258:(2013–2014) – Known for improvements of the Mississippi State Penitentiary, reductions in the use of solitary confinement, and successful early release of more non-violent offenders under parole, Epps served as Commissioner of the Mississippi Department of Corrections for more than a decade and under three governors. In November 2014 he was indicted for eight federal charges of money laundering and taking $ 1.47 million in bribes and kickbacks from prison contractors and vendors; he resigned as A.C.A. president and Mississippi Commissioner of Corrections, pleaded guilty, and turned state's evidence. On May 25, 2017, Judge
456:, "acts of abuse of power", fraternizing and having sex with female deputies, bullying top aides, and targeting Arlington County employees who supported his opponent during his 1987 campaign for sheriff. In 1988, while he was serving as Sheriff of Arlington County, the Citizens for Law and Constitution alleged that Gondles had performed "acts of abuse and power" as sheriff, such as bullying aides and bragging about having sex with female deputies. Also in 1988 Gondles settled a sexual harassment suit, brought by a female deputy, with a $ 25,000 payment and a public apology.
299:, resigned from the governing panel of the ACA with a 21-page statement of criticism. Bazelon had three years remaining on his five-year term. He described its lack of transparency and accountability, its apparent willingness to bend to political influence, and its dual role as a trade group and accreditor. Bazelon pointed out the apparent conflict of interest, writing, "How can the commission in good conscience represent itself as 'independent' and 'unbiased' while being financially dependent on the objects of its scrutiny?"
468:
1985:
1961:
417:
started hiring private contractors to operate prisons and smaller regional jails. It operated the
Grenada County jail for years. Benjamin said the company also has jail accreditation contracts worth $ 4,000 or $ 5,000 a month with other counties including Chickasaw, Hancock, Holmes, Marion, Pearl River, Washington, and Yazoo. Prior to that he worked as a $ 3,000-a-month jail consultant for DeSoto County.
1973:
432:
On May 25, 2017, Epps received a federal prison sentence of almost 20 years. Judge
Wingate, who had been appointed to the federal bench in 1985, said, "This is the largest graft operation that certainly I have seen, and I have seen a lot." Wingate cited the burglary of his former Flowood home by Epps
396:
Epps pleaded guilty to money laundering and filing false tax returns. Many vendors were indicted, some pleaded guilty, one committed suicide, and eleven more suspects faced criminal bribery charges. The
Assistant U.S. Attorney estimated the corruption's net benefit to prison contractors exceeded $ 65
416:
Benjamin had received $ 5,000 a month to handle accreditation by the
American Correctional Association for Alcorn's Regional Correctional Facility, and he had received another $ 4,500 a month as the jail's warden. Benjamin had formed MCM in 1996, when the state Department of Corrections and counties
412:
Benjamin had represented Alcorn County as a
Democrat in the state House from 1976 to 1980 and state Senate from 1984 to 1992, later working for the Republican Lieutenant Governor. Alcorn County paid Benjamin, the president and lobbyist for Mississippi Correctional Management (MCM), $ 114,000 a year,
428:
Benjamin, who said he was "pressured", estimated he had paid Epps between $ 180,000 and $ 225,000 in cash bribes to secure support for the regional jails. His plea covered bribes that had been paid for drug and alcohol rehabilitation programs that his company ran. LaMarca told
Wingate, "it's just a
408:
Irb
Benjamin was charged with bribery of Epps in connection with the contractual drug and alcohol treatment his company provided to MDOC prisons. Benjamin's indictment was announced on August 22, 2015. He was paid at least $ 862,000 to acquire and maintain ACA accreditation for jails in numerous
151:
ACA hosts bi-annual conferences in different cities around the U.S. The first conference is the "ACA Winter
Conference" with the year included in the title before ACA. It holds its second annual conference, the Congress of Correction, during the summer. Notable speakers at ACA conferences have
900:
Another West Point alum and major CCA investor is T. Don Hutto, the corporation's executive vice-president. Hutto, an ex-prison guard who became commissioner of corrections in
Virginia and Arkansas, has since 1984 been president of the American Correctional Association, which oversees prison
98:, an Ohio publisher, political figure, and frequent Hayes ally, succeeded Hayes as the association president. For the next twenty years, Brinkerhoff used the NPA as a platform to pursue basic correctional reforms such as the separation of state and federal prison systems, and the idea of
262:
gave him a federal prison sentence of 235 months (19.6 years). Wingate, who was appointed to the federal bench in 1985 said, "This is the largest graft operation that certainly I have seen, and I have seen a lot." By July 2017 Epps was serving his sentence at the
424:
Benjamin pleaded guilty to federal charges on
October 18, 2016. He faced 10 years in prison, plus a fine of up to $ 250,000. Federal presiding Judge Wingate sentenced Benjmain to 70 months in prison, fined Benjamin $ 100,000, and ordered him to forfeit $ 260,782.
707:
41:
before 1954) is a private, non-profit, non-governmental trade association and accrediting body for the corrections industry, the oldest and largest such association in the world. The organization was founded in 1870 and has a significant place in the history of
49:
ACA accredits over 900 prisons, jails, community residential centers (halfway houses), and various other corrections facilities in the U.S. and internationally, using their independently published standards manuals. Approximately 80 percent of all U.S. state
413:
although he lived more than 200 miles away. The Alcorn Board of Supervisors attorney said the supervisors had not been required to seek bids before giving Benjamin the contract as warden because it was a contract for services, which are exempt from bid laws.
420:
On June 8, 2008, DeSoto County Board of Supervisors supervisors approved the contract saying, "Mr. Benjamin was recommended by Commissioner Epps at the state level." On November 25, 2014, Benjamin said that he was not aware of the Epps recommendation.
91:
served as the organization's first president in 1883. Hayes "missed no opportunity to speak with well-informed sincerity about more effective and more humane ways of dealing with offenders". He remained president until his death ten years later.
310:, who had found the medical care so poor as to violate the constitution, and did not contact Dr. Lambert King, the special master Judge Foreman had appointed in 1980 to oversee the mandated improvements before they filed their approving reports.
765:
913:
229:(1900–?) – After serving as the warden of the Elmira state prison, Scott became the superintendent of prisons of the state of New York. In 1900, Scott was elected president of the A.C.A., predecessor National Prison Association.
127:
In 2011, ACA began to branch out, and it audited the first detention facilities outside of the U.S. or Canada. In January 2012 four Mexican facilities became accredited by ACA, using their Core International Standards manual.
715:
378:
292:
1730:
340:, operated by CoreCivic, which retained its good grades from ACA throughout a long proven pattern of violence in the prison, understaffing, operator contract fraud, and multiple federal investigations
1670:
377:
resigned from his position as ACA president, shortly before the announcement of his indictments on dozens of corruption charges. Epps had been identified by a federal investigation conducted by the
277:(2014–2015) Former Deputy Secretary (agency head) of the Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice. Previously Deputy Secretary for Operations of the Maryland Department of Public Safety and Corrections.
87:, a minister and reformer who organized an 1870 congress in Cleveland, hoping to introduce the principles of the progressive New York Prison Association to a national stage. Former U.S. President
917:
1512:
1740:
112:. In May 1974, the ACA created its "Commission on Accreditation for Corrections" in a meeting chaired by Walter Dunbar, a New York corrections figure known for his spokesman role at the
1881:
2026:
1595:
1660:
313:
Later critics have named several other institutions that retained their ACA accreditations while outside parties found grave violence and/or court-ordered reforms. These include:
1129:
1886:
1327:
2041:
1745:
1505:
1361:
973:
241:(2008–2010) – Clarke directed corrections in Nebraska, Washington State, Massachusetts, and is currently the director of corrections for the Commonwealth of Virginia.
1858:
1834:
1567:
1456:
1845:
393:
billion worth of private prison contracts. Epps also resigned from his full-time job as Corrections Commissioner for the state of Mississippi on the same day.
1705:
437:
264:
1876:
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22:
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1946:
1866:
1805:
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875:
67:
wrote that the ACA functions as "the closest thing to a national regulatory body for prisons" in addition to being the American correctional industry's
957:
504:
1770:
790:
901:
accreditation standards. Unlike other corrections-related professional associationsthe ACA under Hutto's tenure has supported prison privatization.
1735:
1715:
1534:, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and felons sentenced under state law to less than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons.
1180:
1775:
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329:, accredited in 2009 despite multiple charges of sexual abuse that caused the state of Hawaii to remove its inmates and the prison to be closed
679:
2031:
2021:
1810:
1690:
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140:
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million. Epps personally received at least the bribes for steering what Assistant U.S. Attorney Darren LaMarca had first estimated at $ 800
1977:
1248:
1155:
102:, then a relatively new concept. With Brinkerhoff's influence, the state of Ohio passed a state parole law in 1885, the nation's first.
2016:
1965:
1815:
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333:
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108:
ACA began exploring the feasibility of accrediting its members in the 1960s, funded in part by a sizable 1969 grant from the
941:
105:
The organization's name was officially changed in 1954 to more accurately reflect the organization's philosophy and scope.
1909:
1904:
382:
247:(2011–2013) – The Sheriff of Davidson County, Tennessee, Hall previously managed a Brisbane, Australia, prison for the
1530:
This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states,
1409:
1381:
1064:
1020:
993:
1366:
978:
849:
449:
303:
235:(1984–2000) – While Hutto was president, the ACA under Hutto's tenure, began to support the private prison system.
117:
452:. Court records indicate a long history of suits and allegations of mistreating his staff. Gondles was accused of
1841:
1553:
1540:
55:
51:
433:
as the reason why he gave a sentence that was much longer than the 13-year sentence recommended by prosecutors.
402:
259:
887:
509:
63:
21:
814:
409:
counties. Passing ACA standards was required if they were to be awarded contracts to hold state prisoners.
2011:
326:
779:
831:
54:
and youth services are active participants. Also included are programs and facilities operated by the
1989:
473:
1108:
448:
James A. Gondles Jr. became the executive director of ACA in 1990, after serving as the sheriff of
374:
348:
254:
95:
88:
1531:
1386:
1274:
1236:
1215:
1138:
998:
684:
113:
1490:
1941:
1312:
1293:
453:
356:
355:, accredited in 2012 when it was a juvenile facility, the same year U.S. District Court Judge
268:
132:
68:
604:
575:
1253:
655:
550:
307:
296:
173:
84:
1434:
766:"Accreditation of the Mexico Federal Prison System: utilizing core international standards"
1896:
1133:
945:
742:
109:
185:
157:
2005:
169:
161:
153:
43:
780:"US Medical, Scientific, Patient and Civic Organization Funding Report: Q1-Q2 2021"
632:
181:
165:
1854:
1830:
1563:
938:
500:
337:
177:
527:
389:
million in kickbacks, from 16 corporations, for his role in awarding nearly $ 1
463:
116:. (The ACA maintains an annual achievement award in his honor.) In 1979, the
958:"Meet Gus Puryear, Bush's latest villainous nominee for a lifetime judgeship"
1331:
1047:
judge-quits-panel-on-prison-ratings.html Judge quits panel on prison ratings
581:
352:
322:
213:
606:
Prisons and the American Conscience: A History of U.S. Federal Corrections
577:
Prisons and the American Conscience: A History of U.S. Federal Corrections
1046:
961:
306:
in Illinois, for example, did not even contact U.S. District Court Judge
1257:, Emily Wagster Pettus (AP), November 25, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
1198:
Prosecutor: 11 more to be charged in Mississippi prison bribery inquiry
429:
matter of time" until others whom Benjamin informed upon are indicted.
1181:
Christopher Epps, former chief of prisons in Mississippi, is arraigned
440:
in Texas, near Dallas. He is due to be released on November 25, 2033.
786:
401:
million in contracts between 2006 and 2014. Presiding Federal judge,
379:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi
136:
99:
71:. According to their website, the ACA has more than 5,000 members.
405:
heard the cases of the others who were charged with bribing Epps.
20:
359:
described it as "a cesspool of unconstitutional and inhuman acts"
1413:
1024:
818:
1494:
212:
Board of governors representatives to the executive committee:
1335:
1053:, Wendell Rawls, Jr., August 8, 1982. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
880:
Southern Changes: The Journal of the Southern Regional Council
680:"Walter Dunbar, Probation Chief Who Gave Data on Attica, Dead"
124:, became the first accredited adult correctional institution.
1362:
Former Mississippi Prison Chief Sentenced to Nearly 20 Years
1127:
Ex-prison chief's co-defendant wants to withdraw guilty plea
974:
Former Mississippi Prison Chief Sentenced to Nearly 20 Years
293:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
1270:
Ex-lawmaker Irb Benjamin gets six years in bribery scandal
1150:
1148:
302:
Bazelon also pointed out that ACA inspection teams at the
1289:
Former state senator to plead guilty in Epps bribery case
1142:, Jeff Amy (AP), April 11, 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
1088:"Miss. Prison Operator Out; Facility Called A 'Cesspool'"
1117:, Jeff Amy (AP), June 13, 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
964:, Silja Talvi, May 4, 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
948:. Commonwealth of Virginia. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
1278:, Jeff Amy (AP), March 3, 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
654:
Marilyn D. McShane, Frank P. Williams (2 August 2004).
549:
Marilyn D. McShane, Frank P. Williams (2 August 2004).
1485:
1211:
Former insurance broker for MDOC indicted in Epps case
982:, Jeff Amy (AP), May 24, 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
1934:
1918:
1895:
1853:
1829:
1562:
1539:
916:. American Correctional Association. Archived from
631:. American Correctional Association. Archived from
1109:In Epps case, still unclear who else is implicated
838:, December 15, 1918. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
1410:"Former MDOC chief serving time in Texas prison"
1021:"Former MDOC chief serving time in Texas prison"
1848:(incarcerated long-term felons until year 2001)
1308:Irb Benjamin pleads guilty in Epps bribery case
708:"Walter Dunbar Accreditation Achievement Award"
513:. July/August 2016. Retrieved on June 27, 2016.
2027:Legal organizations based in the United States
1328:"Ex-prison chief gets nearly 20-year sentence"
200:Deputy executive director: Jeffery Washington
1506:
8:
1522:Incarceration of adults in the United States
1200:". June 30, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
438:Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville
265:Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville
135:in 2021, ACA received a $ 99,540 grant from
351:which corporation was purchased in 2010 by
291:In 1982, a 72-year-old senior judge of the
1947:Immigration detention in the United States
1513:
1499:
1491:
1042:
1040:
1382:"Chris Epps sentenced to almost 20 years"
994:"Chris Epps sentenced to almost 20 years"
848:Woodward, Colin Edward (August 9, 2017).
505:My four months as a private prison guard.
197:Executive director: James A. Gondles Jr.
164:, presidential candidate and commentator
2042:1870 establishments in the United States
1287:Brumfield, Patsy R. (October 3, 2016). "
1249:pays ex-lawmaker thousands for jail work
1230:1 Pleading guilty in prison bribery case
1179:Williams, Timothy (November 6, 2014). "
1065:"How the Courts View ACA Accreditation"
493:
1265:
1263:
25:American Correctional Association logo
738:"Vienna - it's a jewel among prisons"
7:
1972:
1457:"Harassment suit settled by Gondles"
1209:Gates, Jimme E. (August 24, 2016). "
16:Private non-profit trade association
1114:Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal
1063:Friedmann, Alex (10 October 2014).
79:The ACA was founded under the name
482:Incarceration in the United States
345:Walnut Grove Correctional Facility
249:Corrections Corporation of America
122:Illinois Department of Corrections
83:. The driving creative force was
14:
2037:Organizations established in 1870
1486:American Correctional Association
1380:Gates, Jimmie E. (May 24, 2017).
203:President: Lannette C. Linthicum
160:, presidential campaign director
31:American Correctional Association
1983:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1306:Nave, R.L. (October 18, 2016). "
657:Encyclopedia of American Prisons
552:Encyclopedia of American Prisons
466:
1370:. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
1326:Gates, Jimmie E. (2017-05-25).
1086:John, Burnett (24 April 2012).
992:Gates, Jimmie E. (2017-05-24).
796:from the original on 2023-05-09
334:Idaho State Correctional Center
319:Otter Creek Correctional Center
1905:United States military prisons
1408:Pickens, Erin (July 3, 2017).
1239:. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
1228:Amy, Jeff (August 22, 2016). "
1:
1549:United States federal prisons
1316:. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
1297:. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
1187:Retrieved September 13, 2015.
206:Vice president: Michael Wade
2032:Prison officer organisations
2022:Prisons in the United States
1367:U.S. News & World Report
1219:. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
1196:Amy, Jeff (June 30, 2016). "
1019:Pickens, Erin (2017-07-03).
979:U.S. News & World Report
832:Colonel Joseph F. Scott dead
383:Operation Mississippi Hustle
347:in Mississippi, operated by
172:and her husband, Ambassador
1926:United States state prisons
1360:Amy, Jeff (May 24, 2017). "
874:Harmon L. Wray Jr. (1989).
850:"Terrell Don Hutto (1935–)"
139:to promote uptake of their
81:National Prison Association
39:National Prison Association
2058:
2017:Jails in the United States
524:"Past, Present and Future"
450:Arlington County, Virginia
436:Epps is being held at the
304:Menard Correctional Center
118:Vienna Correctional Center
52:departments of corrections
1955:
1842:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1554:Federal Prison Industries
1541:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1528:
1156:"The Prison Reform Blues"
58:and the private sector.
56:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1877:Northern Mariana Islands
854:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
403:Henry Travillion Wingate
260:Henry Travillion Wingate
1090:. National Public Radio
914:"2014 E.R. Cass Awards"
609:. SIU Press. p. 25
555:. Routledge. p. 45
209:Treasurer: Gary C Mohr
939:About Harold W. Clarke
660:. Routledge. p. 1
603:Keve, Paul W. (1995).
574:Keve, Paul W. (1995).
327:Floyd County, Kentucky
287:Value of accreditation
26:
1364:". Associated Press.
373:On November 5, 2014,
24:
1990:United States portal
1846:District of Columbia
1435:"PIERSON v. GONDLES"
890:on February 14, 2017
718:on 13 September 2016
474:United States portal
444:James A. Gondles Jr.
180:, political analyst
1887:U.S. Virgin Islands
1532:pre-trial detainees
1067:. Prison Legal News
920:on 19 February 2015
886:(3). Archived from
688:. 30 September 1975
385:. He'd taken $ 1.47
375:Christopher B. Epps
369:Christopher B. Epps
349:Cornell Corrections
255:Christopher B. Epps
216:and William E. Peck
184:, and Rear Admiral
168:, covert CIA agent
96:Roeliff Brinkerhoff
89:Rutherford B. Hayes
1387:The Clarion-Ledger
1275:The Clarion-Ledger
1237:Jackson Free Press
1216:The Clarion-Ledger
1185:The New York Times
1139:Jackson Free Press
1132:2016-05-07 at the
1051:The New York Times
999:The Clarion-Ledger
944:2016-03-04 at the
836:The New York Times
685:The New York Times
635:on 2 February 2014
530:on 2 February 2014
120:, operated by the
114:Attica Prison riot
27:
1999:
1998:
1942:Civil confinement
1844:, Misdemeanants:
1313:Mississippi Today
1294:Mississippi Today
1234:Associated Press.
454:sexual harassment
357:Carlton W. Reeves
269:Seagoville, Texas
233:Terrell Don Hutto
152:included General
133:COVID-19 pandemic
69:trade association
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876:"Cells for Sale"
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817:. Archived from
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308:James L. Foreman
297:David L. Bazelon
239:Harold W. Clarke
141:COVID-19 vaccine
85:Enoch Cobb Wines
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