560:
517:
395:
477:
273:
72:
31:
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327:
612:, in Boston on 1 January 1894, and then in New York City on 13 January. An unnamed reviewer wrote the next day that to be sure, "there is none of the soaring or the yearning of the mighty Beethoven", but that there is "the spirit of eternal sunshine" that is "the soul of Mozart's music". Burghauser mentions press notices in both cities, the first in the
2218:
316:. This scale gives the whole quartet its open, simple character, a character that is frequently identified with American folk music. However, the pentatonic scale is common in many traditional musics worldwide, and before coming to America Dvořák had composed pentatonic music, being familiar with such Slavonic folk music examples.
489:
first movement, but in the minor (D minor) rather than the major. The theme is introduced in the first violin, and repeated in the cello. Dvořák develops this thematic material in an extended middle section, then repeats the theme in the cello with an even thinner accompaniment that is alternately bowed and pizzicato.
261:
Dvořák wrote (in a letter he sent from
America shortly after composing the quartet): "As for my new Symphony, the F major String Quartet and the Quintet (composed here in Spillville) – I should never have written these works 'just so' if I hadn't seen America." Listeners have tried to identify
179:
immigrant community. Dvořák went to
Spillville through Josef Jan Kovařík. Kovařík had finished violin studies at the Prague Conservatory and was about to return to Spillville—his home in the United States—when Dvořák offered him a position as secretary. When Josef Jan accepted, he went to live with
524:
The third movement is a variant of the traditional scherzo. It has the form A–B–A–B–A: the A section is a sprightly, somewhat quirky tune, full of off-beats and cross-rhythms. High in the first violin there appears the song of a bird the composer believed to be a scarlet tanager; however, the song
488:
is the one that interpreters have most tried to associate with a Negro spiritual or with an
American Indian tune. The simple melody, with the pulsing accompaniment in second violin and viola, does indeed recall spirituals or Indian ritual music. It is written using the same pentatonic scale as the
567:
The final movement is in a traditional rondo form, A–B–A–C–A–B–A. Again, the main melody is pentatonic. The movement's rhythm was inspired by Dvořák's experience riding on trains and hearing them chugging on tracks while traveling across
America, as seen in the "chugging" of the second violin and
406:
is purely pentatonic, played by the viola, with a rippling F major chord in the accompanying instruments. This same F major chord continues without harmonic change throughout the first twelve measures of the piece. The movement then goes into a bridge, developing harmonically, but still with the
183:
Dvořák felt very much at ease in
Spillville. Writing to a friend he described his state of mind, away from hectic New York: "I have been on vacation since 3 June here in the Czech village of Spillville and I won't be returning to New York until the latter half of September. The children arrived
230:
symphony, Dvořák wrote: "As to my opinion I think that the influence of this country (it means the folk songs as are Negro, Indian, Irish, etc.) is to be seen, and that this and all other works (written in
America) differ very much from my other works as well as in couleur as in character,..."
338:
Dvořák quoted in the third movement, measures 21–24, a bird that he heard in Iowa. The song appears as a high, interrupting strain in the first violin part. Dvořák was annoyed by this bird's insistent chattering, and transcribed its song in his notebook. In the 1950s, an
English musicologist
193:
Dvořák sketched the quartet in three days and completed it in thirteen more days, finishing the score with the comment "Thank God! I am content. It was fast." It was his second attempt to write a quartet in F major: his first effort, twelve years earlier, produced only
330:
Dvořák's transcription of the song of a bird that he believed to be a scarlet tanager (top) and the appearance of the song in the third movement of the quartet. The identification of this bird as a scarlet tanager is questionable and it may have been a red-eyed
539:
The B section is a variation of the main scherzo theme, played in minor, at half tempo, and more lyrical. In its first appearance it is a legato line, while in the second appearance the lyrical theme is played in triplets, giving it a more pulsing character.
621:
While the influence of
American folk song is not explicit in the quartet, the impact of Dvořák's quartet on later American compositions is clear. Following Dvořák, a number of American composers turned their hands to the string quartet genre, including
206:
it finally came together. Dvořák defended the apparent simplicity of the piece: "When I wrote this quartet in the Czech community of
Spillville in 1893, I wanted to write something for once that was very melodious and straightforward, and dear
323:. "The specific American qualities of the so-called "American" Quartet are not easily identifiable, writes Lucy Miller, "...Better to look upon the subtitle as simply one assigned because of its composition during Dvořák's American tour."
413:
449:
386:
246:." Dvořák said: "In the Negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music." For its presumed association with African-American music, the quartet was referred to with nicknames such as
242:, a baritone and later a composer, who knew Dvořák while a student at the National Conservatory, said, "I sang our Negro songs for him very often, and before he wrote his own themes, he filled himself with the spirit of the old
638:. "The extensive use of folk-songs in 20th century American music and the 'wide-open-spaces' atmosphere of 'Western' film scores may have at least some of their origins" in Dvořák's new American style, writes Butterworth.
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343:- a claim that has been repeated in books ever since. However, American ornithologist Ted Floyd showed in 2016 that the bird quoted by Dvořák likely was not a scarlet tanager; instead, the bird was probably a
604:
In a first private performance of the quartet, in
Spillville, June 1893, Dvořák played first violin, Jan Josef Kovařík second violin, daughter Cecilie Kovaříková viola, and son Josef Jan Kovařík the cello.
144:
126:
108:
90:
890:, p. 165 wrote that the quartet is "commonly known as the 'Nigger' quartet (although since that word has become taboo in the country of its origin the nickname has fallen somewhat into disuse)"
184:
safely from Europe and we're all happy together. We like it very much here and, thank God, I am working hard and I'm healthy and in good spirits." He composed the quartet shortly after the
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proved a turning point in Dvořák's chamber music output: for decades he had toiled unsuccessfully to find a balance between his overflowing melodic invention and a clear structure. In the
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elements reminiscent of Romani or Czech music. The movement moves to a development section that is much denser harmonically and much more dramatic in tempo and color.
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89:
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the Dvořák family in New York. He told Dvořák about Spillville, where his father Jan Josef was a schoolmaster, leading Dvořák to spend the summer of 1893 there.
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specific American motifs in the quartet. Some have claimed that the theme of the second movement is based on an African-American spiritual, or perhaps on a
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The last page of the autograph score with Dvořák's inscription: "Finished on 10 June 1893 in Spillville. Thanks God. I'm satisfied. It went quickly."
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1714:
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394:
60:. It was written in 1893, during Dvořák's time in the United States. The quartet is one of the most popular in the chamber music repertoire.
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776:
Excerpts from Dvorak's correspondence: to the secretary of London's Philharmonic Society, Francesco Berger (Vysoka, 12. 6. 1894), quoted in
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First section of the Scherzo movement - listen for the song of a forest songbird high in the first violin. Dvořák believed the bird to be a
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1897:
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Specific American influences have been doubted: "In fact the only American thing about the work is that it was written there", writes
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Performance by the Seraphina Quartet (Caeli Smith and Sabrina Tabby, violins; Madeline Smith, viola; Genevieve Tabby, cello)
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Jean E. Snyder, "A great and noble school of music: Dvořák, Harry T. Burleigh, and the African American Spiritual." In
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After the first theme is restated in the recapitulation, there is a cello solo that bridges to the second theme.
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Dvořák composed the quartet in 1893 during a summer vacation from his position as director (1892–1895) of the
1071:
Floyd, Ted (Fall 2016). "Reassessment of a Scarlet Tanager from Spillville, Iowa: Was it really a tanager?".
218:". To the quartet he gave no subtitle, but there is the comment "The second composition written in America."
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258:. The older nicknames, without negative connotations for the composition, were abandoned after the 1950s.
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2100:
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1613:
1606:
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Some have heard suggestions of a locomotive in the last movement, recalling Dvořák's love of railroads.
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kept appearing before my eyes, and that is why it all turned out so simply. And it's good that it did."
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978:
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859:
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807:
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30:
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17:
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765:
Antonin Dvořák: Thematic Catalogue, with a bibliography and a Survey of Life and Work
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709:
642:
635:
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88:
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The second theme, in A major, is also primarily pentatonic, but ornamented with
43:
695:
Milan Slavicky. "String quartet in F major Op. 96 'American'," sleeve notes to
582:
The B section is more lyrical, but continues in the spirit of the first theme.
1048:
304:
243:
208:
159:
946:, Gertrude Norman and Miriam Lubell Shrifte, editors (1946, Alfred A. Knopf)
777:
312:
A characteristic, unifying element throughout the quartet is the use of the
1213:
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Program notes written by Dvořák for the first London performance of the
651:, for a pivotal scene in which Laurie and Jo dance for the first time.
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440:
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176:
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570:
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390:
First theme of the first movement, played by the Seraphina Quartet
382:
368:
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1336:
1296:. Translated by Roberta Finlayson Samsour. Czechoslovakia: Artia.
1340:
954:
952:
608:
The first two public performances of the quartet were by the
558:
515:
475:
393:
375:: A typical performance of the work lasts 26 to 30 minutes.
271:
70:
942:
Letter to Emil Kozanek, September 15, 1893, translated in
266:
tune that Dvořák heard during his sojourn at Spillville.
171:
in New York City. He spent his vacation in the town of
973:
Intimate Music: A History of the Idea of Chamber Music
838:
John Clapham. "Bedrich Smetana and Antonin Dvorak" in
2206:
699:
Stamitz Quartet. Brilliant Classics No. 99949, 2002.
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2001:
1960:
1924:
1800:
1793:
1741:
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1556:
1490:
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1116:"How Dvořák and trains inspired my string quartet"
27:Antonín Dvořák's American String Quartet (Op. 96)
407:open, triadic sense of openness and simplicity.
1311:. Score. Prague: Editio Supraphon, 1991. S 1304
214:Dvořák gave the subtitle for his symphony as, "
814:, Amadeus Press, Portland, Oregon 1993, p. 131
691:
689:
687:
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767:, Bãrenreiter Supraphon, Prague, 1996, p. 302
8:
1103:Cobbett's Cyclopedic Survey of Chamber Music
443:section that leads into the recapitulation.
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958:
794:
641:The song is also used in the score for the
1797:
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359:is scored for the usual complement of two
1326:International Music Score Library Project
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1000:
508:, but it seems more likely that it was a
2064:Serenade in D minor for Wind Instruments
325:
29:
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678:
666:
659:
190:, before that work had been performed.
1379:List of compositions by Antonín Dvořák
1138:
1094:
1089:This analysis is based on analyses in
1036:
1012:
887:
868:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
759:
757:
755:
733:
721:
708:Letter to Jindrich Geisler, quoted in
302:
157:
1066:
1064:
1062:
7:
525:was likely not that of the tanager.
1293:The Chamber Music of Antonín Dvořák
778:Symphony No. 9 "From the New World"
697:Dvořák: String Quartets (complete),
1879:String Quartet movement in F major
906:The Rebecca Clarke Society, 2004.
596:The C section is a chorale theme.
417:Second theme of the first movement
158:Problems playing these files? See
25:
2239:String quartets by Antonín Dvořák
870:. Oxford University Press, 1996.
747:"String Quartet No. 12 "American"
484:The theme of the second movement
402:The opening theme of the quartet
2216:
2191:
2190:
1331:String Quartet No. 12 "American"
710:String Quartet No. 12 "American"
544:IV. Finale: vivace ma non troppo
303:Problems playing this file? See
287:
140:
136:IV. Finale: vivace ma non troppo
122:
104:
86:
40:String Quartet No. 12 in F major
1844:Andante appassionato in F major
1632:Serenade for Strings in E major
1105:(1923, Oxford University Press)
823:Interviewed by James Creelman,
555:Main theme of the last movement
226:For the London premiere of his
453:Cello bridge in recapitulation
1:
1322:String Quartet No. 12, Op. 96
1258:The String Quartet, A History
535:Second section of the scherzo
347:, another American songbird.
1280:Dvořák: His Life & Music
812:Dvořák in America: 1892–1895
568:viola throughout the piece.
472:Theme of the second movement
439:The development ends with a
435:Fugato at end of development
1050:Song of the scarlet tanager
563:Fourth movement, main theme
485:
403:
398:First movement, first theme
2270:
2254:Works about rail transport
1725:Violin Concerto in A minor
1309:Quartetto XII. Fa maggiore
1219:. New York: W. W. Norton.
1194:Dvořák: His Life and Times
1192:Butterworth, Neil (1980).
1097:, and "Antonín Dvořák" in
632:George Whitefield Chadwick
520:Third movement, main theme
254:, before being called the
2186:
1720:Piano Concerto in G minor
1715:Cello Concerto in A major
1710:Cello Concerto in B minor
1661:The Golden Spinning Wheel
1374:
1238:. Concert Artists Guild.
1167:, 14 January 1894, p. 11.
339:identified the bird as a
234:Dvořák's appreciation of
2091:String Sextet in A major
2081:Violin Sonata in F major
1733:for violin and orchestra
1409:King and Charcoal Burner
858:and Joyce Bourne (eds.)
592:"C" section of the rondo
578:"B" section of the rondo
379:I. Allegro ma non troppo
82:I. Allegro ma non troppo
46: 96, nicknamed the
2249:Compositions in F major
1282:. New York: Dodd, Mead.
1260:. Thames & Hudson.
977:Pendragon Press, 1998.
902:A Rebecca Clarke Reader
18:American String Quartet
2165:Antonín Dvořák Theatre
1211:Clapham, John (1979).
1099:Walter Willson Cobbett
846:. Penguin Books, 1963.
593:
579:
564:
556:
536:
521:
513:
481:
480:Second movement, theme
473:
454:
436:
418:
399:
391:
332:
276:
236:African-American music
175:, which was home to a
75:
35:
2170:Antonín Dvořák Museum
1234:Miller, Lucy (2006).
591:
577:
562:
554:
534:
519:
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479:
471:
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434:
416:
397:
389:
371:, and comprises four
329:
275:
169:National Conservatory
74:
33:
1654:Symphonic Variations
1502:The Bells of Zlonice
1333:at antonin-dvorak.cz
944:Letters of Composers
793:symphony, quoted in
763:Burghauser, Jarmil.
618:, 18 December 1893.
2096:Terzetto in C major
2086:Sonatina in G major
1889:No. 12 in F major (
1784:The Spectre's Bride
1620:Nocturne in B major
1586:Scherzo capriccioso
1433:The Cunning Peasant
1417:The Stubborn Lovers
899:Liane Curtis (ed.)
780:, antonin-dvorak.cz
749:, antonin-dvorak.cz
712:, antonin-dvorak.cz
681:, pp. 119–120.
669:, pp. 112–113.
2140:Suite in A major (
1989:No. 4 in E minor (
1731:Romance in F minor
1644:Suite in A major (
1547:From the New World
1457:The Devil and Kate
1236:Adams to Zemlinsky
1164:The New York Times
924:Questions of Music
624:John Knowles Paine
594:
580:
565:
557:
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522:
514:
482:
474:
455:
437:
419:
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216:From the New World
187:New World Symphony
76:
36:
2244:1893 compositions
2204:
2203:
2176:Dvorak - In Love?
2109:
2108:
1898:No. 13 in G major
1884:No. 11 in C major
1698:
1697:
1600:In Nature's Realm
1572:Carnival Overture
1513:No. 3 in E♭ major
1508:No. 2 in B♭ major
1307:Dvořák, Antonín:
932:978 1 84728 090 9
808:Tibbetts, John C.
589:
575:
552:
532:
501:
493:III. Molto vivace
469:
450:
432:
414:
387:
293:
240:Harry T. Burleigh
145:
127:
118:III. Molto vivace
109:
91:
52:, is the twelfth
16:(Redirected from
2261:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2194:
2193:
2041:No. 2 in A major
2036:No. 1 in A major
2019:
2018:
2009:No. 1 in D major
1984:No. 3 in F minor
1979:No. 2 in G minor
1973:
1972:
1947:
1946:
1937:No. 2 in G major
1932:No. 1 in A minor
1908:
1907:
1869:
1868:
1859:No. 9 in D minor
1854:No. 8 in E major
1849:No. 7 in A minor
1839:No. 6 in A minor
1834:No. 5 in F minor
1829:No. 4 in E minor
1824:No. 3 in D major
1818:
1817:
1808:No. 1 in A major
1798:
1675:The Water Goblin
1626:Othello Overture
1593:Hussite Overture
1543:No. 9 in E minor
1538:No. 8 in G major
1533:No. 7 in D minor
1528:No. 6 in D major
1523:No. 5 in F major
1518:No. 4 in D minor
1498:No. 1 in C minor
1488:
1484:Orchestral music
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1338:
1324:: Scores at the
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1177:Butterworth 1980
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1025:Butterworth 1980
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959:Butterworth 1980
956:
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922:Norman Edwards.
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795:Butterworth 1980
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314:pentatonic scale
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283:Pentatonic scale
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256:American Quartet
204:American Quartet
200:American Quartet
173:Spillville, Iowa
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49:American Quartet
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2223:Classical music
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2207:
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2200:
2182:
2160:Dvorak (crater)
2148:
2134:Slavonic Dances
2105:
2058:Romantic Pieces
2045:
2024:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1970:
1969:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1925:String quintets
1920:
1905:
1904:
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1815:
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1801:String quartets
1789:
1778:Mass in D major
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1689:Tragic Overture
1638:Slavonic Dances
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1318:
1304:
1302:Further reading
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1276:Hughes, Gervase
1274:
1268:
1254:Griffiths, Paul
1252:
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1196:. Midas Books.
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970:John H. Baron.
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926:. 2005, p. 39.
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904:, pp. 102, 104.
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856:Michael Kennedy
854:
850:
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826:New York Herald
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615:New York Herald
610:Kneisel Quartet
602:
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548:
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506:scarlet tanager
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341:scarlet tanager
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2038:
2032:
2030:
2029:Piano quintets
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2002:Piano quartets
1999:
1998:
1996:
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1986:
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1762:Saint Ludmilla
1758:
1753:
1750:Moravian Duets
1745:
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1668:The Noon Witch
1664:
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1368:Antonín Dvořák
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1317:
1316:External links
1314:
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1298:
1288:Šourek, Otakar
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1155:
1153:, p. 110.
1143:
1141:, p. 172.
1131:
1107:
1091:Griffiths 1983
1082:
1073:Iowa Bird Life
1058:
1041:
1039:, p. 124.
1029:
1017:
1015:, p. 123.
1005:
1001:Griffiths 1983
993:
963:
961:, p. 107.
948:
935:
915:
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880:
878:(2004 reprint)
848:
844:Alec Robertson
831:
829:, May 21, 1893
816:
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628:Horatio Parker
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510:red-eyed vireo
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345:red-eyed vireo
321:Paul Griffiths
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58:Antonín Dvořák
54:string quartet
26:
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14:
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1794:Chamber music
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1682:The Wild Dove
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1565:A Hero's Song
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1203:0-85936-142-X
1199:
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1179:, p. 95.
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1027:, p. 89.
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990:9781576471005
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912:9780977007905
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896:
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877:
876:9780198608844
873:
869:
865:
863:
857:
852:
849:
845:
841:
840:Chamber Music
835:
832:
828:
827:
820:
817:
813:
809:
803:
800:
797:, p. 103
796:
792:
786:
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
742:
739:
736:, p. 89.
735:
730:
727:
724:, p. 20.
723:
718:
715:
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705:
702:
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692:
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688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
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137:
119:
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83:
63:
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59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2174:
2141:
2132:
2125:
2075:Silent Woods
2073:
2056:
1990:
1949:
1914:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1782:
1768:Stabat Mater
1760:
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1292:
1279:
1257:
1235:
1214:
1193:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
1102:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
972:
966:
943:
938:
923:
918:
901:
895:
883:
867:
861:
851:
842:, edited by
839:
834:
824:
819:
811:
802:
790:
785:
772:
764:
741:
729:
717:
704:
696:
679:Clapham 1979
674:
667:Clapham 1979
662:
648:Little Women
647:
643:Greta Gerwig
640:
636:Arthur Foote
620:
613:
607:
603:
595:
581:
566:
538:
523:
483:
456:
438:
420:
401:
354:
337:
334:
318:
311:
260:
255:
251:
247:
233:
227:
225:
222:Inspirations
213:
203:
199:
196:one movement
192:
185:
182:
166:
56:composed by
48:
47:
39:
37:
2179:(1988 film)
2121:Humoresques
2114:Piano music
1961:Piano trios
1903:No. 14 in A
1864:No. 10 in E
1742:Vocal music
1579:Czech Suite
1449:The Jacobin
1139:Hughes 1967
1095:Miller 2006
1037:Miller 2006
1013:Miller 2006
888:Hughes 1967
734:Šourek n.d.
722:Šourek n.d.
486:(see above)
404:(see above)
64:Composition
2233:Categories
2069:Bagatelles
2014:No. 2 in E
1968:No. 1 in B
1942:No. 3 in E
1813:No. 2 in B
1491:Symphonies
1384:(by genre)
1125:2023-08-01
1120:Gramophone
1079:: 159–161.
983:1576471004
745:Quoted in
423:melismatic
305:media help
244:Spirituals
209:Papa Haydn
160:media help
1915:Cypresses
1756:Psalm 149
1703:Concertos
975:, p. 363.
791:New World
461:II. Lento
373:movements
351:Structure
228:New World
100:II. Lento
2196:Category
2142:American
2017:♭
1971:♭
1950:American
1945:♭
1906:♭
1891:American
1872:Slavonic
1867:♭
1816:♭
1646:American
1441:Dimitrij
1290:(n.d.).
1278:(1967).
1256:(1983).
864:Quartet"
862:American
264:Kickapoo
2153:Related
2127:Legends
2101:Ballade
1948:major (
1870:major (
1773:Requiem
1614:My Home
1607:Legends
1465:Rusalka
1186:Sources
1055:YouTube
810:, ed.,
600:History
361:violins
357:quartet
2209:Portal
1476:(1904)
1473:Armida
1468:(1901)
1460:(1898)
1452:(1887)
1444:(1882)
1436:(1877)
1428:(1875)
1420:(1874)
1412:(1874)
1404:(1870)
1401:Alfred
1393:Operas
1264:
1242:
1223:
1215:Dvořák
1200:
988:
981:
930:
910:
874:
634:, and
441:fugato
367:, and
331:vireo.
252:Nigger
198:. The
2050:Other
2020:major
1991:Dumky
1974:major
1909:major
1819:major
1557:Other
1425:Vanda
655:Notes
645:film
369:cello
365:viola
248:Negro
177:Czech
1262:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1198:ISBN
986:ISBN
979:ISBN
928:ISBN
908:ISBN
872:ISBN
355:The
250:and
38:The
1053:on
866:in
44:Op.
2235::
1118:.
1101:,
1093:,
1077:86
1075:.
1061:^
951:^
754:^
686:^
630:,
626:,
363:,
42:,
2211::
2144:)
1993:)
1952:)
1893:)
1874:)
1648:)
1549:)
1545:(
1504:)
1500:(
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1270:.
1248:.
1229:.
1206:.
1128:.
1003:.
860:"
512:.
307:.
162:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
