709:
42:
864:
1059:
852:
840:
586:
579:
is sometimes called "alligatorwood". The bark is a light brown tinged with red and sometimes gray with dark streaks and has a density of 590 kg/m (37 lb/cu ft). It is deeply fissured with scaly ridges. The branches carry layers of cork. The branchlets are pithy, many-angled, winged, and at first covered with rusty hairs, finally becoming red brown, gray or dark brown. As an ornamental tree, the species has a drawback—the branches may have ridges or "wings" that cause more surface area, increasing weight of snow and ice accumulation on the tree. However, the wood is heavy and hard with an interlocking grain, but is difficult to season.
598:
1243:
746: in) in diameter and are covered with rusty hairs. The flowers are unisexual and greenish in color. Staminate flowers in terminal racemes 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, the pistillate in a solitary head on a slender peduncle borne in the axil of an upper leaf. Staminate flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, but are surrounded by hairy bracts. Stamens indefinite; filaments short; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a two-celled, two-beaked ovary, the carpels produced into a long, recurved, persistent style. The ovaries all more or less cohere and harden in fruit. There are many ovules but few mature.
1424:
880:
215:
892:
697:
1235:
725:
501:. However, the first mention of any use of the amber is described by Juan de Grijalva, the nephew of the governor of Cuba, in the year 1517. Juan de Grijalva tells of gift exchanges with the Mayas "who presented them with, among other things, hollow reeds of about a span long filled with dried herbs and sweet-smelling liquid amber which, when lighted in the way shown by the natives, diffused an agreeable odour." The species was introduced into Europe in 1681 by
86:
61:
1509:(a type of biomolecule found in trees to protect it from fire, insects, and bacteria) have been reported to occur in healthy tissue of a variety of plants including sweetgum. They may prevent pathogen invasion by inhibiting fungal enzyme activity. Although cells of healthy sweetgum tissue appear rich in tannins, these materials apparently were not effective in preventing fungal colonization by
1116:. The wood is very compact and fine-grained, the heartwood being reddish, and, when cut into planks, marked transversely with blackish belts. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, cabinets for radios, televisions, and phonographs, interior trim, and
1051:
578:
Another distinctive feature of the tree is the peculiar appearance of its small branches and twigs. The bark attaches itself to these in plates edgewise instead of laterally, and a piece of the leafless branch with the aid of a little imagination readily takes on a reptilian form; indeed, the tree
569:
is a medium-sized to large tree, growing anywhere from 15–20 m (50–70 ft) in cultivation and up to 45 m (150 ft) in the wild, with a trunk up 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) in diameter, on average. Trees may live to 400 years. The tree is a symmetrical shape and crowns into an egg
654:
or semi-evergreen, with negligible fall color. The leaves are 8–18 cm (3–7 in) broad with glandular serrate teeth. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped. They come out of the bud plicate, downy, pale green, when full grown are bright green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath.
1314:
became popular in the urban landscapes of
California because of their pleasing appearance, striking fall colors, and ability to grow quickly and thrive; however, as the trees matured, the damage caused by surface roots and the increased production of seed balls led to the tree being considered a
634:–4 in) petiole. The rich dark green, smooth, shiny, star-shaped leaves generally turn brilliant yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the autumn. This autumnal coloring has been characterized as not simply a flame, but a conflagration. Its reds and yellows compare to those of the
1315:
nuisance and a liability. Thousands of trees would be removed and repairs had to be conducted on nearby structures damaged by roots. The
Western Arborist published a study that concluded that Sweetgums accounted for the greatest number of trees causing damage; in the city of
1319:
alone it was found that 69% of
Liquidambars planted in the city were either damaging or beginning to damage nearby structures. It is now recommended that the trees be planted at least 15 to 20 feet from structures and that they should not be used as street trees.
796: in) thick, winged, and wind-dispersed. Goldfinches, purple finches, squirrels, and chipmunks eat the seeds of the tree. The seeds stratify within 30–90 days at 1–5 °C (33–41 °F) or soaked in water for 15–20 days. The long-stemmed fruit balls of
812:
disintegrate upon seed dispersal. The long-persisting fallen spiked fruits can be unpleasant to walk on; sweet gum is banned in some places for this reason. In abundance, they can leave a lawn lumpy. The winter buds are yellow brown, 6 mm
2305:: a renewable source of shikimic acid. Liza B. Enrich, Margaret L. Scheuermann, Ashley Mohadjer, Kathryn R. Matthias, Chrystal F. Eller, M. Scott Newman, Michael Fujinaka and Thomas Poon, Tetrahedron Letters, 2008, volume 49, pages 2503–2505,
2322:
Pozzobon, Rafaela G.; Rutckeviski, Renata; Carlotto, Juliane; Schneider, Vanessa S.; Cordeiro, Lucimara M. C.; Mancarz, Graziele
Francine Franco; Souza, Lauro M. de; Mello, Rosiane Guetter; Smiderle, Fhernanda Ribeiro (1 January 2023).
1489:
can penetrate leaf tissue directly, thus having the ability to initiate infection on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. In other regions of the U.S., sweetgum populations may not be as susceptible to local populations of this fungus.
650:). However, in the northern part of its range, and where planted in yet colder areas, the leaves are often killed by frost while still green. On the other hand, in the extreme southern or tropical parts of its range, some trees are
1120:. The veneer and plywood, (typically backed with some other kind of wood which shrinks and warps less) are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. It was formerly used in the interior finish of
1167:. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark. The gum was used both medicinally and to make
863:
708:
2382:
780:, has a pair of terminal spikes (for a total of 80–120 spikes). When the fruit opens and the seeds are released, each capsule is associated with a small hole (40–60 of these) in the compound fruit.
786:
The fruit is a multicapsular spherical head and hangs on the branches during the winter. The woody capsules are mostly filled with abortive seeds resembling sawdust. The seeds are about 6 mm (
783:
Fallen, opened fruits are often abundant beneath the trees; these have been popularly nicknamed "burr (or bir) balls", "gum balls", "space bugs", "sticker balls", "spike balls", or "monkey balls".
1674:
Manual of the southeastern flora: being descriptions of the seed plants growing naturally in
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, eastern Louisiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
1096:
In the carpentry industry, the timber is referred to as satin walnut and is one of the most important materials for plywood manufacturers. It is used for furniture, interior trim,
585:
41:
1256:
and forestal tree, cultivated for its distinctive foliage and intense autumn colors. It is commonly grown throughout its native North
American range as well as many other
617:
usually have five (but sometimes three or seven) sharply pointed palmate lobes. They are 8–13 cm (3–5 in) wide on average and have three distinct bundle scars.
3297:
2051:
3001:
2386:
597:
3287:
3089:
1644:
986:
The US government distribution maps for this species are incorrect concerning the southern limit of distribution in
Florida. This species occurs abundantly at
839:
3267:
851:
3322:
2234:
485:
published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a large tree producing a fragrant gum resembling liquid amber, whence the genus name
1951:
2949:
2729:
3302:
3014:
2962:
2648:
1623:
1614:
879:
732:
The flowers typically appear in spring and persist into autumn/fall, sometimes persisting into winter. They are typically about 25–40 mm (1–
3292:
3187:
3112:
2691:
1058:
463:, only distantly related, with which the sweetgum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "redgum", for its reddish bark.
1477:, each surrounded by a reddish halo. The lesions tended to merge resulting in large areas of dead tissue. Infection and fungal development of
3327:
1090:; it is heavy, straight, satiny, and close-grained, but not strong. It takes a beautiful polish, but warps badly in drying. The wood has a
3282:
1291:
can develop on alkaline soil, especially where organic matter is low. Also, the
American sweetgum tree does not grow well in shady areas.
3312:
1731:
3317:
3277:
2287:
2107:
1809:
1681:
1350:'Clydesform' – columnar or narrowly pyramidal; slow growth to 9 meters; yellow-orange fall colors; also sold as 'Emerald Sentinel'
482:
2256:
2988:
1242:
1063:
2543:
3055:
1466:
on several different genera of forest trees were 2–5 mm diameter with regular margins. During the summer of 1994 in the
3166:
2183:
3019:
3076:
1619:
2644:
2408:
1117:
987:
1423:
1307:
1294:
During the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Sweetgums were a popular landscaping and street tree. Three varieties,
3213:
2851:
2675:
2163:
1485:
infection on sweetgum has been associated with the disease red leaf spot. Results of this investigation indicate that
1336:
696:
2822:
2710:
2570:
2513:
891:
85:
2622:
3200:
2488:
2227:
1582:
1079:
502:
1139:
for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market.
3307:
3094:
3050:
2671:
995:
3117:
2630:
2067:
1353:'Festival' – columnar; pale green summer leaves; bright fall hues of yellow, pink and red; less hardy than most
3205:
1955:
2941:
2657:
2325:"Chemical Evaluation of Liquidambar styraciflua L. Fruits Extracts and Their Potential as Anticancer Drugs"
1151:, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It has many names, including
983:, growing at middle elevations in various mountainous areas where the climate is humid and more temperate.
2936:
2866:
2784:
506:
415:
2856:
2726:
1340:
1311:
940:
214:
189:
2967:
1605:
1575:
3272:
3156:
3104:
2900:
1034:
687:
2928:
1455:
is a leaf parasite reported to occur on a wide range of host plants, including species of sweetgum (
3151:
2763:
2434:
2187:
1554:
1431:
The organizers of the
September 11th Memorial in New York donated a grove of sweetgum trees to the
1316:
50:
3068:
1886:
1645:"hazel pine Liquidambar styraciflua American sweetgum – Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference"
1260:
parts of the world, including moderately high elevations in the tropics. It is highly regarded in
3239:
3192:
2892:
2695:
2598:
2245:. Agriculture Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. 1965
1467:
1030:
1010:
402:('amber'), in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its
230:
80:
1234:
724:
3006:
2015:
Trees of the
Central Hardwood Forests of North America: An Identification and Cultivation Guide
1279:
soil, and tolerates poor drainage. It typically grows with other coastal plain species such as
3138:
2874:
2364:
2346:
2283:
2103:
1805:
1727:
1677:
1470:
area of Texas, a prominent leaf spot on sweetgum was widespread. Infected leaves had numerous
1448:
1356:'Firehouse' - pyramidal; bright red fall color; defoliates early; little to no seed production
1284:
1257:
1207:
1014:
823: in) long, acute. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming 13 mm (
801:
2758:
2640:
2590:
2409:"What's Blooming: Sweet Gum's Bittersweet Horticultural Legacy - The ArboretumThe Arboretum"
2354:
2336:
2306:
2130:
1933:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters. pp. 168–169.
1549:
1223:
1206:. Today, sweet gum is still being used for its many medicinal purposes. The plant possesses
1195:
1091:
1026:
991:
360:
3143:
3032:
355:. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to
3125:
2733:
2459:
2238:
1253:
1022:
1018:
999:
976:
773:
479:
456:
413:" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of
344:
123:
808:), but are spiny and remain intact after their seeds are dispersed; the softer fruits of
3179:
2833:
1880:
1405:'Rotundiloba' – sterile cultivar with rounded lobes on leaves, originally discovered in
3174:
2718:
2359:
2324:
2155:
1481:
were investigated on leaves of sweetgum using a combination of microscopic techniques.
1406:
1132:
679:
455:
The common name "sweetgum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum", contrasting with the
403:
367:
352:
110:
2095:
The Book of Seeds : A Lifesize Guide to Six Hundred Species from Around the World
3261:
3027:
2749:
2740:
2670:. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
1540:
1531:
1215:
1183:
1105:
980:
952:
912:
420:
410:
387:
348:
336:
205:
70:
65:
2665:
1389:'Moraine' – upright, rounded form, fast growth, red fall color, hardy to −30 °C
3244:
2879:
1124:
1097:
944:
363:
156:
146:
1493:
Environmental stress factors may also be involved, as reports have indicated that
3218:
3042:
2310:
2093:
1799:
17:
3081:
3063:
2975:
2816:
1395:'Parasol' – develops rounded crown; mature height 10 meters; deep red fall color
1211:
1168:
1109:
964:
916:
570:
shape when the branches get too heavy after its first two years of cultivation.
409:
is an old generic name meaning 'flowing with storax' (a plant resin). The name "
331:
166:
2843:
2341:
1280:
1203:
1160:
1148:
1136:
2807:
2350:
1359:'Goduzam' – variegated; pink to red-purple in autumn; also called 'Gold Dust'
359:
leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant
2913:
2099:
1498:
1494:
1432:
1362:'Grazam' – pyramidal, with glossy leaves. Orange, red and purple fall colors
1288:
1219:
1164:
1101:
1087:
968:
960:
908:
683:
651:
545:, and the mid-continental plateau of North America, much further north than
542:
323:
3231:
2368:
1699:"Sweetgum Trees (Gumball Tree): Types, Leaves - Identification (Pictures)"
3226:
3130:
2801:
1698:
1471:
1463:
1324:
1265:
1199:
1121:
1075:
972:
932:
928:
870:
643:
534:
490:
136:
347:. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern
2954:
2887:
2602:
2280:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1748:
1269:
1113:
1083:
956:
920:
550:
518:
433:
1347:'Burgundy' – dark red to purple fall colors may persist through winter
2980:
1506:
1474:
1261:
948:
538:
514:
510:
425:
340:
2778:
2594:
1050:
2719:
University of Michigan – Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of
642:), and in addition it has the dark purples and smoky browns of the
2993:
2918:
1422:
1241:
1233:
1163:. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like
1128:
1057:
1049:
936:
755:
723:
663:
635:
476:
379:
356:
97:
1276:
1272:
924:
777:
655:
They contain tannin and when bruised give a resinous fragrance.
614:
326:
2905:
2782:
2383:"Las 20 especies de árboles para plantar en el espacio público"
1392:'Palo Alto' – various shades of red in fall; best in California
1365:'Gumball' – dwarf shrubby cultivar seldom more than 2 m (
1462:). Limber and Cash reported that leaf spots produced by this
1419:) – cutleaf cultivar with orange, red and purple fall colors
1127:. Being readily dyed black, it is sometimes substituted for
1832:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. xviii + 398 pp.
1830:
Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees
678:
by its glossy, leathery leaves that are positioned singly (
2214:
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
1726:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
1108:, barrels, woodenware, and wood pulp. It is also used for
915:, where it occurs naturally in lowlands from southwestern
2739:
Beech, E.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1676:. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press.
1530:
Beech, E.; Crowley, D.; Rivers, M.C.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1501:
caused by iron deficiency may increase susceptibility of
440:, which translates to 'tree that gives pine resin' from
2706:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
2664:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
452:('tree'), which refers to the use of the tree's resin.
1159:. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling
1847:. london: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. p. 44.
1094:
of 0.5910. It is too liable to decay for outdoor use.
2629:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
2440:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 60
2068:"US National Arboretum Picture of the Week Answer -"
772: in) in diameter, composed of numerous (40–60)
397:
2791:
2569:Taylor, Josephine; Shane Clark (July–August 1996).
1697:Nolan, Jessica; Expert, Gardening (14 April 2021).
2039:Trees of Pennsylvania: A Complete Reference Guide
1412:'Slender Silhouette' – very narrow columnar form
2544:"Flight 93 Memorial Still $ 10M Short on Funds"
1787:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 153–154.
2764:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en
2727:Landscaping.about.com: American Sweetgum Trees
1885:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp.
1555:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T33966A67700725.en
1086:nearly white) and may have black grain in the
620:They are long and broad, with a 6–10 cm (
366:, but was formerly considered a member of the
2651:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
2017:. Portland, Oregon: Timber. pp. 235–237.
1981:, South Yarra: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
1954:. Cal Poly Plant Conservatory. Archived from
1952:"Liquidambar styraciflua: American sweet gum"
1082:. Its wood is bright reddish brown (with the
549:now grows. A similar plant is also found in
8:
2667:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2243:Silvics of North America: Volume 2:Hardwoods
1999:. New York: Knickerbocker. pp. 130–131.
1979:The Macquarie Dictionary of Trees and Shrubs
776:. Each capsule, containing one to two small
758:is hard, dry, and globose, 25–40 mm (1–
419:of Turkey, and to the resin better known as
2156:"Liquidambar styraciflua – Species Details"
2041:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
1990:
1988:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1823:
1821:
591:Small branches with edgewise plates of bark
391:
2779:
2257:"Chopsticks Carry 'Made in America' Label"
2008:
2006:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1874:
1379: ft) tall, with purple-red fall color
1194:Traditionally, sweet gum has been used in
1005:Grown as an ornamental tree in Australia,
509:, who planted it in the palace gardens at
335:native to warm temperate areas of eastern
213:
59:
40:
31:
2762:
2358:
2340:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1909:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly. pp. 116–117.
1882:Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1553:
682:), not in pairs (opposite) on the stems.
423:from various tropical trees in the genus
3298:Least concern flora of the United States
2199:
1586:, Kew Science. Accessed 9 February 2023.
1074:is one of the most important commercial
658:While the starry five-pointed leaves of
2649:United States Department of Agriculture
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1667:
1665:
1624:United States Department of Agriculture
1615:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1522:
1435:Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
1222:action, certain enzyme inhibition, and
835:
833: in) long, green tipped with red.
692:
581:
505:, the missionary collector sent out by
471:The earliest known published record of
2135:University of Delaware Botanic Gardens
1798:Austin, Daniel F. (29 November 2004).
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1306:, introduced in the late 1950s by the
351:, and is a popular ornamental tree in
2704:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
2571:"Infection and Fungal Development of
1724:RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants
7:
3288:Least concern flora of North America
3105:5e1ad59b-9416-4ebd-bfcb-b1666fc79893
553:deposits of the Tertiary of Europe.
3268:IUCN Red List least concern species
2750:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1541:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1268:. The species grows best in moist,
1238:A group of young sweetgum in autumn
1182:seeds may be a renewable source of
939:, but not colder highland areas of
907:Sweetgum is one of the most common
869:American sweetgum tree ball (spiny
3323:Flora of the Sierra Madre Oriental
1997:The Trees of North-eastern America
1287:. Its salt tolerance is moderate.
979:, it is a characteristic plant of
25:
2711:Interactive Distribution Map for
1308:Saratoga Horticultural Foundation
690:caterpillars feed on the leaves.
3206:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430718-1
2542:Moore, Martha (10 August 2011).
2282:. New York: Knopf. p. 454.
2255:Philip Graitcer (17 July 2011).
1427:Sweetgum (red) in a natural park
1135:. The wood is also used to make
890:
878:
862:
850:
838:
707:
695:
596:
584:
339:and tropical montane regions of
84:
1064:Richland County, South Carolina
3303:Garden plants of North America
1218:properties. It has also shown
1:
3293:Least concern biota of Mexico
2190:. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
2092:Smith, Paul (February 2018).
1907:Firefly Encyclopedia of Trees
1828:Werthner, William B. (1935).
1620:Agricultural Research Service
1131:for such uses as inexpensive
947:. The species also occurs in
674:is easily distinguished from
3328:Cloud forest flora of Mexico
2656:Meyer, Frederick G. (1997).
2645:United States Forest Service
2311:10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.140
1029:, and all the way up to the
988:Highlands Hammock State Park
3283:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2676:Harvard University Herbaria
2164:University of South Florida
2052:Missouri Botanical Garden:
1977:"Liquidambar styraciflua",
1879:Keeler, Harriet L. (1900).
1337:Royal Horticultural Society
398:
3344:
2621:Kormanik, Paul P. (1990).
2278:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1995:New-Hall, Charles (1890).
1804:. CRC Press. p. 407.
1583:Plants of the World Online
1080:Southeastern United States
3313:Trees of Northern America
2672:Missouri Botanical Garden
2435:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
2342:10.3390/molecules28010360
2131:"Liquidambar styraciflua"
1785:Familiar Trees of America
1072:(Liquidambar styraciflua)
996:Highlands County, Florida
754:The distinctive compound
396:('fluid') and the Arabic
236:
229:
221:
212:
195:
188:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3318:Trees of Central America
3278:Plants described in 1753
2637:Silvics of North America
2013:Leopold, Donald (1998).
1905:Cafferty, Steve (2005).
1755:. Natural History Museum
1198:to treat issues such as
998:, and even southwest of
3157:Liquidambar styraciflua
2823:Liquidambar styraciflua
2793:Liquidambar styraciflua
2743:Liquidambar styraciflua
2732:27 October 2007 at the
2721:Liquidambar styraciflua
2713:Liquidambar styraciflua
2698:Liquidambar styraciflua
2660:Liquidambar styraciflua
2625:Liquidambar styraciflua
2577:Liquidambar styraciflua
2516:Liquidambar styraciflua
2491:Liquidambar styraciflua
2462:Liquidambar styraciflua
2303:Liquidambar styraciflua
2230:Liquidambar styraciflua
2216:, New York: McGraw-Hill
2160:Atlas of Florida Plants
2054:Liquidambar styraciflua
1929:Illick, Joseph (1928).
1783:Grimm, William (1967).
1608:Liquidambar styraciflua
1577:Liquidambar styraciflua
1534:Liquidambar styraciflua
1457:Liquidambar styraciflua
1441:Liquidambar styraciflua
1329:Liquidambar styraciflua
1250:Liquidambar styraciflua
1007:Liquidambar styraciflua
662:resemble those of some
567:Liquidambar styraciflua
531:Liquidambar styraciflua
473:Liquidambar styraciflua
390:in 1753 from the Latin
283:Liquidambar styraciflua
265:Liquidambar tuberculata
257:Liquidambar macrophylla
199:Liquidambar styraciflua
2674:, St. Louis, MO &
2514:"RHS Plant Selector –
2460:"RHS Plant Selector –
1428:
1246:
1239:
1067:
1055:
1009:has a distribution on
800:resemble those of the
729:
392:
2757:: e.T33966A67700725.
1843:Corti, Count (1931).
1548:: e.T33966A67700725.
1446:The imperfect fungus
1426:
1341:Award of Garden Merit
1312:Palo Alto, California
1245:
1237:
1062:Harvesting redgum in
1061:
1053:
885:Mature fruit and seed
806:Platanus occidentalis
727:
240:Liquidambar gummifera
2237:11 July 2015 at the
2037:Rhoads, Ann (2005).
1845:A History of Smoking
1753:Encyclopedia of Life
1672:Small, J.K. (1933).
1035:far North Queensland
911:in the southeastern
497:(1686) it is called
2489:"RHS Plantfinder –
1801:Florida Ethnobotany
1180:L. styraciflua
1031:Atherton Tablelands
857:Leaf buds and fruit
483:Francisco Hernández
432:The sweetgum has a
386:was first given by
249:Liquidambar barbata
181:L. styraciflua
51:Conservation status
2550:. Gannett Co., Inc
2415:. 14 December 2009
2389:on 6 December 2021
2226:Kormanik, Paul P.
1931:Pennsylvania Trees
1468:Nacogdoches County
1429:
1331:are (those marked
1247:
1240:
1068:
1056:
1013:from southwestern
1011:mainland Australia
923:, through central
730:
728:Flower of sweetgum
603:Deeply ridged bark
495:Historia Plantarum
416:L. orientalis
353:temperate climates
35:American sweetgum
3255:
3254:
3139:Open Tree of Life
2785:Taxon identifiers
2573:Dicarpella dryina
1747:Cafferty, Steve.
1649:Wordreference.com
1461:
1454:
1449:Dicarpella dryina
1285:sweetbay magnolia
1208:anti-inflammatory
1015:Western Australia
945:Midwestern states
919:south to central
802:American sycamore
574:Bark and branches
537:-aged fossils in
286:), also known as
278:American sweetgum
275:
274:
269:
261:
253:
244:
222:Natural range of
74:
18:American Sweetgum
16:(Redirected from
3335:
3308:Ornamental trees
3248:
3247:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3085:
3084:
3082:NBNSYS0500000235
3072:
3071:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3035:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2984:
2983:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2766:
2707:
2679:
2678:, Cambridge, MA.
2652:
2641:Washington, D.C.
2607:
2606:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2385:. Archived from
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2344:
2319:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2252:
2246:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2188:Burke's Backyard
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:on 28 March 2012
1948:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1876:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1795:
1789:
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1765:
1764:
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1760:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1602:
1587:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1527:
1497:application and
1459:
1452:
1418:
1401:
1385:
1382:'Lane Roberts' (
1378:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1335:have gained the
1334:
1224:hepatoprotective
1196:Chinese medicine
1092:specific gravity
975:. In Mexico and
959:, as well as in
894:
882:
866:
854:
842:
832:
831:
827:
822:
821:
817:
795:
794:
790:
771:
770:
766:
763:
745:
744:
740:
737:
711:
699:
633:
632:
628:
625:
600:
588:
475:is in a work by
404:specific epithet
401:
395:
267:
259:
251:
242:
217:
201:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3126:Observation.org
3124:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3041:
3040:MichiganFlora:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2787:
2769:
2767:
2738:
2734:Wayback Machine
2690:
2687:
2682:
2655:
2639:. Vol. 2.
2620:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2595:10.2307/3761156
2585:. Search Wise.
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2522:Apps.rhs.org.uk
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2468:Apps.rhs.org.uk
2464:'Lane Roberts'"
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:Wayback Machine
2225:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2102:. p. 253.
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2066:Jordan, Ramon.
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1444:
1416:
1399:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1332:
1323:Among the many
1232:
1192:
1177:
1147:The tree's gum
1145:
1095:
1048:
1043:
1023:New South Wales
1019:South Australia
1000:Lake Okeechobee
977:Central America
905:
898:
895:
886:
883:
874:
867:
858:
855:
846:
843:
829:
825:
824:
819:
815:
814:
804:or buttonwood (
792:
788:
787:
768:
764:
761:
759:
752:
742:
738:
735:
733:
722:
715:
712:
703:
700:
630:
626:
623:
621:
611:
604:
601:
592:
589:
576:
564:
559:
529:An ancestor of
527:
469:
459:Nyssa sylvatica
376:
345:Central America
308:star-leaved gum
288:American storax
208:
203:
197:
184:
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:wfo-0000364015
3236:
3223:
3210:
3197:
3184:
3171:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3099:
3086:
3073:
3060:
3047:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2946:
2933:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2861:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2813:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2736:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2686:
2685:External links
2683:
2681:
2680:
2653:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2589:(4): 613–618.
2575:on Sweet Gum (
2561:
2534:
2505:
2480:
2451:
2426:
2400:
2374:
2314:
2295:
2288:
2270:
2247:
2232:L. – Sweetgum"
2219:
2204:
2192:
2176:
2147:
2122:
2108:
2084:
2058:
2044:
2020:
2002:
1984:
1969:
1936:
1912:
1892:
1850:
1835:
1817:
1810:
1790:
1766:
1739:
1733:978-1405332965
1732:
1715:
1689:
1682:
1661:
1636:
1588:
1568:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1511:D. dryina
1487:D. dryina
1483:D. dryina
1479:D. dryina
1443:
1437:
1421:
1420:
1415:'Worplesdon' (
1413:
1410:
1407:North Carolina
1403:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1380:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1231:
1228:
1202:, coughs, and
1191:
1188:
1176:
1173:
1144:
1141:
1133:picture frames
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
951:from southern
935:, and eastern
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
889:
887:
884:
877:
875:
868:
861:
859:
856:
849:
847:
844:
837:
751:
748:
721:
718:
717:
716:
714:Autumn foliage
713:
706:
704:
702:Summer foliage
701:
694:
688:promethea moth
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
595:
593:
590:
583:
575:
572:
563:
560:
558:
555:
533:is known from
526:
523:
507:Bishop Compton
499:Styrax liquida
468:
465:
438:Ocotzocuahuitl
375:
372:
368:Hamamelidaceae
273:
272:
271:
270:
262:
254:
246:
234:
233:
227:
226:
224:L. styraciflua
219:
218:
210:
209:
204:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
159:
154:
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144:
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134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2523:
2519:
2518:'Worplesdon'"
2517:
2509:
2506:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2413:The Arboretum
2410:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2289:0-394-50760-6
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2259:. Voanews.com
2258:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:Kormanik 1990
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2109:9781782406815
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2073:
2072:Usna.usda.gov
2069:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1947:
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1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1925:
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1901:
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1893:
1888:
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1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
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1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:9780203491881
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1683:0-02-852410-1
1679:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
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1640:
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1625:
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1601:
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1595:
1593:
1589:
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1584:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1551:
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1543:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
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1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1469:
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1458:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1439:Infection on
1438:
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1414:
1411:
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1255:
1252:is a popular
1251:
1244:
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1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:antimicrobial
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1184:shikimic acid
1181:
1175:Shikimic acid
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:copalm balsam
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
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1130:
1126:
1125:sleeping cars
1123:
1119:
1115:
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1098:railroad ties
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1089:
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1077:
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984:
982:
981:cloud forests
978:
974:
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926:
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918:
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913:United States
910:
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811:
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582:
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552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:Fossil record
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:John Banister
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
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460:
453:
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447:
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435:
430:
428:
427:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
405:
400:
394:
389:
385:
381:
378:This plant's
373:
371:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:United States
346:
342:
338:
337:North America
334:
333:
329:in the genus
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:alligatorwood
309:
305:
301:
297:
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245:nom. superfl.
241:
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200:
194:
191:
190:Binomial name
187:
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111:Tracheophytes
109:
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99:
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92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2792:
2768:. Retrieved
2754:
2748:
2742:
2720:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2666:
2659:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2614:Bibliography
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2554:26 September
2552:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2515:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2490:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:
2461:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2429:
2419:19 September
2417:. Retrieved
2412:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:the original
2377:
2332:
2328:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2250:
2242:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2212:"Sweetgum",
2207:
2195:
2184:Liquidambars
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2159:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2094:
2087:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2014:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1930:
1906:
1881:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1759:26 September
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1723:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1692:
1673:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1613:
1607:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1545:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1510:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1409:in the 1930s
1328:
1322:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1249:
1248:
1193:
1179:
1178:
1156:
1153:liquid amber
1152:
1146:
1071:
1069:
1006:
1004:
985:
927:and west to
906:
903:Distribution
897:Winged seeds
809:
805:
797:
785:
782:
753:
731:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
647:
639:
619:
612:
577:
566:
565:
546:
530:
528:
498:
494:
487:Liquidambar.
486:
472:
470:
458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
424:
414:
406:
383:
377:
364:Altingiaceae
330:
319:
318:, or simply
316:gumball tree
315:
311:
307:
304:satin-walnut
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
281:
277:
276:
264:
256:
248:
239:
223:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
157:Altingiaceae
147:Saxifragales
130:
117:
104:
29:
27:Tree species
3273:Liquidambar
3180:kew-2348877
3064:NatureServe
2976:iNaturalist
2817:Wikispecies
2770:12 November
2263:21 December
2169:30 December
2140:22 February
2115:22 February
2077:30 December
1703:Leafy Place
1654:30 December
1629:11 December
1561:12 November
1398:'Penwood' (
1230:Cultivation
1212:antioxidant
1169:chewing gum
1102:cigar boxes
1017:, southern
965:El Salvador
931:, southern
917:Connecticut
845:Green fruit
798:Liquidambar
672:Liquidambar
660:Liquidambar
557:Description
547:Liquidambar
448:('resin'),
407:styraciflua
384:Liquidambar
332:Liquidambar
168:Liquidambar
124:Angiosperms
3262:Categories
3175:Plant List
2864:Calflora:
2692:USDA, NRCS
2493:'Penwood'"
2393:5 December
2335:(1): 360.
1749:"Taxonomy"
1517:References
1281:willow oak
1254:ornamental
1226:activity.
1204:skin sores
1161:turpentine
1137:chopsticks
1104:, crates,
953:Nuevo León
941:Appalachia
480:naturalist
457:blackgum (
444:('pine'),
292:hazel pine
2942:220007687
2632:Hardwoods
2583:Mycologia
2548:USA Today
2351:1420-3049
2329:Molecules
2100:Ivy Press
1503:D. dryina
1499:chlorosis
1495:herbicide
1433:Flight 93
1325:cultivars
1296:Palo Alto
1289:Chlorosis
1258:temperate
1220:antitumor
1190:Medicinal
1165:ambergris
1088:heartwood
1076:hardwoods
1070:Sweetgum
969:Nicaragua
961:Guatemala
955:south to
909:hardwoods
680:alternate
652:evergreen
543:Greenland
324:deciduous
175:Species:
94:Kingdom:
3232:15100008
3227:Tropicos
3069:2.148447
3007:10203831
2994:430718-1
2802:Wikidata
2730:Archived
2694:(n.d.).
2647:(USFS),
2527:20 April
2498:23 March
2444:22 March
2369:36615553
2235:Archived
1472:necrotic
1464:pathogen
1304:Burgundy
1300:Festival
1266:Colombia
1200:diarrhea
1122:railroad
1118:millwork
1106:flooring
1027:Victoria
973:Honduras
933:Missouri
929:Illinois
871:seed pod
810:Platanus
774:capsules
648:Fraxinus
535:Tertiary
491:John Ray
450:cuahuitl
393:liquidus
388:Linnaeus
320:sweetgum
231:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Eudicots
71:IUCN 3.1
3051:MoBotPF
2955:3152824
2888:Ecocrop
2808:Q469652
2603:3761156
2360:9822488
1962:26 July
1507:Tannins
1475:lesions
1374:⁄
1317:Alameda
1114:plywood
1084:sapwood
1078:in the
992:Sebring
957:Chiapas
943:or the
921:Florida
828:⁄
818:⁄
791:⁄
767:⁄
741:⁄
720:Flowers
629:⁄
551:Miocene
519:England
477:Spanish
467:History
434:Nahuatl
421:benzoin
322:, is a
296:bilsted
243:Salisb.
163:Genus:
143:Order:
98:Plantae
69: (
3188:PLANTS
3102:NZOR:
3056:281024
2929:liqsty
2926:FEIS:
2906:594658
2857:416347
2831:AoFP:
2601:
2473:22 May
2367:
2357:
2349:
2286:
2106:
1808:
1730:
1708:9 July
1680:
1453:Sutton
1302:, and
1270:acidic
1262:Bogota
1214:, and
1110:veneer
1066:, 1904
1054:Lumber
949:Mexico
664:maples
636:maples
615:leaves
609:Leaves
539:Alaska
515:London
511:Fulham
436:name,
426:Styrax
411:storax
361:family
341:Mexico
300:redgum
260:Oerst.
252:Stokes
3219:10334
3193:LIST2
3164:PFI:
3144:62530
3131:29064
3113:NZPCN
3033:33966
3020:19027
3002:IRMNG
2981:49658
2968:22379
2919:LIQST
2880:6QJRL
2841:APA:
2599:JSTOR
2438:(PDF)
2241:from
1889:–164.
1149:resin
1143:Resin
1129:ebony
937:Texas
778:seeds
756:fruit
750:Fruit
446:tzotl
442:ocotl
399:ambar
382:name
380:genus
374:Names
357:maple
268:Silba
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
3201:POWO
3167:8515
3152:PfaF
3118:4313
3095:4400
3090:NCBI
3043:2941
3028:IUCN
3015:ITIS
2989:IPNI
2963:GRIN
2950:GBIF
2914:EPPO
2893:7343
2867:8598
2852:BOLD
2844:2305
2834:3559
2772:2021
2755:2018
2556:2012
2529:2020
2500:2018
2475:2013
2446:2018
2421:2023
2395:2021
2365:PMID
2347:ISSN
2284:ISBN
2265:2012
2171:2017
2142:2023
2117:2023
2104:ISBN
2079:2017
1964:2011
1806:ISBN
1761:2012
1728:ISBN
1710:2024
1678:ISBN
1656:2017
1631:2017
1563:2021
1546:2018
1343:):
1283:and
1277:clay
1273:loam
1112:for
1046:Wood
1041:Uses
971:and
925:Ohio
686:and
684:Luna
676:Acer
668:Acer
640:Acer
613:The
562:Size
343:and
327:tree
3240:WFO
3214:RHS
3077:NBN
2937:FNA
2901:EoL
2875:CoL
2759:doi
2591:doi
2355:PMC
2337:doi
2307:doi
2186:by
1887:160
1550:doi
1417:agm
1400:agm
1384:agm
1339:'s
1333:agm
1327:of
1310:in
1275:or
1155:or
1033:in
990:in
670:),
644:ash
513:in
493:'s
489:In
3264::
3242::
3229::
3216::
3203::
3190::
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3141::
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3079::
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2965::
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2916::
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2747:.
2702:.
2643::
2635:.
2597:.
2587:88
2581:.
2579:)"
2546:.
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2466:.
2411:.
2363:.
2353:.
2345:.
2333:28
2331:.
2327:.
2162:.
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2098:.
2070:.
2023:^
2005:^
1987:^
1939:^
1915:^
1895:^
1853:^
1820:^
1769:^
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1701:.
1664:^
1647:.
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1618:.
1612:.
1591:^
1579:L.
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1460:L.
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1264:,
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1186:.
1171:.
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1021:,
1002:.
994:,
967:,
963:,
541:,
521:.
517:,
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314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
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290:,
206:L.
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120::
107::
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2761::
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2658:"
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2339::
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1966:.
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1372:1
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830:2
826:1
820:4
816:1
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793:4
789:1
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765:1
762:+
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646:(
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631:4
627:1
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280:(
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