1097:
1267:. The causes of the extinctions have been long the subject of controversy, with most authors positing climate change, humans or some combination of the two as the causes of the extinctions. A 2017 study suggested that the viable habitat for the American lion in North America had been greatly reduced over the course of the Last Glacial Period, which would have made it more vulnerable to extinction. Other authors have suggested that the extinction of the American lion and other competing carnivores like dire wolves, and the sabertooth cats
933:
1303:
474:
89:
68:
744:
463:
1317:
235:
950:
1141:(hoofed mammals). Evidence for predation of bison by American lions is particularly strong as a mummified carcass nicknamed "Blue Babe" was discovered in Alaska with clear bite and claw marks from lions. Based on the largely intact nature of the carcass, it probably froze before the lions could devour it. Paired nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence from
1023:~130-115,000 years ago) during which American lions rapidly dispersed across North America, with their distribution ultimately ranging from Canada to southern Mexico and from California to the Atlantic coast. It was generally not found in the same areas as the jaguar, which favored forests over open habitats. It was absent from
2498:
Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; CarĂže, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,
945:
was at least as sexually dimorphic as
African lions, with an approximate range of between 235kg to 523 kg (518lbs-1153lbs) in males and 175kg to 365 kg (385lbs-805lbs) for females. In 2008, the American lion was estimated to weigh up to 420 kg (930 lb). A study in 2009 showed an average
3477:
Barnett, Ross; Shapiro, Beth; Barnes, Ian; Ho, Simon Y. W.; Burger, Joachim; Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wheeler, H. Todd; Rosendahl, Wilfried; Sher, Andrei V.; Sotnikova, Marina; Kuznetsova, Tatiana; Baryshnikov, Gennady F.; Martin, Larry D.; Harington, C. Richard (April 2009).
893:. While initial studies suggested that the divergence between American and Eurasian cave lions took place around 340,000 years ago, later studies suggested that the split took place considerably later, around 165,000 years ago, consistent with the earliest appearance of cave lions in eastern
2432:
Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).
1212:
has the highest proportion of canine breakage in La Brea, suggesting a consistent preference for larger prey than contemporary carnivores. Dental microwear additionally suggests that carcass utilization slightly declined over time (~30,000 BP to 11,000 radiocarbon BP) in
963:
had limb bones more robust than those of an
African lion, and comparable in robustness to the bones of a brown bear; also its limbs were 10 % longer than extant African lion in relation to skull length. About 80 American lion individuals have been recovered from the
1290:
of the ecosystem based on food resources. Due to humans having a more flexible omnivorous diet they may have been less subject to competition with other apex predators, allowing their population numbers to increase even as the number of herbivores declined.
838:
and lions. A more recent study comparing the skull and jaw of the
American lion with other pantherines concluded that it was not a lion but a distinct species. It was proposed that it arose from pantherines that migrated to North America during the
2505:
1285:
hunting of herbivores. These authors suggested that the herbivores already probably existed at low population numbers prior to
Paleoindian arrival due to their abundance being limited by predators, rather than being at the
830:; the braincase, in particular, appears to be especially similar to the braincase of a tiger. Another study suggested that the American lion and the Eurasian cave lion were successive offshoots of a lineage leading to a
2104:
Metcalf, Jessica L.; Turney, Chris; Barnett, Ross; Martin, Fabiana; Bray, Sarah C.; Vilstrup, Julia T.; Orlando, Ludovic; Salas-Gismondi, Rodolfo; Loponte, Daniel; Medina, MatĂas; De Nigris, Mariana (2016-06-03).
2854:
Chernova, O. F.; Kirillova, I. V.; Shapiro, B.; Shidlovskiy, F. K.; Soares, A. E. R.; Levchenko, V. A.; Bertuch, F. (2016). "Morphological and genetic identification and isotopic study of the hair of a cave lion
940:
The
American lion is estimated to have measured 1.6 to 2.5 m (5 ft 3 in to 8 ft 2 in) from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail and stood 1.2 m (3.9 ft) at the shoulder.
1069:, have been considered by some authors actually represent remains of the American lion, though this interpretation is highly controversial, with many authors favouring a jaguar attribution for these remains.
622:
were excavated at La Brea, including many postcranial elements and associated skeletons. The fossils were described by
Merriam & Stock in detail in 1932, who synonymized many previously named taxa with
2373:; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2009).
695:
and referred several cranial and fragmentary postcranial elements to the taxon. Notably, several mandibles, a partial skull, and pieces of skin were some of the specimens referred. In 1934,
983:
Preserved skin remains found with skeletal material considered by some to belong to the
American lion found in caves in Patagonia is reddish in colour, though the attribution of Patagonian
2770:
627:
At least 80 individuals are known from La Brea Tar Pits and the fossils define the subspecies, giving a comprehensive view of the taxon. It was not until 1941 that George
Simpson moved
539:. A replica of the jaw of the first American lion specimen to be discovered can be seen in the hand of a statue of famous paleontologist Joseph Leidy, currently standing outside the
425:
have been found across North
America, from Canada to Mexico. It was about 25% larger than the modern lion, making it one of the largest known felids to ever exist, and an important
3198:
2984:"First occurrence of <i>Panthera atrox</i> (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico"
2229:
3184:
The
Felinae (Mammalia: Felidae) from the Late Pleistocene tar seeps at Talara, Peru, with a critical examination of the fossil and recent felines of North and South America
500:
1897:
1189:. This suggests that they were better at evading entrapment, possibly due to greater intelligence. While the ratio of recovered juveniles to adults suggests that
3731:
3726:
3721:
1548:
Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).
1096:
515:; the specimen consisted only of a partial left mandible with 3 molars and a partial canine. The fossils did not get a proper description until 1853 when
2788:
3603:
3293:. Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming, U.S.A. Records a Detailed Faunal, Floral, aDNA, Isotopic, and Geologic Record of the Late Quaternary. 647â648: 81â87.
1350:
3237:
Yamaguchi, N.; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, D. W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (Panthera leo): A review".
3736:
3403:
2593:
680:
717:
440:. Proposed factors in its extinction include climatic change reducing viable habitat, as well as human hunting of herbivore prey causing a
3388:
1163:(sometimes called the "American cheetah"). Some authors have suggested that the American lion probably lived in prides like modern lions.
3213:
2575:
1813:
1055:
actually belong to an unusually large jaguar. On the other hand, fossils of a large felid from late Pleistocene localities in southern
3158:
3105:
3070:
954:
551:
2499:
T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; OâBrien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).
683:" in southern Chile, fossil collector Rodolfo Hauthal collected a fragmentary postcranial skeleton of a large felid that he sent to
818:
position of the American lion. One study considered the American lion, along with the cave lion, to be most closely related to the
3389:"A Pathological Timber Wolf (Canis lupus) Femur from Rancho La Brea Indicates Extended Survival After Traumatic Amputation Injury"
3716:
3711:
3480:"Phylogeography of lions ( Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"
3062:
1738:
3330:
Carbone, Chris; Maddox, Tom; Funston, Paul J.; Mills, Michael G.L.; Grether, Gregory F.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2009-02-23).
2982:
Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel; Priego-Vargas, Jaime; Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel Ăngel; Pineda Maldonado, Marco Antonio (2016-07-20).
2585:
1153:
was an important food source for American lions, which probably hunted them regularly, although probably also could be due to
2771:"Panthera Atrox: Body Proportions, Size, Sexual Dimorphism, And Behaviour Of The Cursorial Lion Of The North American Plains"
2107:"Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation"
1204:
Analyses of dental microwear suggest that the American lion actively avoided bone just like the modern cheetah (more so than
496:
1085:
like the modern lion. In some areas of their range, American lions lived under cold climatic conditions. They probably used
702:
705:
based on that partial skull from "Cueva del Milodon" and the other material from the site was referred to it. The skull (
2435:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge"
1240:
1234:
433:
3387:
Scott, Eric; Rega, Elizabeth; Scott, Kim; Bennett, Bryan; Sumida, Stuart (September 15, 2015). Harris, John M. (ed.).
2170:
Srigyan, M.; Schubert, B.W.; Bushell, M.; Santos, S.H.D.; FigueirĂł, H.V.; Sacco, S.; Eizirik, E.; Shapiro, B. (2024).
1345:
1221:
from the La Brea Tar Pits shows evidence of a violent bite which possibly amputated the leg. Researchers believe that
1089:
for shelter from the cold weather in those areas, and might have lined their dens with grass or leaves, as the modern
687:. Roth described them as a new genus and species of felid, "Iemish listai" in 1899. However, the name is considered a
540:
976:
is well known. Their features strongly resemble those of modern lions, but they were considerably larger, similar to
2900:
1322:
1044:
1028:
1860:
1772:"Wild Felid Range Shift Due to Climatic Constraints in the Americas: a Bottleneck Explanation for Extinct Felids?"
1770:
Arias-Alzate, AndrĂ©s; GonzĂĄlez-Maya, JosĂ© F.; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; MartĂnez-Meyer, Enrique (December 2017).
1101:
88:
3332:"Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon"
2717:& Stock, C. 1932: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications 442, 1â231.
946:
weight of 256 kg (564 lb) for males and 351 kg (774 lb) for the largest specimen analyzed.
727:
in a genetic study, which supported its identity as a subspecies of jaguar. Later in 2017, one study synoymised
3289:
3023:
1264:
1065:
1035:
in the region. Farther south, fossilised remains of the American lion have been discovered in Extinction Cave,
697:
668:-bearing fossil site. It most importantly contains well-preserved mitochondrial DNA of many partial skeletons.
437:
309:
3688:
2796:
2258:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters"
3741:
1252:
999:
indicating that males lacked substantial manes unlike modern lions. These characteristics may also apply to
405:
from around 130,000 to 12,800 years ago. Genetic evidence suggests that its closest living relative is the
3543:
3422:
Barnosky, Anthony D.; Koch, Paul L.; Feranec, Robert S.; Wing, Scott L.; Shabel, Alan B. (October 2004).
2728:
3642:
3629:
3032:
2714:
1339:
890:
868:
601:
204:
42:
3479:
2678:
Sorkin, B. (2008-04-10). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators".
773:
accepted this view, but others considered it to be a type of lion closely related to the modern lion (
3590:
3491:
3435:
3294:
2948:
2909:
2868:
2689:
2624:
2514:
2446:
2390:
2328:
2262:
2118:
2066:
2000:
1956:
1660:
1617:
1511:
1463:
973:
864:
811:
508:
38:
1498:
Christiansen, P.; Harris, J. M. (2009). "Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of
932:
3581:
2571:
1308:
917:
747:
2579:
495:
was collected in the 1830s by William Henry Huntington, Esq., who announced his discovery to the
3523:
2414:
2344:
2289:
1921:
1714:
1605:
1527:
1432:
921:
263:
83:
3647:
2775:
Papers on Geology, Vertebrate Paleontology, and Biostratigraphy in Honor of Michael O. Woodburne
1989:"The fossil American lion (Panthera atrox) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications"
3634:
991:
is highly controversial and not accepted by many authors. Preserved fur of the closely related
473:
3515:
3507:
3459:
3451:
3399:
3369:
3351:
3312:
3164:
3154:
3122:
3005:
2964:
2748:
2660:
2642:
2611:
DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Scott, Jessica R.; Ungar, Peter S. (2012-12-26).
2589:
2542:
2480:
2472:
2406:
2281:
2201:
2152:
2134:
2028:
1833:
1791:
1287:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1020:
898:
874:
661:
483:
3499:
3443:
3359:
3343:
3302:
3246:
3114:
2995:
2956:
2917:
2876:
2834:
2740:
2697:
2650:
2632:
2532:
2522:
2462:
2454:
2398:
2336:
2271:
2238:
2191:
2183:
2142:
2126:
2084:
2074:
2018:
2008:
1964:
1913:
1825:
1783:
1706:
1668:
1625:
1579:
1569:
1519:
1471:
1424:
1332:
1260:
1186:
1154:
965:
882:
597:
563:
528:
414:
413:), with the American lion representing an offshoot from the lineage of the largely Eurasian
402:
334:
244:
76:
57:
3100:
653:. 1971 witnessed the description of fragmentary remains from Alberta, Canada that extended
2563:
1278:
770:
706:
555:
441:
290:
3495:
3439:
3298:
2952:
2913:
2872:
2693:
2628:
2518:
2450:
2434:
2394:
2379:
ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"
2332:
2196:
2171:
2122:
2070:
2004:
1960:
1664:
1621:
1515:
1467:
67:
3364:
3331:
3285:"Were pronghorns (Antilocapra) primary prey for North American cheetahs (Miracinonyx)?"
3265:
2744:
2655:
2612:
2537:
2500:
2370:
2147:
2106:
1256:
1130:
1090:
1024:
3423:
3199:"Perusing Talara: Overview of the Late Pleistocene fossils from the tar seeps of Peru"
2936:
2567:
2242:
1225:
is a prime candidate for the injury, due to its bite force and bone shearing ability.
499:
on April 1, 1836 and placed it with other fossils from Huntington's collection in the
3705:
3503:
3075:
2701:
2402:
2308:
2276:
2257:
1771:
1746:
1282:
1040:
684:
426:
398:
3527:
2921:
2880:
2729:"Locomotor behaviour in Plio-Pleistocene sabre-tooth cats: a biomechanical analysis"
2418:
2374:
2348:
2293:
1940:
1925:
1718:
1644:
1629:
1531:
889:), and likely arose when an early cave lion population became isolated south of the
3674:
2366:
1171:
The remains of American lions are not as abundant as those of other predators like
1118:
916:. Genome-wide sequencing of modern lions and Eurasian cave lions suggests that the
815:
544:
516:
504:
275:
254:
224:
2983:
2894:
Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion
2613:"Implications of Diet for the Extinction of Saber-Toothed Cats and American Lions"
641:. Simpson also referred several fossils from central Mexico, even as far south as
436:
along with most other large animals across the Americas. The extinctions followed
3307:
3284:
3148:
2637:
2340:
735:
based on morphological similarities, though this does not have broad acceptance.
3616:
3575:
1273:
1159:
1016:
969:
840:
758:
743:
691:. In 1904, Roth reassessed the phylogenetic affinities of "Iemish" and named it
688:
588:
586:
Despite this, the species did not get a proper description and is now seen as a
512:
394:
170:
2079:
2050:
2013:
1988:
3250:
1787:
1298:
462:
234:
150:
3566:
3511:
3455:
3355:
3316:
3168:
3126:
3009:
2968:
2752:
2646:
2476:
2187:
2138:
2032:
1837:
1795:
17:
3447:
2527:
1829:
1355:
1244:
1178:
1150:
1082:
1060:
949:
807:
140:
100:
3519:
3463:
3373:
3347:
3118:
3000:
2664:
2546:
2484:
2410:
2285:
2205:
2156:
2130:
1411:
Leidy, Joseph (1853). "Description of an Extinct Species of American Lion:
1243:
around 13-12,000 years ago, approximately simultaneously with most large (
421:), from which it is suggested to have split around 165,000 years ago. Its
3668:
3560:
1523:
1248:
1173:
1138:
1122:
1039:. The American lion was formerly believed to have colonized northwestern
894:
646:
633:
180:
120:
3424:"Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents"
2839:
2818:
2467:
1502:: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage".
1193:
was social, its rarity suggests that it was at least more solitary than
3683:
3608:
3283:
Higgins, Pennilyn; Meachen, Julie; Lovelace, David (20 February 2023).
2680:
2089:
2023:
1584:
1436:
1146:
1078:
835:
754:
642:
391:
160:
3621:
2777:. Flagstaff, Arizona: Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65: 423â444.
2458:
2172:"Mitogenomic analysis of a late Pleistocene jaguar from North America"
386:), with the species name meaning "savage" or "cruel", also called the
1917:
1710:
1048:
1036:
1012:
881:) represents a sister lineage to Late Pleistocene populations of the
844:
638:
422:
130:
110:
31:
3537:
2960:
1968:
1672:
1475:
1450:
Harington, C. R. (1969). "Pleistocene remains of the lion-like cat (
1428:
712:
Further material, including feces and mandibles, was referred to as
1814:"Linking Top-down Forces to the Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions"
995:
found in Siberia is yellowish in colour, with cave art of European
877:
sequence data from fossil remains suggests that the American lion (
600:, a large felid skull was excavated and later described in 1909 by
1574:
1549:
1095:
1056:
1032:
948:
931:
831:
827:
819:
766:
742:
3595:
1896:
Marisol Montellano, Ballesteros; Carbot-Chanona, Gerardo (2009).
3396:
La Brea and Beyond: The Paleontology of Asphalt-Preserved Biotas
2859:
Goldfuss, 1810) from the Malyi Anyui River (Chukotka, Russia)".
1218:
1114:
1086:
1052:
905:
562:
skulls in a locality originally found in 1803 by gold miners in
406:
3541:
2817:
Manthi, F.K.; Brown, F.H.; Plavcan, M.J.; Werdelin, L. (2017).
352:
2937:"A Pleistocene Lion-like Cat ( Panthera atrox ) from Alberta"
1063:
traditionally identified as an extinct subspecies of jaguar,
1247:) mammals across the Americas. The most recent fossil, from
349:
527:, based on a mandible fragment from Pleistocene gravels in
355:
1812:
Ripple, William J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2010-08-01).
372:
3408:– via Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.
2558:
2556:
1987:
Chimento, NicolĂĄs R.; Agnolin, Federico L. (2017-11-01).
1606:"Extinction chronology of the cave lion Panthera spelaea"
796:) rather than as a separate species. Most recently, both
363:
343:
37:
This article is about the feline. For the biography, see
1693:
Montellano-Ballesteros, M.; Carbot-Chanona, G. (2009). "
1379:, which is the form found in Alaska and the Yukon, with
664:
was briefly described and is the second most productive
618:
Throughout the early to mid 1900s, dozens of fossils of
2055:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications"
1047:. However, the fossil remains found in the tar pits of
980:
and the Pleistocene Natodomeri lion of eastern Africa.
924:
from that of the modern lion around 500,000 years ago.
2501:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"
753:
The American lion was initially considered a distinct
709:
10-90) was lost, and was only illustrated by Cabrera.
2823:, from the Pleistocene of Natodomeri, eastern Africa"
1881:(No. 422, p. 92). Carnegie Institution of Washington.
550:
Few additional discoveries came until 1907, when the
523:("savage cat"). Leidy named another species in 1873,
378:
375:
346:
2568:"Who's Who in the Pleistocene: A Mammalian Bestiary"
1697:(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico".
1604:
Stuart, Anthony J.; Lister, Adrian M. (April 2010).
780:) and its extinct relative, the Eurasian cave lion (
369:
366:
340:
3658:
3550:
360:
337:
3101:"Pleistocene mammals from Extinction Cave, Belize"
1902:(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico"
1554:(Goldfuss, 1810), Resolve its Position within the
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1417:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1011:The earliest lions known in the Americas south of
566:. The skulls were referred to a new subspecies of
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
1454:) from the Yukon Territory and northern Alaska".
1104:, with American lions drinking in the background
851:). Another study grouped the American lion with
814:characteristics have been unable to resolve the
507:. The specimen had been collected in ravines in
432:The American lion became extinct as part of the
34:, sometimes also referred to as "American lion".
2044:
2042:
765:, which means "cruel" or "fearsome panther" in
1239:The American lion went extinct as part of the
660:s range north. In 2009, an entrapment site at
2230:Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie
1543:
1541:
1259:, and is 400 years younger than the youngest
859:, and ascribed morphological similarities to
8:
2793:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1201:, or was social but lived in low densities.
788:). It was later assigned as a subspecies of
519:named the fragmentary specimen (ANSP 12546)
453:Initial discovery and North American fossils
1861:Large Pleistocene felines of North America.
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
242:The maximal range of lions - red indicates
3538:
2360:
2358:
2307:King, L. M.; Wallace, S. C. (2014-01-30).
535:however is considered a junior synonym of
233:
75:Skeleton from the La Brea tar pits at the
66:
49:
3363:
3306:
2999:
2838:
2654:
2636:
2536:
2526:
2466:
2275:
2195:
2146:
2088:
2078:
2022:
2012:
1583:
1573:
1383:, the form known from Alberta southwards.
904:Genetic studies indicate that the living
604:, who referred it to a new subspecies of
2769:Wheeler, H. T.; Jefferson, G. T (2009).
2049:Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L. (2017).
1877:Merriam, J. C., & Stock, C. (1932).
1550:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion,
723:In 2016, the subspecies was referred to
649:and other regions of the western US, to
637:, believing that it was a subspecies of
3270:The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives
1732:
1730:
1728:
1396:
1368:
1351:List of largest prehistoric carnivorans
1263:in Alaska. These extinctions post-date
1031:, perhaps due to the presence of dense
3417:
3415:
2764:
2762:
2606:
2604:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1807:
1805:
7:
3732:Extinct animals of the United States
3727:Pleistocene mammals of North America
3722:Prehistoric mammals of North America
3689:9E1A08FA-3727-4490-9F4B-C9BC5D5D9923
3186:(MSc thesis). University of Toronto.
3150:Pleistocene Mammals of North America
1863:American Museum novitates; no. 1136.
1765:
1763:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1599:
1597:
1595:
891:North American continental ice sheet
843:and gave rise to American lions and
675:and possible South American material
612:. The subspecies is synonymous with
2317:, based on craniodental characters"
920:of the cave lion and American lion
804:have been treated as full species.
720:and other southern sites in Chile.
491:The first specimen now assigned to
3106:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3071:Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre
2941:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
2745:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05402.x
2369:; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y. W.;
1949:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1653:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1504:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1456:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
955:National Museum of Natural History
908:is the closest living relative of
552:American Museum of Natural History
482:1852 illustration and cast of the
25:
3147:Kurtén, B.; Anderson, E. (1980).
1217:. The fragment of a femur from a
3504:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x
3061:Harrington, C. R. (March 1996).
2702:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x
2403:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x
2277:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x
2256:Christiansen, Per (2008-08-27).
1315:
1301:
1113:American lions likely preyed on
1019:Stage (equivalent to the global
472:
461:
434:end-Pleistocene extinction event
333:
87:
2935:Harington, C. R. (1971-01-01).
2922:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023
2881:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.018
2586:The University of Arizona Press
1941:"A Pleistocene Lion-like Cat (
1645:"A Pleistocene Lion-like Cat (
1630:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023
3099:Churcher, C.S. (23 May 2019).
2789:"About Rancho La Brea Mammals"
1776:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
497:American Philosophical Society
1:
3737:Fossil taxa described in 1853
3153:. Columbia University Press.
1879:The Felidae of Rancho La Brea
1265:human arrival to the Americas
826:, citing a comparison of the
438:human arrival in the Americas
3398:. Science Series 42: 33â36.
3308:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.08.003
2795:. 2012-08-06. Archived from
2638:10.1371/journal.pone.0052453
2341:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462
1235:Late Pleistocene extinctions
1077:The American lion inhabited
529:Livermore Valley, California
30:Not to be confused with the
27:Extinct species of carnivore
2243:10.1127/njgpm/1996/1996/399
2051:"The fossil American lion (
1906:The Southwestern Naturalist
1739:"SDNHM Fossil Field Guide:
1699:The Southwestern Naturalist
1346:List of largest carnivorans
1241:end-Pleistocene extinctions
1100:Environment of what is now
718:Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
541:Academy of Natural Sciences
501:Academy of Natural Sciences
3758:
3197:Seymour, Kevin L. (2015).
3182:Seymour, Kevin L. (1983).
2901:Quaternary Science Reviews
2861:Quaternary Science Reviews
2375:"Phylogeography of lions (
2080:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009
2014:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009
1610:Quaternary Science Reviews
1323:Prehistoric mammals portal
1251:, Canada dates to ~12,877
1232:
1045:Great American Interchange
1029:northeastern United States
901:(190-130,000 years ago).
662:Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming
598:Rancho La Brea, California
36:
29:
3251:10.1017/S0952836904005242
2727:Anyonge, William (1996).
1939:Harington, C. R. (1971).
1788:10.1007/s10914-016-9350-0
1643:Harington, C. R. (1971).
1102:White Sands National Park
269:
262:
241:
232:
210:
203:
84:Scientific classification
82:
74:
65:
52:
41:. For the racehorse, see
3290:Quaternary International
3212:: 97â109. Archived from
2223:Panthera tigris spelaea
2219:Groiss, J. Th. (1996). "
1149:reveals that the extant
1066:Panthera onca mesembrina
897:(now Alaska) during the
673:Panthera onca mesembrina
310:Panthera onca mesembrina
299:"alaskensis" Scott, 1930
60:130,000-12,800 years ago
3717:Prehistoric pantherines
3712:Pleistocene carnivorans
3448:10.1126/science.1101476
2827:Journal of Paleontology
2528:10.1073/pnas.1919423117
1859:Simpson, G. G. (1941).
1830:10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.7
511:that were dated to the
3348:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526
3119:10.1139/cjes-2018-0178
3001:10.5194/fr-19-131-2016
2581:Quaternary Extinctions
2188:10.1093/jhered/esad082
2131:10.1126/sciadv.1501682
2059:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1993:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1105:
957:
937:
834:which includes modern
750:
3643:Paleobiology Database
3630:Paleobiology Database
3033:Paleobiology Database
1375:This source confuses
1340:Panthera leo fossilis
1277:may have been due to
1099:
952:
935:
869:phylogenetic affinity
746:
698:Felis onca mesembrina
679:In the 1890s in the "
303:Felis onca mesembrina
77:George C. Page Museum
43:American Lion (horse)
1616:(17â18): 2329â2340.
1524:10.1671/039.029.0314
865:convergent evolution
782:Panthera leo spelaea
761:, and designated as
509:Natchez, Mississippi
448:History and taxonomy
39:American Lion (book)
3496:2009MolEc..18.1668B
3440:2004Sci...306...70B
3299:2023QuInt.647...81H
2953:1971CaJES...8..170H
2914:2011QSRv...30.2329S
2873:2016QSRv..142...61C
2840:10.1017/jpa.2017.68
2694:2008Letha..41..333S
2629:2012PLoSO...752453D
2519:2020PNAS..11710927D
2513:(20): 10927â10934.
2451:2022MolEc..31.6407S
2395:2009MolEc..18.1668B
2333:2014HBio...26..827K
2176:Journal of Heredity
2123:2016SciA....2E1682M
2071:2017CRPal..16..850C
2005:2017CRPal..16..850C
1961:1971CaJES...8..170H
1665:1971CaJES...8..170H
1622:2011QSRv...30.2329S
1516:2009JVPal..29..934C
1468:1969CaJES...6.1277H
1309:Paleontology portal
748:Life reconstruction
596:. Further south in
388:North American lion
3239:Journal of Zoology
3026:Panthera leo atrox
2733:Journal of Zoology
2321:Historical Biology
2309:"Phylogenetics of
1900:Panthera leo atrox
1695:Panthera leo atrox
1281:effects caused by
1157:from the kills of
1137:, and other large
1106:
958:
938:
883:Eurasian cave lion
751:
729:P. onca mesembrina
714:F. onca mesembrina
558:collected several
3699:
3698:
3544:Taxon identifiers
3484:Molecular Ecology
3405:978-1-891276-27-9
2908:(17): 2329â2340.
2595:978-0-8165-1100-6
2459:10.1111/mec.16267
2445:(24): 6407â6421.
2439:Molecular Ecology
2383:Molecular Ecology
1288:carrying capacity
1143:Natural Trap Cave
1021:Last Interglacial
875:Mitochondrial DNA
681:Cueva del Milodon
610:Felis atrox bebbi
484:holotype specimen
319:
318:
313:? (Cabrera, 1934)
288:Felis atrox bebbi
16:(Redirected from
3749:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3490:(8): 1668â1677.
3474:
3468:
3467:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3203:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3074:. Archived from
3067:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3003:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2896:Panthera spelaea
2891:
2885:
2884:
2857:Panthera spelaea
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2819:"Gigantic lion,
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2640:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2564:Anderson, Elaine
2560:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2470:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2389:(8): 1668â1677.
2362:
2353:
2352:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2279:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2111:Science Advances
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1918:10.1894/clg-20.1
1893:
1882:
1875:
1864:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1734:
1723:
1722:
1711:10.1894/CLG-20.1
1690:
1677:
1676:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1552:Panthera spelaea
1545:
1536:
1535:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1462:(5): 1277â1288.
1447:
1441:
1440:
1408:
1384:
1373:
1333:Panthera spelaea
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1187:La Brea Tar Pits
1174:Smilodon fatalis
1167:La Brea Tar Pits
1155:kleptoparasitism
966:La Brea Tar Pits
824:Panthera tigris)
659:
592:synonymous with
564:Kotzebue, Alaska
525:Felis imperialis
476:
465:
419:Panthera spelaea
403:Late Pleistocene
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
273:Felis imperialis
245:Panthera spelaea
237:
219:
215:
92:
91:
70:
58:Late Pleistocene
56:Temporal range:
50:
21:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3434:(5693): 70â75.
3421:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3336:Biology Letters
3329:
3328:
3324:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3266:Anton, Mauricio
3263:
3262:
3258:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3161:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3063:"American Lion"
3060:
3059:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2961:10.1139/e71-014
2934:
2933:
2929:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2221:Der Höhlentiger
2218:
2217:
2213:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2117:(6): e1501682.
2103:
2102:
2098:
2048:
2047:
2040:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1969:10.1139/e71-014
1945:) from Alberta"
1938:
1937:
1933:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1845:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1673:10.1139/e71-014
1649:) from Alberta"
1642:
1641:
1637:
1603:
1602:
1593:
1562:Open Quaternary
1547:
1546:
1539:
1497:
1496:
1483:
1476:10.1139/e69-127
1449:
1448:
1444:
1429:10.2307/1005282
1410:
1409:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1279:trophic cascade
1237:
1231:
1169:
1111:
1075:
1043:as part of the
1009:
930:
771:paleontologists
741:
677:
657:
614:Panthera atrox.
602:John C. Merriam
556:College, Alaska
489:
488:
487:
486:
479:
478:
477:
468:
467:
466:
455:
450:
442:trophic cascade
359:
336:
332:
305:? Cabrera, 1934
228:
221:
213:
212:
199:
86:
61:
54:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3744:
3742:Apex predators
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3582:Panthera atrox
3572:
3556:
3554:
3552:Panthera atrox
3548:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3469:
3411:
3404:
3379:
3322:
3275:
3264:Turner, Alan;
3256:
3229:
3206:Science Series
3189:
3174:
3160:978-0231037334
3159:
3139:
3113:(3): 366â376.
3091:
3046:
3015:
2994:(2): 131â141.
2974:
2947:(1): 170â174.
2927:
2886:
2846:
2833:(2): 305â312.
2809:
2780:
2758:
2739:(3): 395â413.
2719:
2715:Merriam, J. C.
2707:
2688:(4): 333â347.
2670:
2623:(12): e52453.
2600:
2594:
2552:
2490:
2424:
2354:
2327:(6): 827 833.
2315:Panthera atrox
2299:
2270:(6): 977â992.
2248:
2211:
2182:(4): 424â431.
2162:
2096:
2065:(8): 850â864.
2053:Panthera atrox
2038:
1999:(8): 850â864.
1974:
1955:(1): 170â174.
1943:Panthera atrox
1931:
1912:(2): 217â222.
1883:
1865:
1843:
1824:(7): 516â526.
1801:
1782:(4): 427â438.
1759:
1741:Panthera atrox
1724:
1705:(2): 217â223.
1678:
1659:(1): 170â174.
1647:Panthera atrox
1635:
1591:
1537:
1510:(3): 934â945.
1500:Panthera atrox
1481:
1452:Panthera atrox
1442:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1312:
1296:
1293:
1257:Before Present
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1223:Panthera atrox
1215:Panthera atrox
1210:Panthera atrox
1191:Panthera atrox
1183:Aenocyon dirus
1168:
1165:
1131:American bison
1110:
1107:
1091:Siberian tiger
1074:
1071:
1033:boreal forests
1025:eastern Canada
1008:
1005:
961:Panthera atrox
943:Panthera atrox
936:Reconstruction
929:
926:
867:, rather than
810:studies using
763:Panthera atrox
740:
737:
733:Panthera atrox
676:
670:
666:Panthera atrox
620:Panthera atrox
594:Panthera atrox
560:Panthera atrox
537:Panthera atrox
493:Panthera atrox
481:
480:
471:
470:
469:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
397:cat native to
328:Panthera atrox
317:
316:
315:
314:
306:
300:
294:
285:
279:
267:
266:
260:
259:
250:Panthera atrox
239:
238:
230:
229:
222:
217:Panthera atrox
208:
207:
201:
200:
192:
190:
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
80:
79:
72:
71:
63:
62:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3754:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3219:on 2018-10-01
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3081:on 2017-10-30
3077:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:Fossil Record
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2813:
2810:
2799:on 2017-10-28
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2572:Martin, P. S.
2569:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2365:Barnett, R.;
2361:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1749:on 2009-06-25
1748:
1744:
1742:
1737:Deméré, Tom.
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1575:10.5334/oq.24
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:South America
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:are from the
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
956:
953:Skull at the
951:
947:
944:
934:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Panthera onca
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:morphological
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
745:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
725:Panthera onca
721:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
703:Angel Cabrera
701:was named by
700:
699:
694:
690:
686:
685:Santiago Roth
682:
674:
671:
669:
667:
663:
656:
652:
648:
645:, as well as
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
621:
616:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:F. imperialis
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
485:
475:
464:
452:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:apex predator
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:North America
396:
393:
389:
383:
330:
329:
324:
323:American lion
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
282:Iemish listai
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
268:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
240:
236:
231:
226:
220:
218:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
196:P. atrox
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
78:
73:
69:
64:
59:
53:American lion
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:American Lion
3659:
3551:
3487:
3483:
3472:
3431:
3427:
3395:
3382:
3342:(1): 81â85.
3339:
3335:
3325:
3288:
3278:
3269:
3259:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3221:. Retrieved
3214:the original
3209:
3205:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3149:
3142:
3130:. Retrieved
3110:
3104:
3094:
3083:. Retrieved
3076:the original
3069:
3037:. Retrieved
3031:
3025:
3018:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2830:
2826:
2821:Panthera leo
2820:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2783:
2774:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2710:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2620:
2616:
2580:
2576:Klein, R. G.
2510:
2504:
2493:
2468:11343/299180
2442:
2438:
2427:
2386:
2382:
2377:Panthera leo
2376:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2313:, including
2310:
2302:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2114:
2110:
2099:
2062:
2058:
2052:
1996:
1992:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1878:
1821:
1817:
1779:
1775:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1740:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1338:
1331:
1272:
1268:
1238:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1158:
1112:
1109:Paleoecology
1076:
1064:
1010:
1007:Distribution
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
982:
977:
960:
959:
942:
939:
913:
909:
903:
886:
878:
873:
860:
856:
852:
848:
823:
816:phylogenetic
806:
801:
797:
794:P. leo atrox
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
762:
752:
732:
728:
724:
722:
713:
711:
696:
693:Felis listai
692:
678:
672:
665:
654:
650:
632:
628:
625:Felis atrox.
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
593:
587:
583:
582:"alaskensis"
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
549:
545:Philadelphia
536:
532:
524:
520:
517:Joseph Leidy
505:Philadelphia
492:
490:
431:
418:
411:Panthera leo
410:
387:
327:
326:
322:
320:
308:
302:
296:
287:
284:? Roth, 1899
281:
272:
255:Panthera leo
253:
252:, and green
249:
243:
216:
211:
195:
194:
181:
47:
3660:Felis atrox
3617:iNaturalist
3576:Wikispecies
3039:17 December
2367:Shapiro, B.
2237:: 399â414.
2090:11336/65990
2024:11336/65990
1585:10576/22920
1423:: 319â322.
1413:Felis atrox
1283:Paleoindian
1274:Homotherium
1179:dire wolves
1160:Miracinonyx
1017:Sangamonian
987:remains to
972:, so their
970:Los Angeles
928:Description
841:Pleistocene
759:Pantherinae
689:nomen nudum
629:Felis atrox
606:Felis atrox
589:nomen nudum
580:Felis atrox
521:Felis atrox
513:Pleistocene
401:during the
297:Felis atrox
171:Pantherinae
167:Subfamily:
3706:Categories
3675:Q122367917
3245:(4): 329.
3223:2015-12-23
3085:2017-10-30
2803:2017-10-28
2371:Burger, J.
2263:Cladistics
2225:(Goldfuss)
1818:BioScience
1753:2010-05-18
1391:References
1253:calibrated
1245:megafaunal
1229:Extinction
1083:grasslands
997:P. spelaea
993:P. spelaea
978:P. spelaea
974:morphology
914:P. spelaea
887:P. spelaea
786:P. spelaea
395:pantherine
151:Feliformia
147:Suborder:
3512:0962-1083
3456:0036-8075
3356:1744-9561
3317:1040-6182
3169:759120597
3127:0008-4077
3010:2193-0074
2969:0008-4077
2867:: 61â73.
2753:0952-8369
2647:1932-6203
2477:0962-1083
2139:2375-2548
2033:1631-0683
1838:1525-3244
1796:1064-7554
1356:Megafauna
1261:cave lion
1219:gray wolf
1185:) at the
1151:pronghorn
1139:ungulates
1061:Argentina
899:Illinoian
857:P. tigris
808:Cladistic
739:Evolution
578:in 1930,
415:cave lion
189:Species:
141:Carnivora
107:Kingdom:
101:Eukaryota
3669:Wikidata
3596:60969147
3561:Wikidata
3528:46716748
3520:19302360
3464:15459379
3374:18957359
3268:(1997).
3132:31 March
2665:23300674
2617:PLOS ONE
2578:(eds.),
2566:(1984),
2547:32366643
2485:34748674
2419:46716748
2411:19302360
2349:84229141
2311:Panthera
2294:84497516
2286:34892880
2206:38150503
2197:11235123
2157:27386563
1926:85346247
1719:85346247
1556:Panthera
1532:85975640
1295:See also
1269:Smilodon
1249:Edmonton
1206:Smilodon
1199:Aenocyon
1195:Smilodon
1135:mammoths
1079:savannas
1027:and the
1001:P. atrox
989:P. atrox
985:Panthera
922:diverged
910:P. atrox
895:Beringia
879:P. atrox
836:leopards
775:Panthera
655:P. atrox
651:P. atrox
647:Nebraska
634:Panthera
572:Panthera
390:) is an
264:Synonyms
182:Panthera
157:Family:
131:Mammalia
121:Chordata
117:Phylum:
111:Animalia
97:Domain:
3684:ZooBank
3609:9316347
3567:Q242358
3492:Bibcode
3436:Bibcode
3428:Science
3365:2657756
3295:Bibcode
2949:Bibcode
2910:Bibcode
2869:Bibcode
2690:Bibcode
2681:Lethaia
2656:3530457
2625:Bibcode
2538:7245068
2515:Bibcode
2447:Bibcode
2391:Bibcode
2329:Bibcode
2148:4928889
2119:Bibcode
2067:Bibcode
2001:Bibcode
1957:Bibcode
1661:Bibcode
1618:Bibcode
1512:Bibcode
1464:Bibcode
1437:1005282
1377:spelaea
1147:Wyoming
1073:Habitat
918:lineage
861:P. onca
845:jaguars
798:spelaea
769:. Some
755:species
643:Chiapas
423:fossils
392:extinct
291:Merriam
248:, blue
227:, 1853)
214:†
193:†
177:Genus:
161:Felidae
137:Order:
127:Class:
3648:308747
3622:569096
3526:
3518:
3510:
3462:
3454:
3402:
3372:
3362:
3354:
3315:
3167:
3157:
3125:
3008:
2967:
2751:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2592:
2545:
2535:
2483:
2475:
2417:
2409:
2347:
2292:
2284:
2204:
2194:
2155:
2145:
2137:
2031:
1924:
1836:
1794:
1717:
1530:
1435:
1255:years
1127:tapirs
1123:camels
1119:horses
1049:Talara
1037:Belize
1013:Alaska
853:P. leo
790:P. leo
639:jaguar
293:, 1909
278:, 1878
32:cougar
3635:46509
3524:S2CID
3392:(PDF)
3217:(PDF)
3202:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
3066:(PDF)
2570:, in
2415:S2CID
2345:S2CID
2290:S2CID
1922:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1568:: 4.
1558:Cats"
1528:S2CID
1433:JSTOR
1381:atrox
1363:Notes
1093:does.
1087:caves
1057:Chile
832:clade
828:skull
820:tiger
802:atrox
767:Latin
731:with
716:from
658:'
576:atrox
568:Felis
276:Leidy
225:Leidy
3604:GBIF
3516:PMID
3508:ISSN
3460:PMID
3452:ISSN
3400:ISBN
3370:PMID
3352:ISSN
3313:ISSN
3165:OCLC
3155:ISBN
3134:2024
3123:ISSN
3041:2021
3006:ISSN
2965:ISSN
2749:ISSN
2661:PMID
2643:ISSN
2590:ISBN
2543:PMID
2506:PNAS
2481:PMID
2473:ISSN
2407:PMID
2282:PMID
2202:PMID
2153:PMID
2135:ISSN
2029:ISSN
1834:ISSN
1792:ISSN
1271:and
1197:and
1115:deer
1081:and
1059:and
1053:Peru
912:and
906:lion
855:and
839:mid-
800:and
554:and
407:lion
321:The
3591:EoL
3500:doi
3444:doi
3432:306
3360:PMC
3344:doi
3303:doi
3247:doi
3243:263
3115:doi
2996:doi
2957:doi
2918:doi
2898:".
2877:doi
2865:142
2835:doi
2741:doi
2737:238
2698:doi
2651:PMC
2633:doi
2533:PMC
2523:doi
2511:117
2463:hdl
2455:doi
2399:doi
2337:doi
2272:doi
2239:doi
2227:".
2192:PMC
2184:doi
2180:115
2143:PMC
2127:doi
2085:hdl
2075:doi
2019:hdl
2009:doi
1965:doi
1914:doi
1826:doi
1784:doi
1707:doi
1669:doi
1626:doi
1580:hdl
1570:doi
1520:doi
1472:doi
1425:doi
1415:".
1208:).
1177:or
1145:in
968:in
863:to
784:or
778:leo
757:of
707:MLP
631:to
543:in
503:in
3708::
3686::
3671::
3645::
3632::
3619::
3606::
3593::
3578::
3563::
3522:.
3514:.
3506:.
3498:.
3488:18
3486:.
3482:.
3458:.
3450:.
3442:.
3430:.
3426:.
3414:^
3394:.
3368:.
3358:.
3350:.
3338:.
3334:.
3311:.
3301:.
3287:.
3241:.
3210:42
3208:.
3204:.
3163:.
3121:.
3111:57
3109:.
3103:.
3068:.
3049:^
3030:.
3004:.
2992:19
2990:.
2986:.
2963:.
2955:.
2943:.
2939:.
2916:.
2906:30
2904:.
2875:.
2863:.
2831:92
2829:.
2825:.
2791:.
2773:.
2761:^
2747:.
2735:.
2731:.
2696:.
2686:41
2684:.
2659:.
2649:.
2641:.
2631:.
2619:.
2615:.
2603:^
2588:,
2584:,
2574:;
2555:^
2541:.
2531:.
2521:.
2509:.
2503:.
2479:.
2471:.
2461:.
2453:.
2443:31
2441:.
2437:.
2413:.
2405:.
2397:.
2387:18
2385:.
2381:.
2357:^
2343:.
2335:.
2325:26
2323:.
2319:.
2288:.
2280:.
2268:24
2266:.
2260:.
2233:.
2200:.
2190:.
2178:.
2174:.
2151:.
2141:.
2133:.
2125:.
2113:.
2109:.
2083:.
2073:.
2063:16
2061:.
2057:.
2041:^
2027:.
2017:.
2007:.
1997:16
1995:.
1991:.
1977:^
1963:.
1951:.
1947:.
1920:.
1910:54
1908:.
1904:.
1886:^
1868:^
1846:^
1832:.
1822:60
1820:.
1816:.
1804:^
1790:.
1780:24
1778:.
1774:.
1762:^
1727:^
1713:.
1703:54
1701:.
1681:^
1667:.
1655:.
1651:.
1624:.
1614:30
1612:.
1608:.
1594:^
1578:.
1564:.
1560:.
1540:^
1526:.
1518:.
1508:29
1506:.
1484:^
1470:.
1458:.
1431:.
1421:10
1419:.
1399:^
1133:,
1129:,
1125:,
1121:,
1117:,
1051:,
1003:.
871:.
608:,
574:)
547:.
531:.
444:.
429:.
353:Ér
258:.
3530:.
3502::
3494::
3466:.
3446::
3438::
3376:.
3346::
3340:5
3319:.
3305::
3297::
3272:.
3253:.
3249::
3226:.
3171:.
3136:.
3117::
3088:.
3043:.
3028:"
3024:"
3012:.
2998::
2971:.
2959::
2951::
2945:8
2924:.
2920::
2912::
2883:.
2879::
2871::
2855:(
2843:.
2837::
2806:.
2755:.
2743::
2704:.
2700::
2692::
2667:.
2635::
2627::
2621:7
2549:.
2525::
2517::
2487:.
2465::
2457::
2449::
2421:.
2401::
2393::
2351:.
2339::
2331::
2296:.
2274::
2245:.
2241::
2235:7
2208:.
2186::
2159:.
2129::
2121::
2115:2
2093:.
2087::
2077::
2069::
2035:.
2021::
2011::
2003::
1971:.
1967::
1959::
1953:8
1928:.
1916::
1898:"
1840:.
1828::
1798:.
1786::
1756:.
1743:"
1721:.
1709::
1675:.
1671::
1663::
1657:8
1632:.
1628::
1620::
1588:.
1582::
1572::
1566:2
1534:.
1522::
1514::
1478:.
1474::
1466::
1460:6
1439:.
1427::
1181:(
885:(
847:(
822:(
792:(
584:.
570:(
417:(
409:(
382:/
379:s
376:k
373:É
370:r
367:t
364:ĂŠ
361:Ë
356:É
350:Ξ
347:n
344:ĂŠ
341:p
338:Ë
335:/
331:(
325:(
223:(
45:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
