1590:
clause (Art. 1, Sec. 2, Clause 3) is not limited to a count of the population and "does not prohibit the gathering of other statistics, if 'necessary and proper,' for the intelligent exercise of other powers enumerated in the constitution, and in such case there could be no objection to acquiring this information through the same machinery by which the population is enumerated". United States v. Moriarity, 106 F. 886, 891 (S.D.N.Y.1901). All of these decisions are consistent with the
Supreme Court's recent description of the census as the "linchpin of the federal statistical system ... collecting data on the characteristics of individuals, households, and housing units throughout the country". Dept. of Commerce v. U.S. House of Representatives, 525 U.S. 316, 341 (1999).
31:
250:
no address should be selected more than once every five years. Data is collected by internet, mail, telephone interviews, and in-person interviews. The questionnaire is available in
English and Spanish, with assistance provided in additional languages. Approximately one-third of those who do not respond to the survey by mail or telephone are randomly selected for in-person interviews. About 95 percent of households across all response modes ultimately participate in the survey.
210:, first proposed including questions in the census to "enable them to adapt the public measures to the particular circumstances of the community". Such knowledge collected with each census, Madison argued, "would give them an opportunity of marking the progress of the society". The questions included in censuses since 1790 have reflected American understandings of and concerns about societal trends and the growing nation's expanded data needs.
274:
581:. The letter cited results from a congressionally mandated test of a voluntary ACS that found that mail response rates would drop "dramatically," by more than 20 percentage points. The resulting loss in quality and reliability would essentially eliminate data for 41 percent of U.S. counties, small cities, towns and villages, many school districts, neighborhoods, remote areas, and American Indian reservations.
371:
Over the past decade, the
American Community Survey has collected and supplied all data at local levels. This was a large breakthrough in the survey because it allows American citizens more individualized data on a community level as opposed to extrapolating from data collected over a larger area. It
240:
had introduced the concept of a rolling sample (or continuous measurement) design in 1981. This design featured ongoing, monthly data collection aggregated on a yearly basis, enabling annual data releases. By combining multiple years of this data, the Census Bureau could release "period" estimates to
722:
Frequently Asked
Questions to Accompany the Estimates of at Least the Top 15 Languages Spoken by Individuals with Limited English Proficiency under Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights (OCR). Page 2. Retrieved August 30,
454:
American
Community Survey data provides important information that cannot be found elsewhere. The federal government, as well as various businesses, researchers, and local governments use ACS data for planning and decision-making purposes. ACS data are used by public and business decision-makers to
249:
The
American Community Survey initially sampled approximately 3.5 million housing unit addresses and group quarters in the United States. The Census Bureau selects a random sample of addresses to be included in the ACS. Each address has about a 1-in-480 chance of being selected in a given month, and
1589:
As early as 1870, the
Supreme Court characterized as unquestionable the power of Congress to require both an enumeration and the collection of statistics in the census. The Legal Tender Cases, Tex.1870; 12 Wall., U.S., 457, 536, 20 L.Ed. 287. In 1901, a district court said the Constitution's census
217:
to begin asking a sample of the population a subset of additional detailed questions without unduly increasing cost or respondent burden. In the decades that followed, new questions were added to those that had previously been asked of all respondents, and all the questions were moved to the sample
1565:
Morales v. Daley, 116 F. Supp. 2d 801, 820 (S.D. Tex. 2000) " . . . t is clear that the degree to which these questions intrude upon an individual's privacy is limited, given the methods used to collect the census data and the statutory assurance that the answers and attribution to an individual
561:
would be responsible for prosecuting violations, adding that "we don't recommend that". The Census Bureau prefers to gain cooperation by convincing respondents of the importance of participation while acknowledging that the mandate improves response rates (and thus accuracy) and lowers the annual
332:
In order to balance geographic resolution, temporal frequency, statistical significance, and respondent privacy, ACS estimates released each year are aggregated from responses received in the previous calendar year or the previous five calendar years. The Census Bureau provides guidance for data
615:
The US Census has a separate form for Puerto Rico called the Puerto Rico
Community Survey, (PRCS). Despite the different form, the U.S. Census Bureau website states that "The PRCS is part of the ACS". A question linking the PCRS with the ACS is if the respondent lived in Puerto Rico should they
496:
confirmed that the Census Bureau has authority to conduct the survey and "require responses from the public". All individual
American Community Survey responses are kept private and are used (along with other ACS responses) to create estimates of demographic characteristics for various
455:
more clearly identify issues and opportunities and more effectively allocate scarce resources to address them. In Fiscal Year 2008, 184 federal domestic assistance programs used ACS-related datasets to help guide the distribution of $ 416 billion, 29 percent of all federal assistance.
225:, federal, state, and local government officials, and some in the private sector began demanding more timely long-form-type data. Lawmakers representing rural districts claimed they were at a data disadvantage, unable to self-fund additional surveys of their populations.
236:, when it became clear that the more burdensome long form was depressing overall census response rates and jeopardizing the accuracy of the count. At Congress's request, the Census Bureau developed and tested a new design to obtain long-form data. U.S. statistician
1579:
The U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the District Court decision on October 10, 2001, 275 F.3d 45. The U.S. Supreme Court denied petition for writ of certiorari on February 19, 2002, 534 U.S. 1135. No published opinions were filed with these
545:
Those who decline to complete the survey may receive visits to their homes from Census Bureau personnel. Because it is a mandatory survey, it is governed by federal laws that could impose a fine of as much as $ 5,000 on those who flagrantly refuse to participate.
1566:
will remain confidential. The degree to which the information is needed for the promotion of legitimate governmental interests has been found to be significant. A census of the type of 2000 census has been taken every ten years since the first census in
257:. Every employee at the Census Bureau takes an oath of nondisclosure and is sworn for life to not disclose identifying information. Violations of the nondisclosure oath are punishable by prison sentences of up to five years and/or a $ 250,000 fine. Under
887:"Mid-Decade Census: Hearings before the United States House Subcommittee on Census and Statistics of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 92nd Congress, first session on proposals for a mid-decade census of population and housing (1971)"
372:
has also provided unparalleled information to be more accessible for local government planning and financing. Many conclusions for local data are averaged from various information across the area, but it is not always an adequate representation.
505:
Opponents of the American Community Survey disagree with the court's findings about its constitutionality, contending that the survey asks for more information and at a higher frequency than the simple enumeration authorized and required by
379:(AFF) is the primary tool for disseminating ACS data, allowing users to drill down to specific tables and geographies (starting with 2013 estimates, AFF also includes block group data). A selection of the most popular tables is shown in
336:
From 2007 to 2013, three-year estimates were available for areas with 20,000 people or more. This data product was discontinued in 2015 due to budget cuts. The last 3-year release was the 2011–2013 ACS 3-year estimates.
473:
or other constitutional provisions that were alleged in the federal lawsuit initiated by the plaintiffs. The court said responses to census questions are not a violation of a citizen's right to privacy or speech.
566:
399:
featuring 5-year estimates for federally recognized tribes, launched in 2017. The Summary File is the most detailed data source and is available as a series of downloadable text files or through an
347:
are available for areas with a population of at least 65,000 people. The 2015 ACS 1-year estimates were released in 2016 and summarize responses received in 2015 for all states but only 26% of
426:(PUMAs). The analysis of all ACS microdata without the sampling and anonymization in PUMS is restricted to qualified researchers at secure Federal Statistical Research Data Centers (FSRDCs).
1412:
Smalley, Heather (April 30, 2020). "A longitudinal perspective on the effects of household language on data quality in the American Community Survey (Chapter 3)". In Sha, Mandy (ed.).
497:
geographies. Because of data swapping techniques to ensure confidentiality, it is impossible to figure out how individual people responded based on data from published ACS estimates.
1527:
265:, census responses are "immune from legal process" and may not "be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial or administrative proceeding".
462:
616:
respond that they have resided in their current residence in the CONUS (or Alaska or Hawaii) for one year or less. The questions asked are different from the questions in the ACS.
478:
815:"The American Community Survey: A Replacement for the Long Form? United States House Subcommittee on the Census of the Committee of Government Reform, 106th Congress (2000)"
470:
866:"Mid-Decade Census: Hearings before the United States House Subcommittee on Census and Statistics of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 89th Congress (1965)"
1811:
565:
In 2014, the Census Project, a collaboration of pro-Census business and industry associations, gathered signatures from 96 national and local organizations urging the
542:
of Texas, who opposes ACS, said that the founding fathers of the United States "never authorized the federal government to continuously survey the American people".
241:
produce estimates for smaller areas. After a decade of testing, it launched as the American Community Survey in 2005, replacing the once-a-decade census long form.
590:
286:
507:
302:
191:
1616:
351:
due to the 65,000 minimum population threshold. This is most suitable for data users interested in shorter-term changes at medium to large geographic scales.
1361:
139:
Sent to approximately 295,000 addresses monthly, or 3.5 million addresses annually, it is the largest household survey that the Census Bureau administers.
1570:. Such a census has been thought to be necessary for over two hundred years. There is no basis for holding that it is not necessary in the year 2000."
1450:
982:
637:
1336:
458:
The American Community Survey is authorized by 13 U.S.C. § 141 and 13 U.S.C. § 193. Federal courts have held that the long form is constitutional.
1776:
415:
136:, and not-for-profit stakeholders to allocate funding, track shifting demographics, plan for emergencies, and learn about local communities.
1433:
203:
194:
requires an enumeration of the population every ten years "in such Manner as they (Congress) shall by Law direct". From the first census in
1821:
1500:
554:
1741:
1690:
558:
298:
523:
515:
482:
258:
229:
explored the creation of a mid-decade census, holding hearings and even authorizing a mid-decade census in 1976, but not funding it.
400:
367:
scale, on the order of 600 to 3000 people. The 2015 ACS 5-year estimates, summarizing data from 2011 to 2015, were released in 2016.
1065:
489:, have held through the years that the census and the questions in the census are authorized by both the Constitution and statute.
929:
793:
574:
511:
163:
125:
1475:
1259:
535:
207:
218:
questionnaire form. As the sample form grew longer than the census form itself, it became known as the census "long form".
198:, legislators understood that it should collect basic demographic information beyond the number of people in the household.
1664:
418:. PUMS data contain responses to every question from a sample of respondents. To protect respondent privacy, PUMS data are
441:
The ACS data is used by researchers to examine societal changes, study data quality, and conduct methodological research.
306:
907:
179:
1451:"Letter to Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies 3/17/16"
1285:
705:
486:
214:
121:
117:
1816:
1386:
1528:"Surveying for Dollars: the Role of the American Community Survey in the Geographic Distribution of Federal Funds"
1796:
1567:
1122:
1091:
719:
493:
466:
423:
233:
222:
195:
1786:
407:
1174:
680:
175:
1715:
1200:
124:, including ancestry, US citizenship status, educational attainment, income, language proficiency, migration,
771:
886:
845:"Mid-Decade Census, Part 1: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Census and Statistics, 87th Congress (1961)"
844:
578:
318:
654:
1039:
570:
348:
294:
282:
226:
30:
1227:"Studying Neighborhoods Using Uncertain Data from the American Community Survey: A Contextual Approach"
1148:
357:
are shown in annual tables summarizing populations for geographies with populations of 20,000 or more.
1413:
865:
254:
1617:"Americans must answer U.S. Census Bureau survey by law, though agency hasn't prosecuted since 1970"
738:
U.S. Census Bureau. An Overview Of the American Community Survey. Page 5. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
822:
748:
639:
In Order That They Might Rest Their Arguments on Facts: The Vital Role of Government-Collected Data
595:
435:
419:
364:
314:
45:
1504:
1429:
411:
1419:
1238:
814:
569:
to reject a proposal to make the American Community Survey voluntary. Signers included the
147:
333:
users about which data set to use when analyzing different population and geography sizes.
550:
531:
735:
1791:
167:
133:
273:
1805:
199:
129:
120:. It regularly gathers information previously contained only in the long form of the
1638:
1010:
958:
1599:
514:'s conclusion that the Census Bureau has the authority to conduct the survey under
322:
310:
1716:"Comparison of the American Community Survey Voluntary Versus Mandatory Estimates"
1424:
1243:
1226:
388:
527:
519:
1552:
930:"Still Rolling: Leslie Kish's Rolling Samples and the American Community Survey"
485:
denied petition for writ of certiorari. A number of other courts, including the
326:
237:
159:
1639:"Census Bureau, Census 2000, Director Prewitt press briefing on March 30, 2000"
262:
720:
https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/section-1557-top-15-languages-faqs.pdf
530:, several U.S. representatives have challenged the ACS as unauthorized by the
290:
143:
99:
1040:"American Community Survey Language Assistance Guides in Multiple Languages"
422:
and only available down to areas containing 100,000 people or more known as
289:. Among these summary levels are legal and administrative entities such as
636:
Eberstadt, Nicholas; Nunn, Ryan; Schanzenbach, Diane W.; Strain, Michael.
1603:
539:
553:, the former director of the Census Bureau, said in March 2000 that the
549:
To date, no person has been prosecuted for refusing to answer the ACS.
434:
The Census Bureau conducts research and evaluation projects, including
128:, employment, and housing characteristics. These data are used by many
232:
Efforts to obtain data on a more frequent basis began again after the
384:
380:
281:
The Census Bureau aggregates individual ACS responses, also known as
142:
The American Community Survey gathers information annually in the 50
1792:
American Community Survey (ACS) User Guide for Disability Statistics
1553:"U.S. GAO – Legal Authority for American Community Survey, B-289852"
1767:
272:
1768:
American Community Survey site at the United States Census Bureau
396:
959:"American Community Survey: Design and Methodology (PDF) p. 2-1"
406:
Custom cross-tabulations of ACS questions can be made using the
171:
1311:
375:
ACS estimates are available via a number of online data tools.
1391:
Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project
477:
The U.S. District Court's decision was later affirmed by the
1772:
329:
is the only U.S. territory that is part of the ACS program.
116:) is an annual demographics survey program conducted by the
1781:
1742:"Letter to House Oversight and Government Reform Committee"
1691:"Letter to House Oversight and Government Reform Committee"
392:
1787:
Access to all survey questionnaires used from 1998 to 2023
562:
cost of survey administration by more than $ 90 million.
376:
213:
By 1940, advancements in statistical methods enabled the
162:. It does not gather information in the other four major
983:"ACS Design and Methodology. Chapter 2: Program History"
736:
http://www3.drcog.org/documents/archive/ACS_Basics.pdf
463:
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas
1714:
Navarro, Alfredo; King, Karen E.; Starsinc, Michael.
1225:
Spielman, Seth; Singleton, Alex (September 3, 2015).
681:"American Community Survey Resources for Puerto Rico"
567:
US House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
479:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
438:
research, important for the improvement of the ACS.
94:
86:
78:
60:
52:
40:
23:
1175:"The ACS 3-year Demographic Estimates Are History"
794:"1940 (Population) – History – U.S. Census Bureau"
192:United States Constitution (Article I, Section II)
1782:United States Census Bureau's Searchable Database
1415:The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research
1231:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
598:and its successor the National Household Survey
1011:"Sample ACS & PRCS Forms and Instructions"
591:List of household surveys in the United States
277:An American Community Survey data table sample
1201:"American Community Survey Supplemental Data"
508:Article 1, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution
253:Like the decennial census, ACS responses are
8:
1476:"The American Community Survey is Essential"
557:is "not an enforcement agency" and that the
1501:"The Greatest Survey You've Never Heard Of"
1312:"Federal Statistical Research Data Centers"
1149:"When to Use 1-Year, 3-Year or 5-Year Data"
731:
729:
1546:
1544:
1179:APDU: The Association of Public Data Users
305:, as well as statistical entities such as
29:
1423:
1242:
772:"Through The Decades: Index of Questions"
1812:2005 establishments in the United States
1337:"ACS Research & Evaluation Program"
707:About the Puerto Rico Community Survey.
628:
608:
16:Demographic survey in the United States
1777:Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
469:and its questions did not violate the
416:Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
410:(PUMS), freely accessible through the
20:
1551:US Government Accountability Office.
1116:
1114:
1112:
1033:
1031:
7:
363:are available for areas down to the
14:
1665:"Mandatory vs. Voluntary Methods"
1362:"Content Test Evaluation Reports"
751:. The University of Chicago Press
401:application programming interface
385:OnTheMap for Emergency Management
575:National Association of Realtors
512:Government Accountability Office
1474:American Economic Association.
403:(API) for software developers.
340:Current data releases include:
596:2011 long-form Canadian census
536:Right to Financial Privacy Act
307:metropolitan statistical areas
208:President of the United States
1:
1425:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004
1418:. RTI Press. pp. 47–74.
1244:10.1080/00045608.2015.1052335
158:), which is part of the ACS)
1499:National Retail Federation.
1387:"The Modern American Family"
749:"The Founder's Constitution"
325:are not available from ACS.
152:Puerto Rico Community Survey
1822:United States Census Bureau
555:U.S. Department of Commerce
408:Public Use Microdata Sample
82:3.5 million households/year
66:; 19 years ago
1840:
1092:"Is My Privacy Protected?"
424:Public Use Microdata Areas
146:, the national capital of
710:Accessed 18 October 2020.
494:General Accounting Office
393:My Congressional District
287:geographic summary levels
285:, into estimates at many
110:American Community Survey
28:
24:American Community Survey
1600:"None of Your Business!"
319:census designated places
176:Northern Mariana Islands
1526:Brookings Institution.
655:"ACS Information Guide"
579:US Conference of Mayors
534:and a violation of the
389:Census Business Builder
303:congressional districts
44:4600 Silver Hill Road,
571:US Chamber of Commerce
383:. Other tools include
355:Supplemental estimates
278:
559:Department of Justice
412:Census Bureau website
276:
1740:The Census Project.
1689:The Census Project.
1393:. September 14, 2023
1147:U.S. Census Bureau.
928:Alexander, Charles.
792:U.S. Census Bureau.
770:U.S. Census Bureau.
687:. U.S. Census Bureau
1615:Selby, W. Gardner.
823:Library of Congress
481:on appeal, and the
377:U.S. Census website
180:U.S. Virgin Islands
1720:U.S. Census Bureau
1663:US Census Bureau.
1637:US Census Bureau.
1310:US Census Bureau.
1284:US Census Bureau.
1260:"Data Tools Chart"
1258:US Census Bureau.
1199:US Census Bureau.
1121:US Census Bureau.
1090:US Census Bureau.
1064:US Census Bureau.
990:U.S. Census Bureau
957:US Census Bureau.
937:U.S. Census Bureau
908:"13 U.S.C. 141(d)"
653:US Census Bureau.
487:U.S. Supreme Court
483:U.S. Supreme Court
436:survey methodology
279:
215:U.S. Census Bureau
118:U.S. Census Bureau
46:Suitland, Maryland
1817:Household surveys
1507:on August 8, 2017
1435:978-1-934831-24-3
1123:"Areas Published"
269:Data availability
106:
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64:January 2005
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1797:US Code Title 13
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1503:. Archived from
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1471:
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1449:Census Project.
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1237:(5): 1003–1025.
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1066:"Response Rates"
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1044:US Census Bureau
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617:
613:
471:Fourth Amendment
467:2000 U.S. census
430:Research studies
361:5-year estimates
345:1-year estimates
321:. Estimates for
164:U.S. territories
148:Washington, D.C.
122:decennial census
102:
74:
72:
67:
33:
21:
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1286:"About PUMS"
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661:. p. 8
445:Controversy
365:block group
327:Puerto Rico
238:Leslie Kish
234:1990 census
223:1960 Census
160:Puerto Rico
144:U.S. states
61:Inaugurated
41:Location(s)
1806:Categories
1366:Census.gov
1341:Census.gov
1321:August 11,
1015:Census.gov
685:census.gov
624:References
532:Census Act
528:§ 193
520:§ 141
501:Opposition
420:anonymized
381:QuickFacts
178:, and the
126:disability
1775:from the
1511:August 7,
1484:August 7,
1459:August 7,
283:microdata
1773:ACS data
1750:July 14,
1725:July 14,
1699:July 14,
1674:July 31,
1648:July 31,
1622:July 31,
1604:Ron Paul
1580:rulings.
1533:July 14,
1295:July 31,
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1184:July 31,
1132:July 31,
1101:July 31,
995:June 19,
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777:June 19,
755:June 19,
665:July 31,
585:See also
577:and the
540:Ron Paul
349:counties
295:counties
263:§ 9
227:Congress
87:Activity
1210:May 24,
1158:May 24,
1075:May 19,
691:May 13,
538:. Rep.
450:Support
186:History
95:Website
71:2005-01
69: (
53:Country
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573:, the
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317:, and
311:tracts
301:, and
299:cities
291:states
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90:Survey
48:, U.S.
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818:(PDF)
723:2019.
603:Notes
1752:2017
1727:2017
1701:2017
1676:2015
1650:2015
1624:2015
1568:1790
1535:2017
1513:2017
1486:2017
1461:2017
1430:ISBN
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1323:2015
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667:2015
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196:1790
190:The
172:Guam
156:PRCS
108:The
56:U.S.
35:Logo
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