887:
Egyptian 19th
Dynasty. However, an increasing number of Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss and Aidan Dodson maintain that Seti II was in fact the immediate successor of Merneptah "without any intervening rule by Amenmesse." Under this scenario, Amenmesse did not succeed Merneptah on the throne of Egypt and was rather a rival king who usurped power sometime during Years 2 to 4 of Seti II's reign in Upper Egypt and Nubia where his authority is monumentally attested. Amenmesse was documented in power at Thebes during his third and fourth year (and perhaps earlier in Nubia) where Seti II's Year 3 and Year 4 are noticeably unaccounted for. The treatment of Amenmesse as a rival king also best explains the pattern of destruction to Seti II's tomb which was initially ransacked and later restored again by Seti II's officials. This implies that the respective reigns of Amenmesse and Seti II were parallel to one another; Seti II must have initially controlled Thebes in his first and second years during which time his tomb was excavated and partly decorated. Then Seti was ousted from power in Upper Egypt by Amenmesse whose agents desecrated Seti II's tomb. Seti would finally defeat his rival Amenmesse and return to Thebes in triumph whereupon he ordered the restoration of his damaged tomb.
1121:
944:
course of its completion, besides purloining or damaging other property belonging to that monarch. Also he had allegedly tried to kill
Neferhotep in spite of having been educated by him, and after the chief workman had been killed by "the enemy" had bribed the vizier Pra'emhab in order to usurp his place. Whatever the truth of these accusations, it is clear that Thebes was going through very troubled times. There are references elsewhere to a "war" that had occurred during these years, but it is obscure to what this word alludesâperhaps to no more than internal disturbances and discontent. Neferhotep had complained of the attacks upon himself to the vizier
36:
966:, but who she is exactly is a matter of interpretation complicated by inscriptions being revised by Seti II and Amenmesse. Among her titles are "King's Daughter", which would make her a daughter of Merneptah or Ramesses II or possibly a granddaughter of Ramesses. The name Takhat appears in a list of princesses dated to Year 53 of Ramesses II (Louvre 666). If this is the same Takhat, she would be about the same age as Seti II.
712:
650:
210:
948:, presumably a predecessor of Pra'emhab, whereupon Amenmose had Paneb punished. Paneb, however, then successfully brought a complaint before 'Mose'/'Msy' whereupon the latter decided to dismiss Amenmose from office. Evidently this 'Mose'/'Msy' was a person of the highest importance who most probably should be identified with king Amenmesse himself.
1056:
were found in this tomb, two women and one man, it is uncertain if any of these remains belong to
Amenmesse, Takhat or the later Baketwerel without further testing or whether they were later intrusions. It seems more likely, however, that Seti II had Amenmesse's remains desecrated since his mummy was
886:
of Seti II's tomb in Upper Egypt were deliberately erased and then repainted, suggesting that Seti's rule in Upper Egypt was temporarily interrupted by agents of his half-brother. Confusion generally clouds
Amenmesse's reign and its correct position within the succession sequence of the rulers of the
877:
have theorized that
Amenmesse usurped the throne from Seti-Merneptah, who was Merneptah's son and crown prince and who should have been next in the line of royal succession. It is unclear how this would have happened. Kitchen has written that Amenmesse may have taken advantage of a momentary weakness
943:
his adopted son, against whom many crimes were alleged by
Neferhotep's brother Amennakhte in a strongly-worded indictment preserved on a papyrus in the British Museum. If Amennakhte's allegations can be trusted, Paneb had stolen stone for the embellishment of his own tomb from that of Seti II in the
904:
had been added to his brows in a way consistent with other pharaohs such as
Horemheb, Merneptah and some of the sons of Rameses III. An inscription at the temple of Amada also calls him "the king's son himself" but this may be merely a figure of speech to emphasize Messuy's high stature as Viceroy
969:
A monument from Karnak, carved while
Amenmesse was in control of the area, includes the relief of a woman titled "King's Daughter" and "King's Mother". The monument was reinscribed from 'Mother' to 'Wife'. Another statue of Seti II (Cairo CG1198) bears Seti's name surcharged over someone else's
1120:
989:
were initially present in this tomb, two women and one man. It is uncertain if any of these remains belong to
Amenmesse, Takhat, or Baketwerel. The two females Baketwerel and Takhat could have been buried later. Some people believe that Seti II broke into the tomb and had Amenmesse's remains
909:, Khaemtir, who had served as Amenmesse's Vizier. This strongly implies that Seti II held no grudge against Messuy, which would be improbable if Messuy was indeed Amenmesse. Yurco also observes that the only objects from Messuy's tomb which identified a Pharaoh all named only
1041:. However, almost all of its texts and scenes were either erased or usurped by Seti II's agents. No mention of Amenmesse was spared. A number of officials associated with Amenmesse were also attacked or replaced, chief among them being the Theban High Priest of Amun,
1024:
There is confusion about the events surrounding his death. His mummy was not amongst those found in the cache at Deir el Bahri, and from the destruction of his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, it is assumed that Seti II took revenge upon his usurping half-brother.
1094:, the Pharaoh who succeeded Seti II, was the son of Amenmesse and not of Seti II. A statue of Siptah in Munich shows the Pharaoh seated in the lap of another, clearly his father. The statue of the father, however, has been destroyed. Dodson writes:
1098:
The only ruler of the period who could have promoted such destruction was
Amenmesse, and likewise he is the only king whose offspring required such explicit promotion. The destruction of this figure is likely to have closely followed the fall of
1057:
never found "in either of the two great caches of royal mummies found in 1881 and 1901". Surviving inscriptions mentioning Takhat's name along with the wall inscriptions suggest she was buried in Amenmesse's tomb. Artifacts from the tombs of
970:
while the names of Takhat were left alone. This suggests that Takhat was married to Seti as well as mother to Amenmesse. Others such as Frank Yurco believe Takhat was wife to Merneptah making the rivals Seti II and Amenmesse half-brothers.
905:
under Merneptah. However, Frank Yurco notes that various depictions of Messuy in several Nubian temples were never deliberately defaced by Seti II's agents compared to the damnatio memoriae meted out to all depictions of another Viceroy of
1248:
5198:
5104:
843:
date his reign between 1202 BC–1199 BC or 1203 BC–1200 BC with others giving an accession date of 1200 BC. Amenmesse means "born of or fashioned by
5119:
5114:
1083:
Frank Yurco notes that Seti II's agents erased all of Khaemtir's depictions and inscriptionsâeven those that were inscribed when Khaemtir served as a
5094:
5089:
957:
5099:
441:
1013:
Takhat", lends credence to the argument that a Takhat was Amenmesse's wife. Amenmesse was also responsible for restoring a shrine dating from
1009:
are thought to be his, although these were defaced and overwritten with the name of Seti II. One of these statues, with the inscription, "the
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187:
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of Seti-Merneptah or seized power while the crown prince was away in Asia. Seti-Merneptah was most likely the same man as king
848:
680:
677:
584:
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479:
438:
373:
229:
182:
180:
178:
91:
82:
552:
548:
537:
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924:", first attested during the reign of Seti II, may contain a veiled reference to the struggle between Amenmesse and Seti II.
630:
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517:
413:
336:
333:
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314:
308:
172:
164:
135:
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M. Georg and Rolf Krauss find that there are a number of parallels between the story of Amenmesse and the biblical story of
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1957:
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2878:
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820:
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3757:
3494:
3321:
3253:
1835:
4945:
2716:
20:
2790:
2561:
2423:
1497:
Cardon, Patrick D. âAmenmesse: An Egyptian Royal Head of the Nineteenth Dynasty in the Metropolitan Museum.â
5183:
4630:
4545:
4522:
2839:
2701:
2638:
2427:
2227:
2043:
1543:
Habachi, Labib. âKing Amenmesse and Viziers Amenmose and Khaâemtore: Their Monuments and Place in History.â
874:
864:
35:
5134:
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4672:
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3484:
3344:
2954:
2588:
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2342:
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2168:
1972:
1635:
1485:
Rolf Krauss, "Das RĂ€tsel Moses-Auf den Spuren einer Erfindung biblischen." Ullstein Verlag, MĂŒnchen 2001)
5144:
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3601:
3536:
3389:
3384:
3091:
3086:
2939:
2365:
2153:
2032:
1550:
Kitchen, Kenneth A. âThe Titularies of the Ramesside Kings as Expression of Their Ideal Kingship.â
921:
4635:
4610:
4575:
4512:
3887:
3862:
3066:
3061:
2485:
1916:
1034:
50:
898:. In particular, two representations of Messuy on the temple of Amida allegedly show that a royal
615:
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3071:
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2113:
1888:
1523:
1403:
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or the death of Siptah himself, when any short-lived rehabilitation of Amenmesse will have ended.
913:, Seti II's father, which leads to the conclusion that Messuy died and was buried in his tomb at
839:. Very little is known about this pharaoh, who ruled Egypt for only three to four years. Various
1512:
927:
The records of a court case early in the reign of Seti II also throw some light on the matter.
4980:
4959:
4853:
4820:
4532:
3867:
3489:
3369:
2991:
2919:
2577:
2380:
2370:
2302:
1628:
1294:
J.J. Janssen, Village Varia. Ten Studies on the History and Administration of Deir El-Medina,
1200:
K. A. Kitchen, "The Titularies of the Ramesside Kings as Expression of Their Ideal Kingship,"
1138:
1075:
945:
5159:
4986:
4814:
4580:
4334:
3917:
3214:
3110:
3051:
2475:
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1463:
Georg, M (2000), "Mose - Name und Namenstraeger. Versuch einer historischen Annaeherung" in
1010:
928:
4931:
4901:
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4796:
4540:
4470:
4340:
3679:
3334:
3056:
2450:
2088:
2056:
1895:
1252:
1042:
906:
870:
1045:, and Khaemtir, a former viceroy of Kush, who may have supported Amenmesse's usurpation.
935:
necropolis, had been killed during the reign of Amenmesse (the king's name is written as
5139:
5027:
4825:
4786:
4504:
4460:
4329:
3413:
3339:
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3001:
2749:
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2445:
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1902:
1881:
1847:
1100:
932:
5172:
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4083:
3938:
3795:
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3479:
3429:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
2823:
2754:
2744:
2606:
2360:
2108:
2051:
2004:
1841:
1800:
914:
882:, whose reign was traditionally thought to have followed upon Amenmesse's reign. The
840:
824:
607:
1307:
Rolf Krauss, Untersuchungen zu König Amenmesse: NachtrÀge, SAK 24 (1997), pp.161-184
4791:
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4351:
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2959:
2914:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2724:
2440:
2317:
2126:
2067:
1927:
1874:
1779:
1080:
1014:
1504:
Dodson, Aidan. âThe Takhats and Some Other Royal Ladies of the Ramesside Period.â
1589:
Wente, Edward and Charles Van Siclen III. "A Chronology of the New Kingdom." In
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4640:
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3722:
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2813:
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2510:
2505:
2312:
2139:
2119:
1933:
1867:
1858:
1742:
836:
762:
1169:
Edward Wente and Charles Van Siclen III, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom," 218
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2500:
2495:
2480:
2465:
2273:
2267:
2181:
1909:
1727:
1664:
1615:
1149:
Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.158
1062:
4952:
4867:
4830:
4756:
4750:
4677:
4657:
4374:
4356:
4301:
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3979:
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3912:
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3468:
3289:
3242:
3154:
3131:
2904:
2770:
2739:
2307:
2133:
2014:
1751:
998:
994:
982:
910:
883:
828:
758:
63:
3194:
1511:
________. and Dyan Hilton, âThe Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egyptâ,
890:
Rolf Krauss, followed by Aidan Dodson, suggests that Amenmesse was once a
644:
401:
260:
123:
5022:
5017:
5006:
4973:
4888:
4881:
4835:
4807:
4801:
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4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4346:
4286:
4129:
4101:
3694:
3624:
3436:
3422:
3402:
3364:
3276:
3221:
3179:
3011:
2981:
2944:
2889:
2734:
2611:
2516:
2460:
2355:
2262:
2256:
2245:
2211:
2095:
2081:
2074:
2061:
2025:
1765:
1318:
Poisoned Legacy: The Decline and Fall of the Nineteenth Egyptian Dynasty
4999:
4938:
4781:
4465:
4276:
4270:
4258:
4139:
4134:
4071:
4050:
3895:
3847:
3747:
3737:
3462:
3359:
3329:
3311:
3300:
3283:
3235:
3228:
3159:
3081:
2729:
2537:
2523:
2435:
2386:
2292:
2235:
2186:
2019:
2009:
1989:
1922:
1772:
1651:
1084:
1070:
1049:
978:
974:
891:
879:
855:, which means "Ruler of Thebes". His royal name was Menmire Setepenre.
73:
43:
4906:
4776:
4413:
4296:
3901:
3872:
3742:
3717:
3509:
3443:
3269:
3262:
3189:
3144:
3138:
2964:
2884:
2470:
2297:
2250:
2204:
2176:
2102:
1980:
1939:
1821:
1786:
1758:
1091:
1058:
1018:
1006:
963:
900:
895:
832:
772:
748:
248:
1596:
Yurco, Frank Joseph. âWas Amenmesse the Viceroy of Kush, Messuwy?,â
981:, was his sister. Amenmesse's wife was thought to be a woman named
4992:
4771:
4761:
4739:
4397:
3306:
3294:
3207:
3124:
2975:
2909:
2571:
2393:
2240:
2198:
2192:
1984:
1943:
1814:
1807:
1793:
1108:
1053:
986:
940:
869:
It is likely that he was not Merneptah's intended heir. Scholars
4744:
4734:
4124:
3999:
3200:
2530:
2350:
2332:
2217:
1999:
1994:
1828:
1066:
1038:
1002:
985:
since she was buried in the same tomb as Amenmesse, KV10. Three
844:
790:
603:
110:
5052:
4169:
3534:
2636:
1662:
1624:
917:, Nubia, during Merneptah's reign, and could not be Amenmesse.
2949:
1467:, edited by E. Otto (Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, Stittgart)
1518:
________. âDeath after Death in the Valley of the Kings.â In
1263:
Frank J. Yurco, Was Amenmesse the Viceroy of Kush, Messuwy?,
1079:
campaign against the memory of Amenmesse's Vizier, Khaemtir.
931:
records that Neferhotep, one of the two chief workmen of the
1557:
Krauss, Rolf. âUntersuchungen zu König Amenmesse (1.Teil).â
920:
There has also been a suggestion that the narrative of the "
1620:
1213:
Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors),
835:. Others consider him to be one of the innumerable sons of
655:
498:
424:
283:
148:
1571:
________. âUntersuchungen zu König Amenmesse: NachtrĂ€ge.â
1564:
________. âUntersuchungen zu König Amenmesse (2. Teil).â
1476:
Krauss, R. (2000), "Moise le pharaon" (Editions du Roche)
1178:
Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge, 1999
1591:
Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes: January 12, 1977,
1584:
De la fin de ÄŸAncien Empire ĂĄ la fin du Nouvel Empire.
1158:
1529:
________. âAmenmesse in Kent, Liverpool, and Thebes.â
1320:. American University In Cairo Press (2010), p 42 n 42
663:
619:
504:
430:
405:
289:
264:
156:
127:
4705:
4690:
4531:
4503:
4488:
4451:
4423:
4383:
4365:
4315:
4248:
4233:
4200:
4191:
4115:
4092:
4025:
3948:
3886:
3838:
3823:
3756:
3703:
3615:
3600:
3565:
3556:
3453:
3412:
3320:
3252:
3100:
2868:
2853:
2789:
2763:
2715:
2700:
2667:
2658:
2587:
2547:
2422:
2407:
2341:
2283:
2226:
2167:
2152:
2042:
1971:
1956:
1857:
1741:
1726:
1693:
1684:
796:
786:
778:
768:
754:
744:
736:
583:
478:
372:
228:
90:
69:
59:
49:
42:
28:
1217:(Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.212
1069:tomb adding to the uncertainty. After his death,
1380:"The Tomb of King Amenmesse: Some Observations."
1235:Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, op. cit., p.213
997:statues originally placed along the axis of the
1396:"Death after Death in the Valley of the Kings."
1033:Amenmesse was buried in a rock-cut tomb in the
1593:217-61. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1976.
1636:
1586:Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995
1522:ed. Sara E. Orel, 53-59. Lewiston, New York:
1402:ed. Sara E. Orel, 53-59. Lewiston, New York:
939:in the document). Neferhotep was replaced by
8:
1452:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
990:desecrated since his mummy was never found.
5199:Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1454:(American University of Cairo Press), p.181
1052:in antiquity. However the remains of three
5049:
4702:
4500:
4245:
4197:
4188:
4166:
3835:
3612:
3562:
3553:
3531:
2865:
2712:
2664:
2655:
2633:
2419:
2164:
1968:
1738:
1690:
1681:
1659:
1643:
1629:
1621:
667:
623:
533:
525:
508:
434:
409:
293:
268:
160:
131:
87:
34:
25:
1536:________. "Messuy, Amada and Amenmesse."
1520:Death and Taxes in the Ancient Near East,
1400:Death and Taxes in the Ancient Near East,
1215:Handbook of Ancient Egyptian Chronology
1131:
958:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
145:
1465:Mose. Aegypten und das Alte Testament
19:For other people named Amenmose, see
7:
1226:Krauss 1976, 1977, 1997; Dodson 1997
1611:KV-10 at The Theban Mapping Project
14:
1415:Dodson, Aidan (2004), ibid, p.176
847:" in Egyptian. Additionally, his
113:, he who strengthen the two lands
1119:
1037:which is now identified as Tomb
962:His mother is known to be Queen
710:
648:
208:
1017:that stands before a temple at
819:) was the fifth pharaoh of the
247:He who is great of miracles in
851:can be found with the epithet
1:
4663:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1347:Dodson A.; (2010); n 38, n 40
1267:34 (1997), pp.53-54 & 56
591:
486:
380:
236:
98:
1580:ÄœĂgypte et la VallĂ©e du Nil.
1189:ÄœĂgypte et la VallĂ©e du Nil,
4596:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1160:KV-10 The Tomb of Amenmesse
102:Kanakht Merymaat Shementawy
5215:
3495:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2879:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2643:Second Intermediate Period
1338:Dodson, A.; (2010) p 40-42
1298:11, Leiden 1997. pp.99-109
955:
862:
701:
658:
480:Prenomen (Praenomen)
454:
427:
348:
286:
199:
151:
18:
5157:
5059:
5048:
4946:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4636:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4187:
4165:
3552:
3541:Third Intermediate Period
3530:
2654:
2632:
1680:
1669:First Intermediate Period
1658:
1285:Yurco, JARCE 34, pp.55-56
662:
590:
485:
429:
379:
288:
235:
155:
97:
79:
33:
21:Amenmose (disambiguation)
5194:12th-century BC pharaohs
5189:13th-century BC pharaohs
4658:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2915:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1673: (<3150â2040 BC)
1616:Amenmesse the Real Moses
109:Strong bull, beloved of
105:K3-náž«t-mr.j-M3Ë-ĆĄmn-t3wj
4631:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4546:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2840:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1578:Vandersleyen, Claude.
1369:Cardon 1979; Yurco 1979
1329:Dodson, A.; (2010) p 42
1296:Egyptologische Uitgaven
1065:were also found in the
865:End of the 19th Dynasty
5179:13th-century BC births
4673:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4652:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4646:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4601:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4571:Arsinoe III Philopator
3485:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
2955:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
2895:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2486:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1450:Dodson, Aidan,(2004),
1105:
827:, possibly the son of
501:, the chosen one of Ra
4621:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4586:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4566:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4561:Berenice II Euergetes
4556:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4518:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3027:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3022:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2376:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
1276:Yurco, JARCE 34, p.56
1096:
1048:Amenmesse's tomb was
5054:Dynastic genealogies
4678:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
3974:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
3888:High Priests of Amun
3390:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3092:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3087:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
2940:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2647: (2040â1550 BC)
2366:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1441:34 (1997), pp.49-56.
1090:It is possible that
922:Tale of Two Brothers
875:JĂŒrgen von Beckerath
4576:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4513:Alexander the Great
3545: (1550â664 BC)
3067:Mershepsesre Ini II
3062:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2456:Neferkare IV Khendu
1513:Thames & Hudson
1246:The Viceroy of Kush
1244:Krauss 1976, 1977;
1035:Valley of the Kings
598:Jmn-msj-sw-áž„q3-W3st
595:Amenmesse Heqawaset
4913:Trebonianus Gallus
3500:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3118:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3072:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3047:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2476:Neferkare V Tereru
2446:Neferkare III Neby
2114:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1575:24 (1997): 161-84.
1554:71 (1987): 131-41.
1533:81 (1995): 115-28.
1524:Edwin Mellen Press
1508:73 (1987): 224-29.
1404:Edwin Mellen Press
1251:2007-02-23 at the
1204:71 (1987): 134-35.
821:Nineteenth Dynasty
243:Wr-bj3wt-m-Jpt-swt
55:1201–1198 BC
5166:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
4960:Claudius Gothicus
4854:Severus Alexander
4821:Septimius Severus
4686:
4685:
4484:
4483:
4229:
4228:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
3868:Osorkon the Elder
3819:
3818:
3596:
3595:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3490:Nubkheperre Intef
3370:Sekhemre Shedwast
2992:Sehetepkare Intef
2920:Semenkare Nebnuni
2849:
2848:
2696:
2695:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2403:
2402:
2381:Netjerkare Siptah
2303:Neferirkare Kakai
2148:
2147:
1952:
1951:
1722:
1721:
1600:34 (1997): 49-56.
1568:5 (1977): 131-74.
1561:4 (1976): 161-99.
1547:34 (1978): 39-67.
1540:34 (1997): 41-48.
1076:damnatio memoriae
1073:also conducted a
973:Some assume that
806:
805:
801:19th Dynasty
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
705:
704:
697:
696:
693:
692:
639:
638:
635:
634:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
556:
555:
493:Mn-mj-RË-stp.n-RË
490:Menmire Setepenre
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
458:
457:
452:
451:
448:
447:
421:
420:
417:
416:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
352:
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
280:
279:
276:
275:
240:Werbiaytemipetsut
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
203:
202:
195:
194:
191:
190:
143:
142:
139:
138:
5206:
5160:List of pharaohs
5050:
4815:Pescennius Niger
4703:
4699:
4698:
4611:Ptolemy IX Soter
4581:Cleopatra I Syra
4501:
4497:
4496:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4198:
4189:
4182:
4181:
4167:
3918:Djedkhonsuefankh
3836:
3832:
3831:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3583:
3578:
3563:
3554:
3547:
3546:
3532:
3125:Qareh Khawoserre
3111:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3052:Mersekhemre Ined
2866:
2862:
2861:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2665:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2165:
2161:
2160:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1691:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1660:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1501:14 (1979): 5-14.
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1123:
1011:Great Royal Wife
929:Papyrus Salt 124
714:
713:
668:
664:
656:
652:
651:
645:
624:
620:
616:
592:
534:
526:
509:
505:
487:
435:
431:
425:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
381:
294:
290:
284:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
237:
212:
211:
161:
157:
149:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:
99:
88:
38:
26:
16:Egyptian pharaoh
5214:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5149:
5055:
5032:
4932:Macrianus Minor
4861:Maximinus Thrax
4797:Marcus Aurelius
4696:
4695:
4694:
4682:
4541:Ptolemy I Soter
4527:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4480:
4447:
4419:
4379:
4361:
4341:Psammetichus IV
4311:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4203:
4194:
4183:
4180:(664 BCâ313 AD)
4179:
4178:
4149:
4111:
4088:
4084:Menkheperre Ini
4021:
3944:
3882:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3752:
3699:
3680:Neferneferuaten
3606:
3605:
3604:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3575:Pharaohs
3568:
3559:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3514:
3449:
3408:
3335:Sobekhotep VIII
3316:
3248:
3096:
3057:Sewadjkare Hori
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2785:
2759:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2692:
2670:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2616:
2583:
2543:
2451:Djedkare Shemai
2413:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2337:
2279:
2222:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2038:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1853:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1696:
1687:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1654:
1649:
1607:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1428:34 (1997), p.54
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1395:
1394:Dodson, Aidan.
1393:
1389:
1385:2 (1985): 7-11.
1379:
1378:Dodson, Aidan.
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:34 (1997), p.54
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1253:Wayback Machine
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1043:Roma called Roy
1031:
960:
954:
894:Viceroy called
871:Kenneth Kitchen
867:
861:
732:
731:
711:
649:
631:
600:
596:
551:
549:
538:
518:
513:
503:
495:
491:
389:
385:
337:
329:
321:
298:
245:
241:
209:
186:
181:
179:
165:
107:
103:
85:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:1199 BC deaths
5181:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5028:Maximinus Daza
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4787:Antoninus Pius
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4697:(30 BCâ313 AD)
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4498:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:Artaxerxes III
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4330:Petubastis III
4327:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4252:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4185:
4184:
4170:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3825:3 Intermediate
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3607:(1550â1070 BC)
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3550:
3549:
3535:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Neferhotep III
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Sewadjkare III
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139:Maaibre Sheshi
3135:
3132:'Ammu Ahotepre
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:Merhotepre Ini
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Sobekhotep III
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2860:(1802â1550 BC)
2855:2 Intermediate
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2750:Mentuhotep III
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2707:(2040â1802 BC)
2702:Middle Kingdom
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2652:
2651:
2639:Middle Kingdom
2637:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Neferkare VIII
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:Nebkaure Khety
2564:
2559:
2557:Meryibre Khety
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2491:Neferkamin Anu
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2417:
2414:(2181â2040 BC)
2409:1 Intermediate
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:Djedkare Isesi
2325:
2323:Menkauhor Kaiu
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2159:(2686â2181 BC)
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1963:(3150â2686 BC)
1958:Early Dynastic
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
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1855:
1854:
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1832:
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1605:External links
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1371:
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1340:
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1322:
1309:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1256:
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1219:
1206:
1193:
1187:Vandersleyen,
1180:
1171:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1030:
1027:
953:
950:
933:Deir el-Medina
863:Main article:
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428:
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394:
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334:
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318:
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206:
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170:
167:
153:
152:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
116:
115:
95:
94:
86:
83:Royal titulary
81:
80:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
47:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5211:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5161:
5156:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5051:
5047:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
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4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
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4929:
4927:
4924:
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4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
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4863:
4862:
4858:
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4851:
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4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
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4812:
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4805:
4803:
4800:
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4773:
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4768:
4765:
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4748:
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4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
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4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4693:
4689:
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4669:
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4664:
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4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4606:Cleopatra III
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
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4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
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4411:
4409:
4408:Nepherites II
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
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4364:
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4320:
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4300:
4298:
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4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
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4272:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
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4247:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3939:Psusennes III
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:(1069â664 BC)
3826:
3822:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Ramesses VIII
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Amenhotep III
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Seqenenre Tao
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Sobekemsaf II
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:Wepwawetemsaf
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Merneferre Ay
3035:
3033:
3032:Wahibre Ibiau
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Sobekhotep IV
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Amenemhat III
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2755:Mentuhotep IV
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Mentuhotep II
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2607:Wahkare Khety
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Neferkare VII
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Seth-Peribsen
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Hotepsekhemwy
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:Double Falcon
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:(pre-3150 BC)
1729:
1728:Protodynastic
1725:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1665:Protodynastic
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
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1496:
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1427:
1421:
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1391:
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1375:
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1359:
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1335:
1332:
1326:
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1313:
1310:
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1229:
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1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
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1146:
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1132:
1126:
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1114:
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1110:
1104:
1102:
1095:
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1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
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1040:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
984:
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976:
971:
967:
965:
959:
951:
949:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
902:
897:
893:
888:
885:
881:
876:
872:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:Egyptologists
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Ancient Egypt
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
709:
707:
700:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
661:
657:
654:
647:
646:
643:
641:
629:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:Fashioned by
599:
594:
593:
589:
586:
582:
566:
560:
559:
547:
544:
541:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
516:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:Eternal like
494:
489:
488:
484:
481:
477:
462:
460:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
426:
423:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:Great of ...
388:
383:
382:
378:
375:
371:
356:
354:
335:
332:
327:
324:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
244:
239:
238:
234:
231:
227:
207:
205:
198:
184:
177:
174:
171:
168:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
150:
147:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
112:
106:
101:
100:
96:
93:
89:
84:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4918:
4911:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4813:
4806:
4792:Lucius Verus
4749:
4650:
4626:Berenice III
4616:Cleopatra IV
4591:Cleopatra II
4523:Alexander IV
4443:Nectanebo II
4412:
4393:Nepherites I
4352:Artaxerxes I
4339:
4269:
4257:
4240:(664â332 BC)
4220:
4176:Roman Period
4078:Shoshenq VII
4076:
4049:
4009:
3990:Shoshenq III
3972:
3937:
3900:
3878:Psusennes II
3791:Ramesses VII
3771:Ramesses III
3732:
3655:Amenhotep II
3650:Thutmose III
3586:
3475:Sobekemsaf I
3467:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3401:
3394:
3299:
3282:
3277:'Aper-'Anati
3275:
3268:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3185:Sekheperenre
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3007:Neferhotep I
2997:Seth Meribre
2974:
2960:Djedkheperew
2877:
2838:
2829:Amenemhat IV
2819:Senusret III
2809:Amenemhat II
2725:Mentuhotep I
2687:
2576:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2441:Neferkare II
2392:
2385:
2318:Nyuserre Ini
2272:
2255:
2210:
2203:
2191:
2132:
2127:Neferkasokar
2125:
2118:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2031:
2024:
1932:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1875:Finger Snail
1873:
1866:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1713:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1505:
1498:
1492:Bibliography
1481:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1118:
1106:
1097:
1089:
1081:Egyptologist
1074:
1047:
1032:
1023:
1015:Thutmose III
1001:hall in the
992:
972:
968:
961:
936:
926:
919:
899:
889:
868:
852:
816:
812:
808:
807:
601:
597:
496:
492:
390:
386:
374:Golden Horus
246:
242:
108:
104:
4896:Gordian III
4841:Diadumenian
4641:Cleopatra V
4495:(332â30 BC)
4490:Hellenistic
4433:Nectanebo I
4325:Cambyses II
4307:Psamtik III
4265:Tefnakht II
4067:Takelot III
4062:Osorkon III
4057:Shoshenq VI
4011:Pedubast II
3995:Shoshenq IV
3968:Shoshenq II
3933:Pinedjem II
3923:Menkheperre
3858:Psusennes I
3811:Ramesses XI
3801:Ramesses IX
3786:Ramesses VI
3776:Ramesses IV
3723:Ramesses II
3685:Tutankhamun
3660:Thutmose IV
3640:Thutmose II
3630:Amenhotep I
3602:New Kingdom
3537:New Kingdom
3396:Senusret IV
3380:Dedumose II
3355:Nebiriau II
3350:Nebiryraw I
3345:Mentuhotepi
3150:Khakherewre
3077:Merkheperre
2987:Imyremeshaw
2970:Sedjefakare
2925:Sehetepibre
2900:Ameny Qemau
2834:Sobekneferu
2814:Senusret II
2799:Amenemhat I
2781:Iyibkhentre
2511:Neferirkare
2506:Neferkauhor
2313:Shepseskare
2154:Old Kingdom
2140:Khasekhemwy
2120:Neferkara I
2089:Weneg-Nebty
1934:Scorpion II
1316:Dodson A.;
837:Ramesses II
763:Ramesses II
740:Tiya or Tiy
606:, ruler of
60:Predecessor
5173:Categories
5013:Diocletian
4967:Quintillus
4920:Aemilianus
4875:Gordian II
4847:Elagabalus
4668:Arsinoe IV
4551:Arsinoe II
4476:Darius III
4403:Psammuthes
4292:Psamtik II
4107:Bakenranef
4045:Pedubast I
4040:Takelot II
4035:Harsiese A
4017:Osorkon IV
4005:Shoshenq V
3985:Osorkon II
3958:Shoshenq I
3928:Smendes II
3908:Pinedjem I
3853:Amenemnisu
3806:Ramesses X
3781:Ramesses V
3733:Amenmesses
3713:Ramesses I
3675:Smenkhkare
3645:Hatshepsut
3635:Thutmose I
3385:Montuemsaf
3375:Dedumose I
3175:Nebdjefare
3165:Merdjefare
2935:Nedjemibre
2930:Sewadjkare
2804:Senusret I
2776:Qakare Ini
2597:Meryhathor
2501:Neferkaure
2496:Qakare Iby
2481:Neferkahor
2466:Neferkamin
2274:Thamphthis
2268:Shepseskaf
2182:Sekhemkhet
2033:Horus Bird
1910:Scorpion I
1191:vol 2: 575
1127:References
1111:in Egypt.
1087:in Nubia.
1063:Rameses VI
1005:Temple at
977:, wife of
956:See also:
884:cartouches
853:Heqa-waset
831:and Queen
813:Amenmesses
230:Nebty name
92:Horus name
5145:Ptolemaic
4953:Gallienus
4868:Gordian I
4831:Caracalla
4757:Vespasian
4751:Vitellius
4533:Ptolemaic
4375:Amyrtaeus
4357:Darius II
4302:Ahmose II
4282:Psamtik I
4221:uncertain
4209:Pharaohs
4145:Tanutamun
3980:Takelot I
3963:Osorkon I
3913:Masaharta
3863:Amenemope
3766:Setnakhte
3728:Merneptah
3670:Akhenaten
3587:uncertain
3469:Nebmaatre
3290:Sakir-Har
3243:Yaqub-Har
3155:Nebefawre
2905:Hotepibre
2771:Segerseni
2740:Intef III
2688:uncertain
2676:Pharaohs
2308:Neferefre
2134:Hudjefa I
2015:Semerkhet
1752:Hedju Hor
1714:uncertain
1702:Pharaohs
1139:Amenmesse
1029:Aftermath
999:hypostyle
995:quartzite
983:Baktwerel
911:Merneptah
829:Merneptah
809:Amenmesse
759:Merneptah
70:Successor
64:Merneptah
29:Amenmesse
5105:21 to 23
5023:Galerius
5018:Maximian
5007:Numerian
4974:Aurelian
4926:Valerian
4889:Balbinus
4882:Pupienus
4836:Macrinus
4808:Pertinax
4802:Commodus
4767:Domitian
4730:Claudius
4725:Caligula
4720:Tiberius
4715:Augustus
4335:Darius I
4287:Necho II
4130:Shebitku
4102:Tefnakht
3695:Horemheb
3625:Ahmose I
3437:Pantjeny
3423:Senebkay
3403:Pepi III
3365:Bebiankh
3222:Shenshek
3180:Nebsenre
3012:Sihathor
2982:Khendjer
2945:Renseneb
2890:Nerikare
2735:Intef II
2612:Merykare
2517:Wadjkare
2461:Merenhor
2356:Userkare
2263:Menkaure
2257:Bikheris
2246:Djedefre
2212:Qahedjet
2096:Wadjenes
2082:Horus Sa
2075:Nubnefer
2062:Nynetjer
2026:Sneferka
1766:Ni-Neith
1652:Pharaohs
1582:Vol. 2,
1249:Archived
946:Amenmose
817:Amenmose
745:Children
5000:Carinus
4981:Tacitus
4939:Quietus
4782:Hadrian
4466:Khabash
4297:Wahibre
4277:Necho I
4271:Nekauba
4259:Ammeris
4202:Dynasty
4140:Taharqa
4135:Shabaka
4072:Rudamun
4051:Iuput I
3896:Herihor
3848:Smendes
3748:Twosret
3738:Seti II
3582:female)
3567:Dynasty
3463:Rahotep
3360:Semenre
3330:Djehuti
3312:Khamudi
3301:Yanassi
3284:Salitis
3236:Yakareb
3229:Khamure
3160:Sehebre
3082:Merkare
2730:Intef I
2669:Dynasty
2578:Imhotep
2538:Iytjenu
2524:Khuiqer
2436:Menkare
2387:Neferka
2371:Pepi II
2293:Userkaf
2187:Sanakht
2010:Anedjib
1990:Hor-Aha
1923:Iry-Hor
1917:Shendjw
1889:Pen-Abu
1773:Hat-Hor
1695:Dynasty
1526:, 1992.
1515:, 2004.
1437:Yurco,
1424:Yurco,
1406:, 1992.
1356:Yurco,
1115:Gallery
1085:Viceroy
1071:Seti II
1054:mummies
987:mummies
979:Seti II
975:Twosret
892:Kushite
880:Seti II
859:Usurper
797:Dynasty
782:1198 BC
737:Consort
249:Ipetsut
74:Seti II
44:Pharaoh
5140:Argead
4987:Probus
4907:Decius
4902:Philip
4777:Trajan
4505:Argead
4414:Muthis
4367:XXVIII
4347:Xerxes
4215:female
4193:Period
3902:Piankh
3873:Siamun
3743:Siptah
3718:Seti I
3558:Period
3510:Kamose
3444:Snaaib
3414:Abydos
3270:Semqen
3263:Sharek
3215:Sheneh
3195:'Apepi
3190:Bebnum
3145:Nehesy
2965:Sebkay
2885:Sonbef
2682:female
2660:Period
2471:Nikare
2361:Pepi I
2298:Sahure
2251:Khafre
2236:Snefru
2205:Sedjes
2177:Djoser
2103:Senedj
1981:Narmer
1940:Narmer
1822:Wazner
1787:Hsekiu
1759:Ny-Hor
1708:female
1686:Period
1092:Siptah
1059:Seti I
1050:looted
1019:El-Tod
1007:Karnak
964:Takhat
952:Family
901:uraeus
896:Messuy
833:Takhat
811:(also
787:Burial
773:Takhat
769:Mother
755:Father
749:Siptah
384:Aa...-
4993:Carus
4772:Nerva
4762:Titus
4740:Galba
4707:XXXIV
4692:Roman
4471:Arses
4398:Hakor
4317:XXVII
4027:XXIII
3617:XVIII
3577:(male
3307:Apepi
3295:Khyan
3208:Wazad
2976:Wegaf
2910:Iufni
2764:Nubia
2572:Setut
2394:Nefer
2241:Khufu
2199:Khaba
2193:Nebka
2057:Nebra
1985:Menes
1944:Menes
1896:Stork
1859:Upper
1815:Neheb
1808:Thesh
1794:Khayu
1743:Lower
1598:JARCE
1545:MDAIK
1538:JARCE
1439:JARCE
1426:JARCE
1358:JARCE
1265:JARCE
1109:Moses
941:Paneb
915:Aniba
849:nomen
608:Waset
585:Nomen
387:Ë3...
51:Reign
4826:Geta
4745:Otho
4735:Nero
4453:XXXI
4438:Teos
4385:XXIX
4250:XXVI
4235:Late
4212:male
4172:Late
4125:Piye
4094:XXIV
4000:Pami
3950:XXII
3539:and
3455:XVII
3201:Nuya
2870:XIII
2679:male
2641:and
2531:Khui
2428:VIII
2351:Teti
2333:Unas
2218:Huni
2020:Qa'a
2000:Djet
1995:Djer
1903:Bull
1882:Fish
1848:Wash
1829:Mekh
1705:male
1552:ASAE
1202:ASAE
1067:KV10
1061:and
1039:KV10
1003:Amun
993:Six
907:Kush
873:and
845:Amun
791:KV10
779:Died
604:Amun
111:Maat
4425:XXX
4174:to
4117:XXV
3840:XXI
3705:XIX
3322:XVI
3102:XIV
2950:Hor
2791:XII
2424:VII
2169:III
2005:Den
1801:Tiu
1667:to
1573:SAK
1566:SAK
1559:SAK
1531:JEA
1506:JEA
1499:MMJ
1398:In
1101:Bay
937:Msy
823:in
815:or
761:or
5175::
5135:31
5130:30
5125:27
5120:26
5115:25
5110:24
5100:20
5095:19
5090:18
5085:12
5080:11
3758:XX
3690:Ay
3254:XV
2717:XI
2549:IX
2343:VI
2228:IV
2068:Ba
2044:II
1983:/
1942:/
1928:Ka
1780:Pu
1383:DE
1021:.
499:Ra
5075:4
5071:3
5068:2
5064:1
2589:X
2426:/
2285:V
1973:I
1868:A
1836:A
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
23:.
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