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505:(FDR). Because the 757 flight simulators could not be backdriven during the tests, whether the airplane would have missed the mountain/tree tops if the speedbrakes had been retracted during the climb attempt could not be determined with precision, but the final report stated that if the flightcrew had retracted the speedbrakes one second after initiating the escape maneuver, the airplane could have been climbing through a position that was 46 m (150 ft) above the initial impact point. Because the airplane would have continued to climb and had the potential to increase its rate of climb, it might well have cleared the trees at the top of the mountain.
410:
course to Bogotá, resulting in the airplane turning east in a wide semicircle. The pilots then attempted to correct this by turning back to the south. By the time the error was detected, the aircraft was in a valley running roughly north–south parallel to the one they should have been in. The pilots had put the aircraft on a collision course with a 3,000-meter (9,800 ft) mountain. The air traffic controller, Nelson Rivera Ramírez, believed that some of the requests of the pilots did not make sense, but did not know enough non-aviation
English to convey this.
434:
side of the 2,700-meter-tall (9,000 ft) mountain. The last record on the flight data recorder indicated that the plane was flying at 187 kn (346 km/h; 215 mph) and with a pitch attitude of almost 28°. The crash was 9.7 km (6.0 mi; 5.2 nmi) south of Tulua VOR and 28 km (17 mi; 15 nmi) north of the approach end of runway 19 at
Alfonso Bonilla Aragon International Airport. Initially, the aircraft cleared the summit, but struck the trees with the tail and crashed shortly after the summit.
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422:(GPWS) activated, announcing an imminent terrain collision and sounding an alarm. Within a second of this warning, the first officer disengaged the autopilot, and the captain attempted to climb clear of the mountain. Within two seconds of the warning, take-off power was selected, and in the next second, pitch was increased to 20.6° upwards, causing activation of the
1823:
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29:
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When take-off power was selected, neither pilot had remembered to disengage the previously deployed speed brakes, which were fully extended and significantly reduced the rate of climb. At 9:41:28 pm EST, the aircraft struck trees at about 2,720 metres (8,920 ft) above mean sea level on the east
610:
ruled that the pilots had committed "willful misconduct"; the ruling applied to
American Airlines, which represented the dead pilots. The judge's ruling was subsequently reversed in June 1999 by the U.S. Court of Appeals in Atlanta, which also overturned the jury verdict and declared that the judge
409:
150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) from Cali, which is not in line with the ICAO standard effective from 1978 to only duplicate identifiers if more than 600 nmi (690 mi; 1,100 km) apart. By selecting "R" from the waypoint list, the captain caused the autopilot to start flying a
384:
Since the wind was calm, Cali's controllers asked the pilots whether they wanted to fly a non-precision straight-in approach to runway 19 rather than coming around for a precision ILS-approach to runway 01. The pilots agreed to the straight-in approach, hoping to make up some time. The pilots then
626:
in Miami. At the trial, American
Airlines admitted that it bore some legal responsibility for the accident. Honeywell and Jeppesen each contended that they had no legal responsibility for the accident. In June 2000, the jury found that Jeppesen was 30% at fault for the crash, Honeywell was 10% at
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Five passengers, all seated within two rows of each other, survived the initial impact, but one died two days later of his injuries. In addition to the four human survivors, a dog, which had been in a carrier in the cargo hold at the time of the crash, survived the accident.
319:
The cockpit crew consisted of
Captain Nicholas Tafuri (57), and First Officer Donald "Don" Williams (39). Both pilots were considered to be highly skilled airmen. Captain Tafuri had more than 13,000 hours of flying experience (including 2,260 hours on the
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405:(NDB) was identified as "R" in their approach chart but not in the FMS. Instead the FMS database used a different naming convention and identified the Rozo NDB as "ROZO". Colombia had also duplicated the identifier "R" for the Romeo NDB near
780:
594:
Scavengers took engine thrust reversers, cockpit avionics, and other components from the crashed 757, using
Colombian military and private helicopters to go to and from the crash site. Many of the stolen components reappeared as
400:
By the time the pilots had selected the Tulua VOR identifier "ULQ" into the FMS flight plan they had already passed over it. The pilots then tried to select the next approach waypoint Rozo in the FMS. However, the Rozo
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275:
The crash was the first U.S.-owned 757 accident and is currently the deadliest aviation accident to occur in
Colombia. It was also the deadliest accident involving a Boeing 757 at that time, but was surpassed by
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393:(identified as "ULQ") north of Cali, it was no longer programmed into the FMS flight plan, so they had to find the VOR identifier "ULQ" in their approach chart. In the meantime, they extended the aircraft's
623:
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caused the airline to delay the departure of the airliner for 30 minutes to allow for connecting passengers to board the flight, and seasonal congestion caused further delay. Flight 965 took off at 6:35 pm
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381:(FMS) navigation computer already had these beacons programmed in, and should have, in theory, told the pilots exactly where to turn, climb, and descend, all the way from Miami to the terminal in Cali.
1627:
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674:, whose wrestling career spanned from 1959 to 1983. He, his wife and youngest child were passengers on the flight. He and his wife perished in the crash. Their child was one of the four survivors.
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American
Airlines settled numerous lawsuits brought against it by the families of the victims of the accident. American Airlines filed a "third-party complaint" lawsuit for contribution against
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parts brokers. In response, the airline published a 14-page list stating all of the parts missing from the crashed aircraft. The list included the serial numbers of all of the parts.
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radio program, had an episode titled "The Father and
Daughter Finding Closure After a Plane Crash", which consisted of interviews with two of the survivors of the crash.
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288:
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As of July 2024, American
Airlines continued to operate the Miami-Cali route, as American Airlines Flight 919 and American Airlines Flight 921, both operated by
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The lack of situational awareness of the flight crew regarding vertical navigation, proximity to terrain, and the relative location of critical radio aids
339:, and joined American Airlines in 1969. First Officer Williams had flown with the U.S. Air Force from 1979 to 1986, and joined American Airlines in 1986.
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in the UK and elsewhere around the world). The episode was broadcast with the title "Crash on the Mountain" in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Asia.
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At that time, Flight 965 mainly carried people returning to Colombia for the Christmas holiday, vacationers, and businesspeople. A winter storm in the
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Failure of the flight crew to discontinue the approach into Cali, despite numerous cues alerting them of the inadvisability of continuing the approach
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s report also included a variety of safety-related recommendations to the involved parties (number of individual recommendations in parentheses):
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998:
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The aircraft involved in the accident was a Boeing 757–223 registered N651AA. It was the 390th Boeing 757 built. The aircraft was powered by two
622:, which made the navigation computer database and failed to include the coordinates of Rozo under the identifier "R"; the case went to trial in
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which crashed seven weeks later with 189 fatalities. Flight 965 was the deadliest air disaster involving a U.S. carrier since the bombing of
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All U.S. registered turbine-powered aircraft capable of carrying more than six passengers built since 2002 are required to have an advanced
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Investigators later labeled the accident a nonsurvivable event, citing the impact forces and subsequent destruction of the aircraft.
377:. Cali's approach uses several radio beacons to guide pilots around the mountains and canyons that surround the city. The airplane's
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The flight crew's failure to adequately plan and execute the approach to runway 19 at SKCL and their inadequate use of automation
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in the case was wrong in issuing a finding of fault with the pilots, a role which should have been reserved for the jury only.
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992:"Controlled Flight Into Terrain, American Airlines Flight 965, Boeing 757–223, N651AA, Near Cali, Colombia, December 20, 1995"
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The U.S. government encountered difficulty while trying to distinguish Americans from non-Americans, as many passengers held
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The investigations revealed that neither the Boeing fixed-base simulator nor the flight management system simulator could be
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The flight crew's execution of the ground proximity warning system escape maneuver while the speedbrakes remained deployed
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FMS-generated navigational information that used a different naming convention from that published in navigational charts
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2007:
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1608:"Installation of Terrain Awareness and Warning System (TAWS) Approved for Part 23 Airplanes, Advisory Circular 23-18"
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An enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS) that could have prevented the accident was introduced in 1996.
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from the flight plan in the aircraft FMS. When the controller asked the pilots to report passing over the Tulua
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1258:[16th ANNIVERSARY OF THE AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 965 ACCIDENT. CERRO EL DILUVIO, BUGA VALLE. Part 1].
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FMS logic that dropped all intermediate fixes from the display(s) in the event of execution of a direct routing
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426:. The stick shaker mechanically vibrates the control yoke (the "stick") to warn the flight crew of an imminent
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537:-assisted navigation became confusing and demanded an excessive workload in a critical phase of the flight
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prepared a final report of its investigation in September 1996, which was released through the U.S. NTSB.
427:
402:
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1256:"16o ANIVERSARIO DEL ACCIDENTE DEL VUELO 965 DE AMERICAN AIRLINES. CERRO EL DILUVIO, BUGA VALLE. Parte 1"
3120:
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2116:
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1978:
1767:"Investigative documentary 'American 965' opens in Los Angeles this week exposing shocking new evidence"
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Number of survivors reported drops to 4 Finding how many Americans on board difficult, official says
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The flight crew's ongoing efforts to expedite their approach and landing to avoid potential delays
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investigated the accident and determined it was caused by navigational errors by the flight crew.
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2121:
2111:
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1996:
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1975:
CNN Evening News for Friday, 22 December 1995 Headline: Colombia / American Airlines Plane Crash
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822:
328:), and First Officer Williams had almost 6,000 hours, with 2,286 of them on the Boeing 757/767.
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2014:
B757 Cali Accident in the Compendium of Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft
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272:, Colombia, around 9:40 pm killing 151 of the 155 passengers and all eight crew members.
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Terrorism, 1992–1995: A Chronology of Events and a Selectively Annotated Bibliography
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Twelve seconds before the plane hit the mountain, named El Diluvio (the Deluge), the
1974:
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Failure of the flight crew to revert to basic radio navigation at the time when the
3409:
2552:
2537:
1673:
1613:. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. June 14, 2000
1345:
423:
1534:
Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) – Honeywell Aerospace Engineering
747:
with Fact Not Fiction Films, suggests a different possible cause for the accident.
1857:
1114:
2577:
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336:
59:
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2228:
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2019:
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921:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 757–225 TC-GEN Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic"
325:
321:
119:
1908:) – Translation by Captain José Bestene Mattar and Maria Isabel Bobrez Orozco
1784:
1040:
94:
81:
781:
List of aircraft accidents and incidents resulting in at least 50 fatalities
619:
498:
2003:
733:, produced by WMR Productions and IMG Entertainment, featured the accident.
406:
3404:
1946:
3431:
Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain
2233:
2161:
2064:
1985:
1485:
615:
386:
73:
1715:
373:
to monitor the 757, as it had been blown up in 1992 by the terror group
1785:"Outlook – The father and daughter finding closure after a plane crash"
997:. Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics. September 6, 1996.
1419:
Note: passenger number on NTSB summary is 156, vs. 155 on final report
2024:
1971:
interviewing Mercedes Ramirez Johnson, a survivor of AA flight 965
1915:
At least four of 164 passengers survive U.S. jet crash in Colombia
723:
666:, an insurance agent, a former professional wrestler and a former
370:
249:
1513:"Crash of American Airlines Boeing in Failure Knowledge Database"
624:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
374:
257:
2998:
2718:
2028:
1741:
1490:
1462:
American Airlines Ruled Guilty Of Misconduct in '95 Cali Crash
1091:
1341:"Experience: I survived a plane crash that killed 151 people"
501:
with the data obtained directly from the accident airplane's
303:
N650AA, sister ship to the aircraft involved in the accident
546:
determined that these factors contributed to the accident:
1624:
Note: Original text copied from U.S. FAA Circular AC23-18
1470:. Friday September 12, 1997. Retrieved on August 24, 2009.
729:
The 2018 episode "Disastrous Descents" of the TV series
762:
The accident is featured prominently in the 2011 novel
3436:
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
1515:. Hatamura Institute for the Advancement of Technology
3357:
1992:
Pair Who Survived a Crash Relieved to Be on Home Soil
1644:"Sec. 121.354 – Terrain awareness and warning system"
474:(NTSB), as well as other parties, including the U.S.
691:
The events of Flight 965 were featured in "Lost", a
2973:
2938:
2903:
2860:
2809:
2750:
2632:
2591:
2530:
2508:
2470:
2272:
2263:
2242:
2221:
2195:
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1815:
1674:"Flight history for American Airlines flight AA921"
231:
223:
215:
207:
199:
191:
180:
169:
159:
151:
143:
135:
125:
115:
110:
65:
51:
43:
38:
2016:including a copy of the Colombian accident report.
1369:"Four Survive American Airlines Crash in Colombia"
823:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 757–223 N651AA Buga"
519:determined these probable causes of the accident:
1947:Brown professor, wife, 2 children killed in crash
1583:"Cali Crash Questions Safety of Automated Flight"
816:
814:
369:Cali's air traffic controllers had no functional
3461:Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 757
1836:Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics
456:Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics
289:Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics
1936:More survivors pulled from wreckage of U.S. jet
1171:Mickolus, Edward F.; Simmons, Susan L. (1997).
627:fault, and American Airlines was 60% at fault.
385:mistakenly cleared all the programmed approach
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
3010:
2730:
2604:Association of Professional Flight Attendants
2040:
8:
3426:Aviation accidents and incidents in Colombia
2745:Aviation accidents and incidents in Colombia
1087:"American Airlines jet crashes in the Andes"
1021:
1019:
948:"American Airlines jet crashes in the Andes"
254:Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport
185:Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport
21:
1288:. SKYbrary Aviation Safety. April 5, 2021.
726:, in a 2015 episode titled "Sudden Impact".
3017:
3003:
2995:
2799:Taxi Aereo el Venado Douglas DC-4 accident
2737:
2723:
2715:
2269:
2047:
2033:
2025:
1027:"The List of the 164 People on Flight 965"
397:to slow it down and expedite its descent.
27:
20:
3466:December 1995 events in the United States
3446:American Airlines accidents and incidents
695:(2005) episode of the Canadian TV series
577:International Civil Aviation Organization
3441:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1995
1827:Pre-crash photo taken from Airliners.net
436:
298:
3364:
3281:Khabarovsk United Air Group Flight 3949
3051:Intercontinental de Aviación Flight 256
2877:Intercontinental de Aviación Flight 256
2791:Aerocondor Lockheed L-188 Electra crash
2004:Piamba Cortes v. American Airlines Inc.
1881:– The people who prepared them for the
1035:. Associated Press. December 23, 1995.
792:
672:NWA International Tag Team Championship
3181:Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529
3091:Air Transport International Flight 782
1812:
660:, died with his wife and two children.
260:, Colombia. On December 20, 1995, the
244:was a regularly scheduled flight from
16:1995 passenger plane crash in Colombia
3471:December 1995 events in South America
3151:Lagos Harka Air Services Tu-134 crash
1436:"Bogus parts plague airline industry"
1429:
1427:
1292:from the original on February 3, 2016
1004:from the original on January 24, 2021
736:A documentary film released in 2021,
670:(NWA) Texas Heavyweight Champion and
7:
1403:National Transportation Safety Board
1282:"B752, vicinity Cali Colombia, 1995"
1012:– via Aviation Safety Network.
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
740:, directed and produced by a former
472:National Transportation Safety Board
361:(23:35 UTC), nearly two hours late.
335:from 1963 to 1969 and served in the
33:Wreckage of N651AA at the crash site
1367:Torcha, Chris (December 22, 1995).
946:Acohido, Byron (January 18, 1996).
268:N651AA) crashed into a mountain in
2920:West Caribbean Airways Flight 9955
2020:Cockpit voice recording transcript
1925:Tearful relatives head to Colombia
1339:Dussan, Michelle (July 30, 2021).
1254:Escobar, Jaime; Restrepo, Andrés.
1199:"AOPA "Lessons from Cali" Article"
716:The accident was also featured on
608:U.S. District Judge Stanley Marcus
454:The crash was investigated by the
331:Captain Tafuri had flown with the
14:
3311:Trans Service Airlift L-188 crash
1493:. Associated Press. June 16, 1999
1434:Bajak, Frank (December 8, 1996).
1062:"Family members await crash news"
58:caused by navigational error and
3456:Colombia–United States relations
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3191:Royal Air Force Nimrod MR2 XV239
3027:Aviation accidents and incidents
2699:
2698:
1986:Mercedes Ramirez Johnson website
1821:
635:terrain awareness warning system
488:Boeing Commercial Airplane Group
470:, with assistance from the U.S.
3291:Air St. Martin Beech 1900 crash
3271:Azerbaijan Airlines Flight A-56
3111:Royal Air Force Nimrod R1 XW666
2982:Caquetá Cessna Stationair crash
2834:TAMPA Colombia Boeing 707 crash
1742:"American 965 Documentary Film"
1648:Federal Aviation Administration
1561:Federal Aviation Administration
1229:Georgia Institute of Technology
805:Federal Aviation Administration
476:Federal Aviation Administration
420:ground proximity warning system
3061:Bristow Helicopters Flight 56C
2928:Centurion Air Cargo Flight 164
1311:Sider, Don (January 8, 1996).
441:Another angle of the wreckage
56:Controlled flight into terrain
1:
3261:Cameroon Airlines Flight 3701
3241:American Airlines Flight 1572
3201:Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133
3141:All Nippon Airways Flight 857
3131:Ansett New Zealand Flight 703
3071:TransAsia Airways Flight 510A
2826:Aeropesca Colombia Flight 217
2818:Aeropesca Colombia Flight 221
2625:Passenger Service Association
1898:Final Accident Report – AA965
1841:Final Accident Report – AA965
1581:Phillips, Don (May 5, 1996).
1450:– via Associated Press.
1152:. Season 2. Episode 5. 2004.
867:"Colombia air safety profile"
3331:American Airlines Flight 965
3081:Borodianka mid-air collision
2885:American Airlines Flight 965
2640:History of American Airlines
1846:Text version of final report
1481:"Cali Crash Case Overturned"
242:American Airlines Flight 965
22:American Airlines Flight 965
2767:Santa Ana air show disaster
1889:to scan photocopies of them
1158:National Geographic Channel
764:The Sound of Things Falling
668:National Wrestling Alliance
246:Miami International Airport
174:Miami International Airport
3487:
3251:Nigeria Airways Flight 357
3231:Alaska E-3 Sentry accident
2775:Avianca Douglas DC-4 crash
2147:Pacific Southwest Airlines
2102:American Overseas Airlines
927:. Flight Safety Foundation
900:. Flight Safety Foundation
873:. Flight Safety Foundation
851:AA965 Cali Accident Report
656:, a computer scientist at
3340:
3042:
2694:
2599:Allied Pilots Association
2250:American Airlines Shuttle
2062:
1820:
1630:December 1, 2017, at the
1313:"Miracle on the Mountain"
1225:"The AA965 Cali accident"
1177:. ABC-CLIO. p. 904.
597:unapproved aircraft parts
480:Allied Pilots Association
26:
1539:October 2, 2011, at the
1154:Discovery Channel Canada
831:Flight Safety Foundation
535:flight management system
379:flight management system
176:, Florida, United States
2869:SAM Colombia Flight 501
2686:Transpacific Route Case
2650:American Airlines Group
2172:Trans Caribbean Airways
925:Aviation Safety Network
898:Aviation Safety Network
871:Aviation Safety Network
827:Aviation Safety Network
801:"FAA Registry (N651AA)"
711:Air Crash Investigation
599:on the black market in
354:Northeast United States
333:United States Air Force
1557:lessonslearned.faa.gov
1115:"Cali Accident Report"
563:
540:
463:
442:
403:non-directional beacon
304:
95:3.845889°N 76.104750°W
3121:Knight Air Flight 816
2893:Air France Flight 422
2117:Lake Central Airlines
2097:America West Airlines
2087:All American Aviation
1979:Vanderbilt University
1716:"American 965 (2021)"
1399:"NTSB Report Summary"
731:Aircrash Confidential
582:American Airlines (2)
548:
521:
440:
302:
70:Buga, Valle del Cauca
3301:Banat Air Flight 166
2963:Aerosucre Flight 157
2759:Medellin plane crash
2177:Trans World Airlines
1956:The Associated Press
1942:. December 21, 1995.
1931:. December 22, 1995.
1854:Bielefeld University
1705:. December 23, 1995.
1409:on February 13, 2009
1379:on December 20, 2022
1260:Spotting in SKCL/CLO
1205:on February 14, 2006
768:Juan Gabriel Vasquez
766:by Colombian author
503:flight data recorder
468:Republic of Colombia
278:Birgenair Flight 301
100:3.845889; -76.104750
3349:► 1996
3343:1994 ◄
3321:Tower Air Flight 41
3211:Kish Air Flight 707
3171:Aviateca Flight 901
2132:MidAtlantic Airways
1969:BBC Horizon Program
1852:by Peter Ladkin of
1848:– Prepared for the
1793:, December 16, 2021
1654:on December 8, 2016
1553:"Accident Overview"
1095:. December 21, 1995
515:In its report, the
492:Rolls-Royce Engines
264:flying this route (
91: /
23:
3346:
2850:Avianca Flight 203
2842:Avianca Flight 410
2122:Marquette Airlines
2112:Executive Airlines
2092:Allegheny Airlines
1997:The New York Times
1982:Television Archive
1467:The New York Times
1460:Wald, Matthew L. "
1032:The New York Times
686:In popular culture
567:Civil Aeronautics'
443:
305:
116:Aircraft type
3355:
3354:
2992:
2991:
2955:LaMia Flight 2933
2947:AIRES Flight 8250
2712:
2711:
2670:Celebrated Living
2526:
2525:
2213:C.R. Smith Museum
2157:Piedmont Airlines
2056:American Airlines
1990:Mercer, Pamela. "
1945:Dewar, Steuart. "
1923:Zarrella, John. "
1870:Archive of Alt #2
1832:
1831:
1771:Los Angeles Issue
1587:Los Angeles Times
1286:www.skybrary.aero
1184:978-0-313-30468-2
953:The Seattle Times
854:Aeronautica Civil
757:BBC World Service
680:dual citizenships
544:Civil Aeronautics
542:In addition, the
517:Civil Aeronautics
510:Civil Aeronautics
484:American Airlines
464:Aeronáutica Civil
428:aerodynamic stall
309:Rolls-Royce RB211
282:Pan Am Flight 103
239:
238:
130:American Airlines
47:December 20, 1995
3478:
3451:1995 in Colombia
3408:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3161:Airstan incident
3101:TAROM Flight 371
3037:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2985:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2783:Avianca Flight 4
2778:
2770:
2762:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2702:
2701:
2583:George A. Spater
2568:Thomas W. Horton
2270:
2167:Simmons Airlines
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
1962:Brown University
1896:
1825:
1824:
1813:
1802:
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1800:
1798:
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1763:
1757:
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1706:
1703:Associated Press
1695:
1689:
1688:
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1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1650:. Archived from
1640:
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1598:
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1593:
1578:
1572:
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1477:
1471:
1458:
1452:
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1447:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1405:. Archived from
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1336:
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1327:
1325:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
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1278:
1272:
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1269:
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1251:
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1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:on June 16, 2007
1231:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1119:sunnyday.mit.edu
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905:
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882:
880:
878:
862:
856:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
818:
809:
808:
797:
719:Why Planes Crash
709:in the U.S. and
658:Brown University
654:Paris Kanellakis
642:Boeing 737 MAX 8
365:Going off-course
187:, Cali, Colombia
106:
105:
103:
102:
101:
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
31:
24:
3486:
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3308:
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3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
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3238:
3234:
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3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:MIAT Flight 557
3218:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3178:
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3054:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2969:
2965:(December 2016)
2961:
2957:(November 2016)
2953:
2945:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2912:TAME Flight 120
2910:
2899:
2891:
2887:(December 1995)
2883:
2875:
2867:
2856:
2852:(November 1989)
2848:
2840:
2836:(December 1983)
2832:
2824:
2816:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2777:(February 1947)
2773:
2765:
2757:
2746:
2743:
2713:
2708:
2690:
2655:AMR Corporation
2628:
2587:
2563:Robert Crandall
2548:Albert V. Casey
2543:Donald J. Carty
2522:
2510:
2504:
2472:
2466:
2274:
2259:
2238:
2217:
2191:
2152:Parks Air Lines
2142:Ozark Air Lines
2137:Mohawk Airlines
2107:Empire Airlines
2074:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2000:. May 19, 1996.
1894:
1822:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1773:. July 9, 2021.
1765:
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1746:american965.com
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1632:Wayback Machine
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919:Ranter, Harro.
918:
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903:
901:
892:Ranter, Harro.
891:
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886:
876:
874:
865:Ranter, Harro.
864:
863:
859:
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835:
833:
821:Ranter, Harro.
820:
819:
812:
799:
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794:
789:
777:
742:British Airways
688:
650:
592:
452:
416:
367:
350:
345:
317:
297:
144:ICAO flight No.
136:IATA flight No.
99:
97:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
78:
77:
76:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3159:
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3139:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3046:
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3044:
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3014:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
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2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2914:(January 2002)
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2879:(January 1995)
2873:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2801:(January 1976)
2795:
2787:
2785:(January 1966)
2779:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
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2727:
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2287:
2278:
2276:
2267:
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2260:
2258:
2257:
2255:American Eagle
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
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2205:
2199:
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2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
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2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Air California
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2001:
1988:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1883:World Wide Web
1876:
1850:World Wide Web
1830:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1816:External image
1810:
1809:External links
1807:
1804:
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1758:
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1707:
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773:
772:
771:
760:
748:
734:
727:
714:
687:
684:
676:
675:
661:
649:
648:Notable deaths
646:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
574:
562:
561:
558:
555:
552:
539:
538:
531:
528:
525:
451:
448:
415:
412:
366:
363:
349:
346:
344:
343:Flight history
341:
316:
313:
296:
293:
287:The Colombian
262:Boeing 757-200
252:, Florida, to
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
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157:
156:
153:
149:
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140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
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120:Boeing 757–223
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
67:
63:
62:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3483:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3398:United States
3389:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3041:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:(August 2010)
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:
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2902:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:(August 1981)
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2793:(August 1973)
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
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2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
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2638:
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2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:Organizations
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
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2501:
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2433:
2430:
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2400:
2398:
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2375:
2373:
2370:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:December 2001
2328:
2326:
2323:
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2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
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2288:
2286:
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2268:
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2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
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2182:Trump Shuttle
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2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
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1998:
1993:
1989:
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1981:
1980:
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1678:Flightradar24
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1442:. pp. A9
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749:
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743:
739:
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728:
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708:
707:Air Disasters
704:
703:Air Emergency
700:
699:
694:
690:
689:
685:
683:
681:
673:
669:
665:
664:Benny Ramírez
662:
659:
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621:
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612:
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601:Greater Miami
598:
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581:
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575:
573:U.S. FAA (17)
572:
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469:
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450:Investigation
449:
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170:Flight origin
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146:
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138:
134:
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128:
124:
121:
118:
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104:
75:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
30:
25:
19:
3330:
2922:(March 2005)
2895:(April 1998)
2884:
2844:(March 1988)
2828:(March 1982)
2668:
2663:American Way
2661:
2553:O. Roy Chalk
2538:Gerard Arpey
2436:
2325:October 1943
2075:acquisitions
1995:
1977:
1960:
1959:, posted at
1954:
1939:
1928:
1918:
1895:(in Spanish)
1797:December 28,
1795:, retrieved
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1751:December 28,
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1727:December 28,
1725:, retrieved
1719:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1638:
1615:. Retrieved
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1586:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1465:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1439:
1418:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1393:
1383:December 20,
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:The Guardian
1344:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1285:
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1262:(in Spanish)
1259:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1219:
1209:February 14,
1207:. Retrieved
1203:the original
1193:
1173:
1166:
1147:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1030:
1006:. Retrieved
957:. Retrieved
951:
941:
929:. Retrieved
924:
914:
902:. Retrieved
897:
894:"Boeing 757"
887:
875:. Retrieved
870:
860:
846:
834:. Retrieved
826:
804:
795:
763:
750:
738:American 965
737:
730:
717:
710:
706:
702:
696:
677:
639:
632:
629:
613:
605:
593:
585:
566:
564:
543:
541:
516:
514:
509:
507:
496:
453:
444:
432:
424:stick shaker
417:
399:
395:speed brakes
383:
368:
351:
330:
318:
306:
286:
274:
266:registration
241:
240:
161:Registration
155:AMERICAN 965
86:76°06′17.1″W
18:
2930:(July 2008)
2769:(July 1938)
2761:(June 1935)
2751:Before 1980
2615:Association
2578:C. R. Smith
2573:Doug Parker
2518:Flight 5966
2500:Flight 5456
2495:Flight 5452
2490:Flight 4184
2485:Flight 3379
2480:Flight 3378
2462:Flight 6780
2457:Flight 6001
2452:Flight 1572
2447:Flight 1502
2442:Flight 1420
2376:Flight 383
2073:Mergers and
1906:Alt Archive
1887:Deskscan II
1873:Alt Archive
1446:December 8,
1440:Sunday News
1266:October 31,
931:February 1,
904:February 1,
877:February 1,
836:February 1,
337:Vietnam War
181:Destination
98: /
83:3°50′45.2″N
60:pilot error
3420:Categories
2984:(May 2023)
2871:(May 1993)
2676:Reservisor
2558:E. L. Cord
2511:Connection
2437:Flight 965
2432:Flight 924
2427:Flight 910
2422:Flight 723
2417:Flight 711
2412:Flight 625
2407:Flight 587
2402:Flight 514
2397:Flight 476
2392:Flight 444
2372:Flight 331
2367:Flight 320
2362:Flight 293
2357:Flight 191
2352:Flight 157
2347:Flight 102
2316:Flight 63
2302:Flight 009
2229:AAdvantage
2196:Facilities
2187:US Airways
1879:Appendices
1790:BBC Sounds
1497:August 30,
1008:January 4,
787:References
693:season-two
644:aircraft.
499:backdriven
322:Boeing 757
216:Fatalities
200:Passengers
2623:Teamsters
2342:Flight 96
2337:Flight 77
2320:July 1943
2312:Flight 28
2307:Flight 11
2281:Flight 1
2265:Incidents
2208:AA Center
1519:April 15,
1413:March 29,
1239:March 29,
1071:March 29,
1041:0362-4331
620:Honeywell
606:In 1997,
590:Aftermath
466:) of the
387:waypoints
348:Departure
311:engines.
284:in 1988.
232:Survivors
192:Occupants
152:Call sign
3386:Colombia
3374:Aviation
2704:Category
2509:American
2471:American
2297:Flight 2
2275:Airlines
2273:American
2234:AAirpass
2222:Programs
2203:AA Arena
2162:Reno Air
2127:MetroJet
2065:Oneworld
1683:June 16,
1628:Archived
1592:June 16,
1566:June 16,
1537:Archived
1486:CBS News
1352:July 30,
1324:June 22,
1296:June 14,
1290:Archived
1146:"Lost".
999:Archived
775:See also
701:(called
616:Jeppesen
414:Accident
295:Aircraft
224:Injuries
126:Operator
111:Aircraft
74:Colombia
39:Accident
3360:Portals
3031: (
3029:in 1995
2633:Related
2008:Archive
1951:Archive
1902:Archive
1866:Archive
1373:AP NEWS
1124:May 30,
752:Outlook
745:captain
460:Spanish
52:Summary
3327:Dec 20
3317:Dec 20
3307:Dec 18
3297:Dec 13
3247:Nov 13
3237:Nov 12
3227:Sep 22
3217:Sep 21
3207:Sep 19
3197:Sep 15
3177:Aug 21
3147:Jun 24
3137:Jun 21
3117:May 24
3107:May 16
3097:Mar 31
3087:Feb 16
3077:Feb 10
3067:Jan 30
3057:Jan 19
3047:Jan 11
2531:People
2243:Brands
2067:member
1862:Alt #2
1658:May 4,
1617:May 4,
1318:People
1181:
1149:Mayday
1099:May 6,
1046:May 6,
1039:
959:May 6,
698:Mayday
490:, and
407:Bogotá
165:N651AA
147:AAL965
3410:1990s
3287:Dec 7
3277:Dec 7
3267:Dec 5
3257:Dec 3
3187:Sep 2
3167:Aug 9
3157:Aug 3
3127:Jun 9
2974:2020s
2939:2010s
2904:2000s
2861:1990s
2810:1980s
2681:Sabre
2645:Fleet
2473:Eagle
1885:used
1611:(PDF)
1002:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
724:MSNBC
371:radar
250:Miami
139:AA965
3033:1995
2385:2016
2380:1965
2290:1962
2285:1941
1799:2021
1753:2021
1729:2021
1721:IMDb
1685:2020
1660:2020
1619:2020
1594:2020
1568:2020
1521:2011
1499:2009
1448:2021
1415:2008
1385:2022
1354:2021
1326:2009
1298:2021
1268:2015
1241:2008
1211:2006
1179:ISBN
1126:2019
1101:2009
1073:2008
1048:2009
1037:ISSN
1010:2020
961:2009
933:2019
906:2019
879:2019
838:2019
755:, a
705:and
618:and
565:The
508:The
375:FARC
315:Crew
270:Buga
258:Cali
208:Crew
66:Site
44:Date
2619:CWA
2613:IAM
2609:TWU
1994:."
1953:).
1949:" (
1940:CNN
1938:,"
1929:CNN
1927:,"
1919:CNN
1917:,"
1858:Alt
1701:."
1491:CBS
1464:."
1092:CNN
1066:CNN
722:on
579:(3)
391:VOR
359:EST
326:767
256:in
248:in
219:159
203:155
195:163
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