisation is the
1104:peoples arranged themselves in
3427:Patron and priest relationship
3393:Central Tibetan Administration
3202:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
2645:. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
2516:. Columbia University: 1–470.
2255:Nietupski, Paul Kocot (1999).
2183:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
2138:Resistance and Reform in Tibet
1850:Tibet Environmental Watch 2013
635:patron and priest relationship
424:) and around Xining (ཟི་ལིང།;
396:(རྨ་ལྷོ་།; Huangnan) TAP, and
153:patron and priest relationship
72:
1:
3792:Historical and cultural sites
3157:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
2618:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (2007).
2325:Central Tibet and The Mongols
2240:. New York, NY: Grove Press.
2130:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1994).
2086:"I: The Kansu-Tibetan Border"
490:extended as far north as the
3132:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
2587:Resources in other libraries
2407:Schirokauer, Conrad (2006).
2388:Richardson, Hugh E. (1986).
2371:Richardson, Hugh E. (1962).
2142:. Indiana University Press.
2115:. Harvard University Press.
1068:Traditional pastoral economy
928:formed an alliance with the
827:, or Central Tibet, was the
3152:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
3042:British expedition to Tibet
3032:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
3002:Battle of the Salween River
2084:Ekvall, Robert B. (1977) .
1714:, pp. 41–42 quoted by
1159:and is today a part of the
597:came into contact with the
19:Traditional region of Tibet
3932:
3525:Postage and postal history
2977:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
2641:Gruschke, Andreas (2001).
2611:10.1163/146481702793647452
2364:10.3167/082279405781826074
2166:The Making of Modern Tibet
2164:Grunfield, A. Tom (1996).
1125:People's Republic of China
977:People's Republic of China
554:), the mountain-dwellers (
450:
80:regions, the others being
21:
3855:
3554:
3520:
3380:
3228:
3224:
2987:Mongol invasions of Tibet
2622:A History of Modern Tibet
2582:Resources in your library
2300:10.1017/S0305741000022724
2023:Columbia East Asia Review
1621:. УБ: дөтгөөр боть. 2003.
676:
668:
392:(མཚོ་ལྷོ་།; Hainan) TAP,
354:
338:
192:
105:
63:
45:
3385:Tibet Autonomous Region
3147:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
3099:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
2493:Van Schaik, Sam (2011).
2373:A Short History of Tibet
2323:Petech, Luciano (1990).
1580:
1562:
1336:Shakya, Tsering (1999).
1218:
1196:
973:People's Liberation Army
969:People's Liberation Army
605:. Then around 1032, the
558:), the plains-dwellers (
300:, goats, sheep, and the
187:leader Lobdzan Dandzin (
3492:TAR People's Government
3452:Serfs' Emancipation Day
2992:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
2553:10.1111/1467-7660.00316
2189:Encyclopædia Britannica
2014:Barney, Austin (2008).
1910:, pp. 398–405, 427
1163:region administered by
1149:Tibet Autonomous Region
837:Tibet Autonomous Region
717:Upper (Kokonor) Mongols
700:Although the following
494:, south into India and
313:Historical demographics
228:Chinese Communist Party
181:Emperor Shizong of Qing
135:Amdo was a part of the
3162:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
3116:Special Frontier Force
2531:Development and Change
2234:Laird, Thomas (2006).
2057:Human Rights Quarterly
1776:Tyson & Tyson 1995
1214:Dorje, Kunger (1988).
1022:
1011:
855:
808:
34:
33:Amdo province in Tibet
3535:Qinghai–Tibet railway
3530:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
3497:TAR People's Congress
3469:India–Tibet relations
3442:Independence movement
3094:1959 Tibetan uprising
2982:Battle of Dafei River
2830:Era of Fragmentation
2426:Stein, R. A. (1972).
2390:Tibet and its History
2034:Craig, Mary (2000) .
1576:Huang, Bufan (2000).
1017:
1005:
850:
802:
655:can be dated back to
653:Tibet's Three Regions
566:), and the woodsmen (
240:1959 Tibetan uprising
32:
3843:Traditional medicine
3057:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2878:Relations with Ming
2848:Relations with Song
2820:Relations with Tang
2758:European exploration
2428:Tibetan Civilization
2411:. Houghton Mifflin.
2284:Patterson, George N.
1194:mdo smad chos 'byung
990:As a prelude to the
932:. In the 1930s, the
848:dynasty as follows:
803:Shadzong Ritro near
661:Dunhuang manuscripts
329:Present demographics
3487:Regional Government
3464:CIA Tibetan program
3447:Serfdom controversy
3331:Traditional regions
3182:Simla Accord (1914)
3104:2008 Tibetan unrest
2928:List of Qing ambans
2873:Phagmodrupa dynasty
2288:The China Quarterly
2168:. M.E. Sharpe Inc.
1565:. pp. 149–151.
916:The Muslim warlord
736:. This allowed the
420:(མཚོ་སྔོན།, Wylie:
282:Bayan Har Mountains
249:spiritual leaders,
3906:Historical regions
3801:(ceremonial scarf)
3772:Dzong architecture
3589:Imperial Preceptor
3459:Sovereignty debate
3405:Etymology of Tibet
3017:Lhasa riot of 1750
3012:Jinchuan campaigns
2997:Battle of Dartsedo
2915:Qing dynasty rule
2858:Yuan dynasty rule
2832:(9th–13th century)
2678:2016-10-12 at the
2069:10.1353/hrq.0.0001
1950:, pp. 123–124
1933:Jigme Rigpai Lodro
1922:, pp. 265–266
1863:, pp. 151–153
1742:, pp. 182–183
1673:, pp. 140–141
1608:, pp. 136–137
1380:, pp. xiii–xv
1023:
1012:
1006:Panoramic view of
809:
562:), the grass-men (
92:(including former
35:
3886:
3885:
3851:
3850:
3543:
3542:
3507:
3506:
3410:Foreign relations
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3211:
3210:
3067:Qinghai–Tibet War
3037:Sikkim expedition
3027:Dogra–Tibetan War
3022:Sino-Nepalese War
2957:political leaders
2935:Post-Qing to 1950
2888:Rinpungpa dynasty
2799:(7th–9th century)
2633:978-0-520-24941-7
2568:Library resources
2514:2012 Dissertation
2504:978-0-300-15404-7
2437:978-0-8047-0901-9
2418:978-0-534-64305-8
2225:Jiao, Xu (2013).
2198:978-1-59339-837-8
2000:Britannica Online
1619:Монгол улсын түүх
1197:མདོ་སྨད་ཆོས་འབྱུང
1043:Labrang Monastery
1019:Labrang Monastery
870:, to stay at the
813:Yongzheng Emperor
721:northern Xinjiang
459:Classical Tibetan
236:Tibetan guerrilla
199:: Лувсанданзан).
193:བློ་བཟང་བསྟན་འཛིན
116:) to the Drichu (
3923:
3901:Regions of Tibet
3871:
3864:
3802:
3579:Tibetan Buddhism
3552:
3518:
3388:
3378:
3226:
3222:
3084:Battle of Chamdo
3062:Sino-Tibetan War
2918:
2881:
2861:
2851:
2833:
2823:
2810:List of emperors
2800:
2782:
2763:Historical money
2738:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2665:
2662:Occasional Paper
2656:
2637:
2625:
2614:
2556:
2546:
2525:
2522:10022/AC:P:14943
2508:
2495:Tibet: A History
2489:
2487:
2485:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2449:. Archived from
2441:
2422:
2403:
2384:
2367:
2357:
2336:
2319:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2251:
2230:
2221:
2202:
2179:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2126:
2107:
2080:
2051:
2040:. Counterpoint.
2030:
2029:(Spring): 71–75.
2020:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1931:Nicole Willock,
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1718:, pp. 80–81
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1659:Schirokauer 2006
1656:
1650:
1649:, pp. 48–49
1644:
1638:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1596:, pp. 33–34
1591:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:, pp. 87–88
1531:
1525:
1522:Schirokauer 2006
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1476:, pp. 50–51
1471:
1465:
1464:, pp. 23–24
1459:
1453:
1452:, pp. 49–50
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
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1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1252:, pp. 87–88
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1168:
1165:Nagqu Prefecture
1141:
1118:Kingdom of Co ne
1077:Local government
1035:Rongwo Monastery
1027:Kumbum Monastery
1008:Kumbum Monastery
992:Beijing Olympics
829:Dangla Mountains
678:
671:) and mdo-smad (
670:
601:, then with the
595:historical Qiang
356:
340:
268:school reformer
264:, and the great
262:Choekyi Gyaltsen
247:Tibetan Buddhism
218:warlords of the
194:
107:
74:
65:
47:
3931:
3930:
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3925:
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3922:
3921:
3920:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3847:
3800:
3707:
3539:
3503:
3473:
3386:
3359:
3326:
3303:Tibetan Plateau
3298:Rongbuk Glacier
3284:Yarlung Tsangpo
3207:
3120:
3047:Batang uprising
2969:
2963:
2916:
2910:Khoshut Khanate
2898:Ganden Phodrang
2893:Tsangpa dynasty
2879:
2859:
2849:
2831:
2821:
2798:
2792:Yarlung dynasty
2780:
2767:
2727:
2718:
2680:Wayback Machine
2659:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2617:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2562:Further reading
2559:
2544:10.1.1.197.8688
2528:
2511:
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2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2456:
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2419:
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2400:
2387:
2370:
2355:10.1.1.525.8003
2348:(1–2): 83–102.
2342:Nomadic Peoples
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2110:
2100:
2083:
2054:
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2033:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:, p. xviii
1976:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1920:Van Schaik 2011
1918:
1914:
1906:
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1861:Richardson 1962
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1740:Van Schaik 2011
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1671:Van Schaik 2011
1669:
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1647:Richardson 1986
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1546:Van Schaik 2011
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1498:Van Schaik 2011
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1474:Van Schaik 2011
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1450:Van Schaik 2011
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1220:
1216:The Red History
1213:
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1208:
1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1177:
1172:
1171:
1142:
1138:
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1070:
1000:
961:14th Dalai Lama
941:Chiang Kai-shek
864:13th Dalai Lama
860:
747:
714:
698:
648:Sakya Monastery
627:under Yuan rule
619:
591:
576:
528:
484:
472:
467:
455:
449:
331:
315:
310:
302:Mongolian horse
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255:14th Dalai Lama
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20:
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11:
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3750:wall paintings
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3709:
3708:
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3698:
3693:
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3681:Tibetan people
3678:
3676:Social classes
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3667:
3666:
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3313:Nature Reserve
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2952:PRC annexation
2944:
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2753:List of rulers
2750:
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2742:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2666:
2657:
2652:978-9747534597
2651:
2638:
2632:
2615:
2605:(2): 171–180.
2590:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2537:(3): 499–523.
2526:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2478:978-0813324739
2477:
2462:
2442:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2404:
2399:978-0877733768
2398:
2385:
2368:
2337:
2320:
2280:
2268:978-1559390903
2267:
2252:
2247:978-0802118271
2246:
2231:
2222:
2217:978-9004125964
2216:
2203:
2197:
2180:
2175:978-1563247149
2174:
2161:
2149:978-0253311313
2148:
2127:
2122:978-0674119680
2121:
2108:
2099:978-0226200804
2098:
2081:
2063:(2): 227–258.
2052:
2047:978-1582431024
2046:
2031:
2011:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1952:
1940:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1803:Nietupski 1999
1792:
1788:Nietupski 1999
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1716:Goldstein 1994
1704:
1692:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1624:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1568:
1550:
1538:
1534:Patterson 1960
1526:
1514:
1512:, pp. 7–8
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1289:
1266:
1262:Grunfield 1996
1254:
1250:Patterson 1960
1242:
1206:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1084:Tibetan Empire
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
999:
996:
934:Muslim warlord
899:Taktsang Lhamo
859:
856:
763:6th Dalai Lama
759:Lha-bzang Khan
751:Kangxi Emperor
746:
743:
730:5th Dalai Lama
713:
710:
697:
694:
657:Tibetan Empire
618:
615:
590:
587:
575:
572:
532:Tibetan Empire
527:
524:
508:Songtsen Gampo
502:, and west to
488:Tibetan Empire
483:
480:
471:
468:
466:
463:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
330:
327:
314:
311:
309:
306:
277:
274:
205:Ganden Podrang
137:Tibetan Empire
18:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3928:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
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3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
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3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
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3617:
3614:
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3609:
3607:
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3599:
3595:
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3580:
3577:
3575:
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3550:
3546:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2453:on 2010-01-31
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:(in Chinese).
2228:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1994:Anon (2013).
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:Gray Tuttle,
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 382
1897:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1829:, p. 262
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:Fletcher 1980
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:, p. 123
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1702:, p. 243
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:, p. 242
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1637:, p. 242
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:, p. 174
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1488:, p. 29.
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:, p. 508
1439:
1434:
1431:
1428:, p. 63.
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1353:9780231118149
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1326:, p. 22.
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:, p. 245
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
957:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:In 1928, the
922:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
862:In 1906, the
857:
854:
849:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
778:
776:
772:
771:invaded Tibet
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
707:
703:
695:
693:
690:
686:
682:
674:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
614:
612:
608:
607:Tangut people
604:
600:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
469:
464:
462:
460:
454:
446:
444:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
312:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
270:Je Tsongkhapa
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:
209:
206:
200:
198:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:in the east.
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
61:
57:
55:
51:
43:
39:
31:
25:
17:
3888:
3818:
3811:
3797:
3745:sand mandala
3737:
3730:
3671:Sinicization
3643:Panchen Lama
3638:Lhamo La-tso
3621:Ganden Tripa
3415:Human rights
3337:
3289:Grand Canyon
3269:Namcha Barwa
3262: /
2940:Tibetan Army
2838:Guge kingdom
2683:
2669:Max Oidtmann
2661:
2642:
2621:
2602:
2598:
2572:
2534:
2530:
2513:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2427:
2408:
2389:
2372:
2345:
2341:
2324:
2291:
2287:
2272:. Retrieved
2257:
2236:
2207:
2188:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2137:
2112:
2089:
2060:
2056:
2036:
2026:
2022:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1973:
1968:Aug 29, 2013
1943:
1932:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1880:
1875:, p. 44
1868:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1822:
1817:, p. 43
1810:
1805:, p. 90
1790:, p. 87
1783:
1771:
1766:, p. 86
1759:
1754:, p. 71
1747:
1735:
1723:
1707:
1695:
1690:, p. 85
1666:
1654:
1642:
1618:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1559:
1553:
1548:, p. 80
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1500:, p. 76
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1414:Hoiberg 2010
1409:
1404:, p. 62
1397:
1392:, p. 24
1385:
1338:
1331:
1319:
1314:, p. 23
1299:, p. 20
1292:
1283:
1257:
1245:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1139:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1051:Kirti Gompas
1024:
989:
985:
981:
966:
958:
923:
915:
884:
882:and poetry.
861:
858:20th century
851:
846:
810:
787:
779:
755:Qing dynasty
748:
745:18th century
715:
712:17th century
702:Ming Dynasty
699:
689:Yuan dynasty
652:
633:of China. A
631:Song dynasty
620:
617:13th century
592:
589:11th century
577:
574:10th century
548:
544:
536:Tang dynasty
529:
515:
485:
473:
456:
453:Amdo Tibetan
441:Genghis Khan
438:
433:
425:
421:
418:Qinghai Lake
413:
383:
367:
362:
346:
332:
316:
308:Demographics
294:domestic yak
279:
259:Panchen Lama
244:
210:
201:
134:
114:Yellow River
97:
71:
53:
37:
36:
15:
3755:wall murals
3659:Catholicism
3243:Environment
2917:(1720–1912)
2880:(1368–1644)
2860:(1270–1350)
2781:(Neolithic)
2779:Prehistory
1908:Weiner 2012
1752:Barney 2008
1730:, p. 6
1728:Ekvall 1977
1712:Kolmas 1967
1606:Petech 1990
1581:敦煌藏文吐蕃史文献译注
1558:Wang, Yao.
1510:Petech 1990
1416:, p. 1
1145:Amdo County
998:Monasteries
643:Kublai Khan
611:Western Xia
526:9th century
520:King Tüsong
482:7th century
470:3rd century
432:(མཚོ་ནུབ།;
422:mtsho sngon
370:Han Chinese
257:, the 10th
161:Kublai Khan
132:provinces.
24:Amdo County
3895:Categories
3838:Tibetology
3807:Literature
3626:Dalai Lama
3479:Government
3437:Tibet Area
3432:Golden Urn
3398:Parliament
2923:Lifan Yuan
2850:(960–1279)
2787:Zhangzhung
2772:Chronology
2599:Inner Asia
2457:2010-01-30
2333:B0006F23TK
2294:: 87–102.
1978:Huber 2002
1948:Stein 1972
1896:Laird 2006
1873:Craig 2000
1827:Laird 2006
1764:Pirie 2005
1700:Davis 2008
1688:Pirie 2005
1635:Davis 2008
1594:Craig 2000
1486:Stein 1972
1462:Stein 1972
1426:Stein 1972
1402:Stein 1972
1390:Stein 1972
1378:Huber 2002
1324:Stein 1972
1312:Stein 1972
1297:Stein 1972
1175:References
1153:Dalai Lama
1123:After the
1049:, and the
930:Kuomintang
841:Ngaba area
734:Güshi Khan
641:, visited
504:Samarkhand
498:, east to
414:mtsho shar
386:Mtshobyang
323:Hor people
224:Kuomintang
165:Great Ming
159:, visited
3820:Chronicle
3782:Festivals
3594:Dpon-chen
3564:Languages
3559:Education
3308:Changtang
3250:Mountains
3217:Geography
3125:Documents
2970:conflicts
2822:(618–907)
2741:Overviews
2539:CiteSeerX
2350:CiteSeerX
2316:154417406
2308:1468-2648
2077:144429694
1885:Jiao 2013
1839:Anon 2013
1563:敦煌本吐蕃历史文书
1227:cite book
1180:Citations
1161:Changtang
1096:peoples,
1045:south of
937:Ma Bufang
926:Ma Clique
835:with the
434:mtsho nub
376:city and
276:Geography
220:Ma Family
197:Mongolian
141:theocracy
3878:Category
3762:Calendar
3696:Diaspora
3569:Religion
3373:Politics
3274:Tanggula
3264:Changtse
2968:Wars and
2843:Tsongkha
2805:Timeline
2748:Timeline
2725:articles
2676:Archived
2104:Archived
1438:Yeh 2003
1362:40783846
880:Sanskrit
769:Mongols
568:shing-mi
560:thang-pa
540:Chang'an
534:and the
500:Chang'an
447:Language
390:Mtsholho
363:khams pa
347:a mdo pa
339:ཨ་མདོ་པ།
288:and the
286:wild yak
145:Tsongkha
106:མདོ་སྨད་
3862:Outline
3826:writers
3767:Cuisine
3732:thangka
3713:Culture
3686:Changpa
3601:Nyingma
3548:Society
3513:Economy
3348:Ü-Tsang
3322:Valleys
3280:Rivers
3255:Kailash
2815:Lönchen
2797:Empire
2733:History
2381:61-6023
2185:"A-mdo"
1996:"A-mdo"
1987:Sources
1147:in the
1102:Lutsang
1047:Lanzhou
1039:Rebgong
1021:in Amdo
1010:in Amdo
945:Qinghai
895:Rebkong
891:Labrang
833:Qinghai
821:Sichuan
807:in Amdo
805:Taktser
767:Dzungar
753:of the
725:Khalkha
706:Mongols
685:Ü-Tsang
677:མདོ་སྨད
673:Tibetan
669:མདོ་གམས
665:Tibetan
639:Phagspa
623:Mongols
603:Tuyuhun
579:Gewasel
564:rtsa-mi
552:nags-pa
476:Ch'iang
465:History
426:zi ling
378:Haidong
351:Tibetan
335:Tibetan
319:Mongols
232:annexed
189:Tibetan
185:Khoshut
177:Hualong
157:Phagspa
143:called
126:Sichuan
122:Qinghai
118:Yangtze
110:Do Kham
102:Tibetan
82:Ü-Tsang
78:Tibetan
60:Chinese
42:Tibetan
3813:Annals
3777:Emblem
3739:tsakli
3611:Jonang
3260:Lhotse
3204:(2008)
2903:Kashag
2723:
2649:
2630:
2570:about
2541:
2501:
2484:28 Jun
2475:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2379:
2352:
2331:
2314:
2306:
2274:28 Jun
2265:
2244:
2214:
2195:
2172:
2146:
2119:
2096:
2075:
2044:
2005:10 Feb
1360:
1350:
1114:nangso
1106:tsowas
1090:Tsowas
1062:Xining
1031:Xining
911:Liulin
909:, and
897:, and
876:Kumbum
872:temple
825:Xizang
817:Xining
765:. The
583:Vinaya
492:Turfan
406:Rngaba
402:Kanlho
398:Mgolog
394:Rmalho
374:Xining
355:ཁམས་པ།
216:Muslim
179:. The
173:Xunhua
169:Xining
149:Mongol
70::
68:pinyin
62::
46:ཨ་མདོ་
3869:Index
3833:Music
3798:Khata
3701:Names
3691:Yolmo
3664:Islam
3616:Gelug
3606:Kagyu
3584:Sakya
3387:(TAR)
3353:Ngari
3238:Fauna
3233:Flora
2721:Tibet
2312:S2CID
2155:2 Mar
2073:S2CID
2019:(PDF)
1199:[
1157:Lhasa
1155:from
1131:Notes
1094:Golok
1029:near
954:Golok
949:Gansu
918:Ma Qi
907:Ngawa
903:Sokwo
868:lamas
783:Amban
738:Gelug
719:from
599:Sumpa
556:ri-pa
512:Wylie
496:Nepal
430:Haixi
410:Wylie
359:Wylie
343:Wylie
290:kiang
266:Gelug
251:lamas
130:Gansu
98:Domey
90:Ngari
73:Ānduō
54:a mdo
50:Wylie
3911:Amdo
3787:Flag
3726:rugs
3648:list
3631:list
3420:LGBT
3343:Kham
3338:Amdo
2647:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2573:Amdo
2499:ISBN
2486:2010
2473:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2377:LCCN
2329:ASIN
2304:ISSN
2276:2010
2263:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2157:2010
2144:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2007:2014
1358:OCLC
1348:ISBN
1237:link
1233:link
1110:sgar
1100:and
1098:Gomé
959:The
952:and
887:Kham
811:The
723:and
681:Yuan
621:The
593:The
474:The
296:and
175:and
128:and
94:Guge
86:Kham
38:Amdo
3721:Art
3574:Bon
2682:,
2607:doi
2549:doi
2518:hdl
2360:doi
2296:doi
2065:doi
1344:137
1053:of
1037:in
874:at
679:),
516:gar
514:: '
298:dzo
213:Hui
3897::
2601:.
2547:.
2535:34
2533:.
2358:.
2344:.
2310:.
2302:.
2290:.
2187:.
2102:.
2088:.
2071:.
2061:30
2059:.
2025:.
2021:.
1998:.
1955:^
1935:,
1795:^
1678:^
1627:^
1370:^
1356:.
1346:.
1304:^
1282:.
1269:^
1229:}}
1225:{{
1219:红史
1041:,
1033:,
905:,
893:,
796:.
777:.
757:,
675::
667::
659:,
461:.
412::
361::
357:,
353::
345::
341:,
337::
325:.
304:.
272:.
195:;
191::
171:,
104::
66:;
64:安多
58:;
52::
48:,
44::
2713:e
2706:t
2699:v
2655:.
2636:.
2613:.
2609::
2603:4
2555:.
2551::
2524:.
2520::
2507:.
2488:.
2460:.
2440:.
2421:.
2402:.
2383:.
2366:.
2362::
2346:9
2335:.
2318:.
2298::
2292:1
2278:.
2250:.
2220:.
2201:.
2178:.
2159:.
2125:.
2079:.
2067::
2050:.
2027:1
2009:.
1364:.
1286:.
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100:(
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