519:
575:
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1167:"A sharp divide between Spiritualists and psychical researchers had already occurred in 1923, when pro-Spiritualist forces gained control of the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), ousted President William McDougall, and demoted Hyslop's chosen successor, the psychologist Walter Franklin Prince, who resigned in 1925. The ASPR lost 108 members in 1923, and the controversy over the claimed physical effects of the medium named "Margery" sealed the division."
547:
561:
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844:"The American Society took a more skeptical view of psychic phenomena than did its British counterpart, and, led by prominent men of science, was more open to mundane explanations. Still, initial research findings were disappointing, and the interest of many scientific members waned. Under the direction of nonscientists, the ASPR languished for many years."
341:
would famously declare in 1890: "To upset the conclusion that all crows are black, there is no need to seek demonstration that no crow is black; it is sufficient to produce one white crow; a single one is sufficient." Since his proclamation of Piper as his "one White Crow", the concept of the single
440:
claimed to have observed
Crandon in fraud in a séance in 1926. According to Rhine during the séance she was free from control and kicked a megaphone to give the impression it was levitating. Rhine's report that documented the fraud was refused by the ASPR, so he published in it in the
349:
as well as Piper obtaining information about her sitters by natural means such as her memory recalling information. According to James the "spirit-control" hypothesis of her mediumship was "somewhat incoherent, ambiguous, irrelevant, and, in some cases, demonstrably false—at best only
410:) led to the 'conservative' faction leaving and forming the rival Boston Society for Psychical Research in May, 1925. From this point on the ASPR remained highly sympathetic to Spiritualism until 1941, when the Boston Society for Psychical Research was reintegrated into the ASPR.
305:. He once wrote his son, "My work is missionary, not mercenary." The intended name for the new organization was, "The American Institute for Scientific Research" which Hyslop had organized into two sections for the investigation of two separate fields: "A" was to deal with
799:"The American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR), which James helped found in 1884, was initially populated by a number of early psychologists. These included James's student G. Stanley Hall, as well as James Mark Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin."
370:
became a member of the ASPR in 1907 and an assistant to James Hyslop until 1908, during which time he established his reputation as an ASPR investigator. However his connection with the ASPR ceased due to lack of funds. Carrington was the author the book
482:, but actually discovered by other BSPR members. In 1923, Prince described the Crandon case as "the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research." The BSPR fell into obscurity following exposure of
390:
and skeptical of 'discarnate spirits' as an explanation for the phenomena studied, or simply skeptical of the phenomena's existence. In 1923 a prominent
Spiritualist, Frederick Edwards, was appointed President, and the conservative faction led by
758:. 1885, p. 83. "The Committee appointed consists of nine gentleman, viz: G. Stanley Hall (Chairman), E. C. Pickering, William James, Alpheus Hyatt, Samuel H. Scudder, H. P. Bowditch, C. S. Minot, William Watson, N. D. C. Hodges (Secretary)."
362:
harboring various personalities that pretended to be spirits or controls. In their view, Piper had subconsciously absorbed information that she later regurgitated as messages from "spirits" in her trances.
264:. Initial research findings were discouraging. By 1890, members such as Baldwin, Hall, Jastrow and Ladd-Franklin had resigned from the society. Hall and Jastrow became outspoken critics of parapsychology.
1653:
333:. This work was to be carried out by "B." The society remained in New York, where it remains as of 2015. During this period the ASPR was heavily involved in the investigation of medium
17:
191:
317:. Section "A" never got off the ground. But Section "B" became the new and reorganized ASPR. One of the Institute's aims was to organize and endow investigations into
190:'s visit to America that ultimately led to the formation of the American Society for Psychical Research in December, 1884. Barrett was invited by several members of the
1962:
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454:
There was a significant split in the history of
American psychical research: the American Society for Psychical Research had become dominated by those sympathetic to
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James Hyslop died in 1920, and immediately strife broke out between the membership as the
Society divided into two factions, one broadly pro-
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declared that the
Society was becoming less academic. In the same year the ASPR lost 108 members. New members joined the society and
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462:; yet telepathy within the laws of undiscovered physics) for purported mediumship and was critical of the purported mediumship of
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162:, which are open to both members and the general public. The society has an open membership, anyone with an interest in
1457:
834:
American
Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History
754:
823:"Psychologists Hall, Baldwin, Joseph Jastrow, and Christine Ladd-Franklin... had dropped their affiliation by 1890."
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a past
President and Prince both became alarmed at the number of "credulous spiritualists" that joined the ASPR.
294:, and Simon Newcomb and others left. Following the death of Hodgson in 1905 it achieved independence once more.
1879:
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took up the position as secretary of the recreated organization, with the work being done at his residence in
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believed Piper's mediumship had an entirely naturalistic explanation and no telepathy was involved. Hall and
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After evaluating sixty-nine reports of Piper's mediumship
William James considered the hypothesis of
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psychology. Its
Section "B" was to be concerned with what Hyslop called "supernormal psychology" or
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In 1925 Edwards was reappointed
President, and his support of the mediumistic claims of 'Margery' (
367:
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worked with the group. BSPR investigators were involved in the uncovering of the alleged fraud of
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1287:
1157:
Science In The New Age: The Paranormal, Its Defenders & Debunkers, (Science & Literature)
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and Elwood Worcester. They were alarmed by the ASPR support for the purported medium Margery (
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served as President. In 1889, a financial crisis forced the ASPR to become a branch of the
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it organised the investigation of Mina during the Scientific American Prize dispute, and
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On June 20, 1906, the ASPR had 170 members and by the end of November 1907, it had 677.
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1941:
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330:
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265:
242:
234:
211:
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159:
76:
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William James at the Boundaries: Philosophy, Science, and the Geography of Knowledge
924:
Ghost Hunters: William James and the Search for Scientific Proof of Life After Death
178:
1858:
1592:
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1432:
919:
483:
475:
463:
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407:
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154:) is the oldest psychical research organization in the United States dedicated to
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joined the ASPR in 1887 to serve as its secretary. In 1889, Fullerton, James and
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1612:
1572:
1537:
995:
Lives and Letters in American Parapsychology: A Biographical History, 1850–1987
1627:
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1492:
1427:
1048:
853:
507:
and laboratory based approach, as distinct from the older psychical research.
355:
326:
214:
that the claims of psychical phenomena should be investigated scientifically.
451:
published an article in a Boston Newspaper claiming "J. B. Rhine is an Ass."
1617:
1334:
In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture
1178:
In Search of White Crows: Spiritualism, Parapsychology, and American Culture
459:
387:
386:, indeed often Spiritualists, and the other 'conservative' faction favoring
358:, who observed some of the trances, explained the phenomena in terms of the
346:
318:
878:
Modernizing the Mind: Psychological Knowledge and the Remaking of Society
310:
166:
is invited to join. It maintains a website; and publishes the quarterly
1547:
955:
Psychical Research: A Guide to Its History, Principles & Practices
1312:. Proceedings of the American Society for Psychical Research. 1: 1–2.
1226:
Final SĂ©ance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle
1199:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
1089:
Final SĂ©ance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle
221:. The founding members who were also the first Vice-Presidents were
1320:
Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement
1018:(5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, Inc. p. 822.
503:
to English, and the methodology of modern parapsychology, with its
1472:
177:
1358:
458:; the Boston Society favored a naturalistic explanation (such as
217:
The first meetings of the society were held in the rooms of the
1362:
769:
The Mystery of Personality: A History of Psychodynamic Theories
1249:
The Search for Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited
375:
which exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums. According to
685:
An Elusive Victorian: The Evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace
426:
of the ASPR. Other founding members were William McDougall,
422:(BSPR) was founded in April 1925 by former research officer
1654:
Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
249:. The mathematician Simon Newcomb was the first President.
16:"ASPR" redirects here. For the U.S. government agency, see
342:"White Crow" has become a cliché in psychical re-search.
229:, Edward Charles Pickering, Henry Pickering Bowditch and
1353:
705:
The Varieties of Religious Experience: Centenary Essays
133:
976:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research
668:
168:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research
113:
Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research
18:
Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response
478:—including a number of revelations often credited to
447:. In response, defenders of Crandon attacked Rhine.
1794:
1773:
1760:
Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory
1712:
1641:
1405:
434:) and suppressing any reports unfavourable to her.
192:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
128:
118:
106:
96:
86:
68:
58:
48:
40:
32:
1866:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
379:, Carrington was not popular with spiritualists.
1674:International Association for Near-Death Studies
807:
805:
636:International Association for Near-Death Studies
1217:
1215:
1137:The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits
901:The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits
252:Other early members included the psychologists
1735:International Institute for Psychical Research
1294:. Boston: Boston Society for Psychic Research.
1114:The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult
1108:
1106:
1104:
941:
939:
811:Pickren, Wade; Rutherford, Alexandra. (2010).
1765:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
1374:
989:
987:
985:
8:
1873:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
1016:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology
27:
158:. It maintains offices and a library, in
1381:
1367:
1359:
997:. McFarland & Company. pp. 51–55
26:
1750:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
813:A History of Modern Psychology in Context
679:
677:
444:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
1887:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
1159:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 25.
20:. For the U.S. military regulation, see
1963:1884 establishments in New York (state)
1649:American Society for Psychical Research
1139:. Guinness Publishing. pp. 48–50.
1032:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 127.
789:Self-Observation in the Social Sciences
722:
720:
687:. University of Chicago Press. p. 111.
669:American Society for Psychical Research
661:
514:
148:American Society for Psychical Research
28:American Society for Psychical Research
1228:. Prometheus Books. pp. 202–203.
1072:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
858:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
641:Institut suisse des sciences noétiques
373:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
22:Armed Services Procurement Regulations
1116:. Yale University Press. pp. 217-234
420:Boston Society for Psychical Research
219:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
194:. He persuaded intellectuals such as
7:
1968:Organizations based in New York City
1920:
1664:Institut MĂ©tapsychique International
733:. Harvard University Press. p. 381.
1180:. Oxford University Press. p. 176.
974:Hyslop, James (1907). "Editorial".
1725:British College of Psychic Science
274:American Psychological Association
272:left the ASPR in 1892 to form the
14:
1948:Organizations established in 1884
1894:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1838:Journal of Scientific Exploration
791:. Transaction Publishers. p. 53.
1919:
1908:
1907:
615:
601:
587:
573:
559:
545:
531:
517:
182:Officers for the SPR (1884–1885)
1332:Robert Laurence Moore. (1977).
1176:Robert Laurence Moore. (1977).
903:. Guinness Publishing. p. 164.
707:. Imprint Academic. pp. 19–20.
466:in particular. Under President
1755:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1745:Metropolitan Psychical Society
1699:Society for Psychical Research
1523:Parapsychology research at SRI
292:Society for Psychical Research
233:. Other founding members were
123:Society for Psychical Research
1:
1824:Journal of Near-Death Studies
1684:Parapsychological Association
1533:Plant perception (paranormal)
1196:Williams, William F. (2000).
1075:. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
947:Psychical Research in America
646:Parapsychological Association
1720:American Psychical Institute
1679:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
1669:Institute of Noetic Sciences
1251:. Prometheus Books. p. 245.
1091:. Prometheus Books. p. 143.
1028:Francesca Bordogna. (2008).
860:. Prometheus Books. p. 551.
750:"Miscellaneous Intelligence"
731:Essays in Psychical Research
1458:Electronic voice phenomenon
1336:. Oxford University Press.
945:Mauskopf, Seymour. (1982).
755:American Journal of Science
489:In 1934 the BSPR published
1984:
1786:Skeptics of parapsychology
1740:London Dialectical Society
1659:College of Psychic Studies
1014:Melton, J. Gordon (2001).
499:, who introduced the term
350:circumstantial." However,
15:
1903:
1831:Journal of Parapsychology
1781:List of parapsychologists
1689:Parapsychology Foundation
1396:
1112:Clément Chéroux. (2005).
832:Misiroglu, Gina. (2015).
683:Fichman, Martin. (2004).
651:Outline of parapsychology
286:were Vice-Presidents and
1953:Paranormal organizations
1880:The Roots of Coincidence
1443:Dermo-optical perception
1309:Formation of the Society
1306:Anonymous. (1885–1889).
1292:Extra-Sensory Perception
767:Taylor, Eugene. (2009).
609:Edward Charles Pickering
525:Henry Pickering Bowditch
208:Henry Pickering Bowditch
196:Edward Charles Pickering
188:William Fletcher Barrett
1810:Extrasensory Perception
1803:An Experiment with Time
1730:Cambridge Ghost Society
1463:Extrasensory perception
1413:Apparitional experience
1267:Thomas Tietze. (1973).
993:Arthur Berger. (1988).
492:Extrasensory Perception
288:Samuel Pierpont Langley
262:Christine Ladd-Franklin
227:George Stuart Fullerton
53:Non-profit organization
1508:Out-of-body experience
876:Ward, Steven. (2002).
623:Samuel Hubbard Scudder
581:Charles Sedgwick Minot
468:Walter Franklin Prince
424:Walter Franklin Prince
397:Walter Franklin Prince
247:Samuel Hubbard Scudder
231:Charles Sedgwick Minot
183:
1713:Defunct organizations
1694:Rhine Research Center
1498:Near-death experience
1057:. New York: Appleton.
951:Ivor Grattan-Guinness
880:.Praeger. pp. 43–44.
836:. Routledge. p. 244.
505:quantitative research
204:Alexander Graham Bell
181:
102:Psychical researchers
1642:Active organizations
1528:Past life regression
1271:. Harper & Row.
1202:. Routledge. p. 40.
1155:David Hess. (1993).
1054:Studies in Spiritism
270:James Jackson Putnam
75:5 West 73rd Street,
1478:Kirlian photography
1468:Ganzfeld experiment
1067:Hereward Carrington
771:. Springer. p. 30.
368:Hereward Carrington
29:
1438:Deathbed phenomena
1288:Joseph Banks Rhine
957:. Aquarian Press.
497:Joseph Banks Rhine
449:Arthur Conan Doyle
438:Joseph Banks Rhine
377:Arthur Conan Doyle
254:James Mark Baldwin
184:
164:psychical research
1935:
1934:
1553:Psychic detective
1513:Pam Reynolds case
1418:Astral projection
1342:978-0-19-502259-9
1328:978-0-385-05305-1
1316:Georgess McHargue
1277:978-0-06-068235-4
1257:978-0-87975-533-1
1234:978-1-57392-896-0
1186:978-0-19-502259-9
1165:978-0-299-13824-0
1145:978-0-85112-748-4
1122:978-0-300-11136-1
1097:978-1-57392-896-0
1038:978-0-226-06652-3
1003:978-0-89950-345-5
963:978-0-85030-316-2
932:978-0-14-303895-5
926:. Penguin Books.
909:978-0-85112-748-4
886:978-0-275-97450-3
866:978-0-87975-300-9
842:978-0-7656-8060-0
821:978-0-470-27609-9
797:978-1-4128-4949-4
787:Clegg, Joshua W.
777:978-0-387-98103-1
703:Ferrari, Michel.
401:William McDougall
360:subconscious mind
331:kinetic phenomena
144:
143:
1975:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1852:Life Before Life
1817:Irreducible Mind
1383:
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1598:Sensory leakage
1563:Psychic surgery
1558:Psychic reading
1488:Materialization
1448:Dream telepathy
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1301:Further reading
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352:G. Stanley Hall
307:psychopathology
299:James H. Hyslop
280:Richard Hodgson
239:N. D. C. Hodges
223:G. Stanley Hall
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1588:Retrocognition
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1583:Remote viewing
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1390:Parapsychology
1388:
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1356:
1354:ASPR home page
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1613:Telekinesis
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854:Kurtz, Paul
337:about whom
1942:Categories
1628:Xenoglossy
1518:Paranormal
1493:Mediumship
1483:Levitation
1428:Bilocation
1318:. (1972).
1247:. (1989).
1224:. (2001).
1135:. (1994).
1087:. (2001).
1069:. (1907).
1051:. (1910).
1049:Amy Tanner
922:. (2006).
899:. (1994).
856:. (1985).
729:. (1986).
657:References
356:Amy Tanner
327:mediumship
108:Main organ
1618:Telepathy
1453:Ectoplasm
1290:. (1934)
815:. Wiley.
460:telepathy
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297:In 1906,
41:Formation
1914:Category
978:: 1, 38.
630:See also
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311:abnormal
69:Location
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1548:Psychic
1399:Outline
1269:Margery
671:website
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129:Website
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