334:, reporting on their analysis of DNA data from descendants of Jefferson, Eston Hemings, the Carr family and Thomas Woodson. Foster said that there was a match between the Jefferson line and that of the Hemings' descendant, for which, with historical evidence, the simplest explanation was that Jefferson was the father of Eston, and likely Hemings' other children. The DNA tests conclusively proved that the Carr line and descendant of Eston Hemings were not related. This overturned the more than 150 years' contention by the Jefferson family and historians that his nephews, the Carr(s), were more likely fathers.
352:
beyond any reasonable doubt that
Jefferson had a longstanding sexual relationship with Sally Hemings. Even though the match is only with one of the Hemings' descendants, Eston Hemings, it's inconceivable that Jefferson, who was 65 when Eston was born, would have made a one-night stand here. I think this is a longstanding relationship. When it began and what the character of the relationship is we probably can't know easily or at all. But it was, without question, an enduring one.
366:
2098:
305:
flimsy and wholly circumstantial character of the evidence. In that spirit, which we might call the spirit of responsible speculation, after five years mulling over the huge cache of evidence that does exist on the thought and character of the historical
Jefferson, I have concluded that the likelihood of a liaison with Sally Hemings is remote.
1351:
351:
It's not so much a change of heart, but this is really new evidence. And itāprior to this evidence, I think it was a very difficult case to know and circumstantial on both sides, and, in part, because I got it wrong, I think I want to step forward and say this new evidence constitutes, well, evidence
262:
is a brief and elegant return to
Monticello. Mr. Ellis...is a remarkably clear writer, mercifully free of both the groveling and the spirit of attack that have dominated the subject in the past....'American Sphinx' is fresh and uncluttered but rich in historical context." Like several of his other
304:
testing on
Jefferson as well as some of his alleged progeny, it leaves the matter a mystery about which advocates on either side can freely speculate...This means that for those who demand an answer the only recourse is plausible conjecture, prefaced as it must be with profuse statements about the
229:
Ellis showed how
Jefferson shied away from public attention. According to Ellis, Jefferson gave just two public speeches as President of the United States. Thomas Jefferson felt far more comfortable writing, to which the Declaration of Independence attests, than public speaking. He worked
38:
1345:
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to survey the response of visitors to the results of the DNA tests. They found that "eighty percent of those polled were unmoved by findings they'd assumed all along were fact ... scholars not the public, it turned out, were the ones taken by surprise."
347:, DNA analysis shows that Jefferson almost certainly fathered at least one of Sally Hemings' children, her last son, Eston." Ellis, who was interviewed during this broadcast, said that he had revised his opinion due to this new evidence:
241:, was his uniquely "feminine" approach to politics. Detesting direct confrontation, he was a master "dinner table" politician. He was known for inviting his competitors to dinner to plant the seeds of his ideas and defuse controversies.
215:
He did not always speak exactly as he felt, either towards his friends or his enemies. As a consequence, he has left hanging over a part of his public life a vapor of duplicity..., the presence of which is generally felt more than it is
399:. Ellis said, "As one who had suggested that we could not know the truth, I felt a special obligation to take the lead when the DNA evidence finally made the truth available." In 2001 Ellis took students on a field trip to
384:
He noted, "In the wake of the DNA revelations, an already-clear pattern of denial in
Jefferson's life is deepened and darkened." After the results of the DNA testing, Ellis published essays coauthored with the geneticist
321:' memoir attesting to his parentage, the facts that the Hemings family was the only one that Jefferson freed, and that Hemings only conceived when Jefferson was at Monticello (based on documentation by the biographer
894:
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2153:
872:
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237:, which would so affect the character of the United States, and significantly reduced the federal budget. But what sets Jefferson apart from other U.S. presidents, particularly
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Ellis praises Thomas
Jefferson's first term as one of the most successful of any US presidency in terms of achieving stated goals; in his first term, Jefferson made the
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In part because of Gordon-Reed's book, a team undertook a DNA study to try to settle the issue. In
November 1998 Dr. Eugene Foster and his team published an article in
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She noted that historians had accepted
Jefferson descendants' denials while overlooking significant evidence that supported the paternity thesis, such as
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207:. Central to the book are Jefferson's contradictions and inconsistencies. Ellis covers Jefferson's career as ambassador to France, Secretary of State,
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by noting that
Jefferson was always at Monticello during Hemings' conception times for her children, and she never conceived when he was not there.
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interview with Ellis about DNA evidence identifying Thomas Jefferson as the father of one of Sally Hemmings's children, November 7, 1998
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extensively behind the scenes with other politicians to accomplish his political programs and create alliances.
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ran a feature on this topic, reporting that, "according to an article in an upcoming issue of the journal
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1971:
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Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary
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Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States
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662:"Frontline: Jefferson's Blood: Chronology: Thomas Jefferson-an intimate history"
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415:. She had publicized new evidence for this relationship in her 1974 biography,
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1371:
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
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Joseph Ellis, "American Sphinx: The Contradictions of Thomas Jefferson"
546:""Appendix: Note on the Sally Hemings Scandal" From "American Sphinx""
712:
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584:
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923:
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
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was "inconclusive". Specifically, Ellis stated in the appendix to
408:
281:
Ellis suggested in the text that evidence for an affair between
721:
301:
1759:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
1607:
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
144:
315:
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy.
873:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
27:
1996 book about Thomas Jefferson written by Joseph Ellis
615:"Frontline:Jefferson's Blood: Interviews: Joseph Ellis"
690:
Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress,
567:"Frontline: Jefferson's Blood: The History of a Story"
203:. He follows through to the president's retirement at
187:
begins on June 20, 1775, with Jefferson's arrival in
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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407:Ellis' revised position confirmed that of the late
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31:American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
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160:American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
18:American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson
442:. Retrieved 2012-02-20. (With acceptance speech.)
2154:National Book Award for Nonfiction winning works
860:A Summary View of the Rights of British America
213:
183:Ellis' approach to explaining the character of
638:. mountholyoke.edu. 2001-08-17. Archived from
636:"Joseph Ellis: Putting History in Perspective"
520:"Joseph Ellis: Putting History in Perspective"
733:
8:
1419:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
30:
2134:History books about the American Revolution
496:. New York Times, carried at Powell's Books
1511:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)
908:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
740:
726:
718:
271:Relationship between Jefferson and Hemings
36:
29:
1737:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
1697:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
1622:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
692:NovemberāDecember 1994, essay carried at
1364:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
522:. mountholyoke.edu. 2000. Archived from
313:analyzed the historiography in her book
1657:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
428:
417:Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History,
355:
1617:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
1454:Jefferson and the Library of Congress
1429:Founding Fathers of the United States
989:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
592:. pbs.org. 1998-11-02. Archived from
7:
1890:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
473:Ellis, American Sphinx, pp. 200ā210.
300:decide to exhume the remains and do
298:Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation
2149:Ambassador Book Award-winning works
837:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
775:Vice President of the United States
590:"Online Newshour: Thomas Jefferson"
1217:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice
173:National Book Award for Nonfiction
25:
1211:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
2097:
2096:
1742:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
786:United States Secretary of State
364:
1747:250th Anniversary silver dollar
1147:Founder, University of Virginia
482:See Parlor Politics, pp. 20ā30.
451:Ellis, American Sphinx, p. 146.
1687:Thomas Jefferson School of Law
1493:Separation of church and state
1402:American Philosophical Society
1339:Notes on the State of Virginia
1332:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
764:President of the United States
258:commented, "Joseph J. Ellis's
1:
1647:University of Virginia statue
1481:JeffersonāHemings controversy
1119:Federal judicial appointments
806:Congress of the Confederation
436:"National Book Awards ā 1997"
277:JeffersonāHemings controversy
2139:Books about Thomas Jefferson
1352:European journey memorandums
1092:State of the Union Addresses
1021:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
396:U.S. News & World Report
340:The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
167:, a professor of history at
163:, is a 1996 book written by
1960:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph
1692:Thomas Jefferson University
1662:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
1169:Democratic-Republican Party
1087:West Point Military Academy
879:Declaration of Independence
829:Second Continental Congress
548:. pbs.org. pp. 303ā307
296:Unless the trustees of the
201:Declaration of Independence
2175:
999:Lewis and Clark Expedition
274:
255:New York Times Book Review
138:(first edition, hardcover)
2065:
1990:Frederick Madison Roberts
1912:Martha Jefferson Randolph
1832:(1997 documentary series)
1592:Thomas Jefferson Building
1164:Anti-Administration party
901:All men are created equal
755:
705:Presentation by Ellis on
363:
35:
1885:Wine bottles controversy
1677:Jefferson City, Missouri
1142:Franco-American alliance
440:National Book Foundation
199:and the drafting of the
2058:(2nd great-grandfather)
2002:Jane Randolph Jefferson
1954:Ellen Randolph Coolidge
1536:Presidential elections
1439:Jefferson and education
1424:Committee of the States
915:Consent of the governed
794:U.S. Minister to France
2129:American history books
2124:1996 non-fiction books
1840:(2002 animated series)
1672:Monticello Association
1397:American Enlightenment
1358:Indian removal letters
1315:White House Colonnades
1310:Virginia State Capitol
1288:University of Virginia
1174:Jeffersonian democracy
1070:Native American policy
940:Land Ordinance of 1785
935:Land Ordinance of 1784
544:Ellis, Joseph (1996).
411:professor of history,
354:
307:
227:
2159:Alfred A. Knopf books
1984:T. Jefferson Coolidge
1980:(great-granddaughter)
1972:John Wayles Jefferson
1717:JeffersonāJackson Day
1652:David d'Angers statue
1449:Jefferson and slavery
1434:Historical reputation
1137:Early life and career
869:(initial draft; 1775)
867:Olive Branch Petition
349:
337:On November 2, 1998,
294:
223:Charles Francis Adams
169:Mount Holyoke College
2008:Lucy Jefferson Lewis
1918:Mary Jefferson Eppes
1392:Age of Enlightenment
1026:Red River Expedition
817:Governor of Virginia
197:Continental Congress
2052:(great-grandfather)
1754:U.S. postage stamps
1722:Currency depictions
1702:Peaks and mountains
1632:Karl Bitter statues
1602:Jefferson Territory
1499:The American Museum
1407:American Revolution
1058:Non-Intercourse Act
1041:Embargo Act of 1807
945:Northwest Ordinance
928:Freedom of religion
709:, February 23, 1997
696:Library of Congress
311:Annette Gordon-Reed
195:'s delegate to the
32:
2014:Randolph Jefferson
1948:George W. Randolph
1942:Thomas J. Randolph
1853:Jefferson's Garden
1813:Jefferson in Paris
1577:Jefferson Memorial
1204:Compromise of 1790
1179:First Party System
1081:Marbury v. Madison
1004:Corps of Discovery
994:Louisiana Purchase
371:Washington Journal
267:was a bestseller.
235:Louisiana Purchase
193:Colony of Virginia
171:. It won the 1997
46:paperback edition.
2111:
2110:
1978:Sarah N. Randolph
1881:(2020 miniseries)
1848:(2008 miniseries)
1682:Jefferson College
1642:Louisville statue
1612:Jefferson Lecture
1065:First Barbary War
1014:Empire of Liberty
956:French Revolution
885:Committee of Five
852:the United States
494:"American Sphinx"
382:
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98:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
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2100:
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2050:William Randolph
1992:(great-grandson)
1986:(great-grandson)
1906:Martha Jefferson
1821:Thomas Jefferson
1727:Jefferson nickel
1712:Other placenames
1637:Hempstead statue
1516:Virginia dynasty
1470:National Gazette
1159:Ratification Day
895:physical history
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1996:Peter Jefferson
1962:(granddaughter)
1956:(granddaughter)
1930:Madison Hemings
1924:Harriet Hemings
1894:
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1732:Two-dollar bill
1597:Jefferson River
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1464:Pet mockingbird
1444:Religious views
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1376:Founders Online
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1130:accomplishments
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1075:Burr conspiracy
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319:Madison Hemings
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265:American Sphinx
260:American Sphinx
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106:Media type
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2040:(grand-nephew)
2038:Dabney S. Carr
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680:External links
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660:Brodie, Fawn.
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387:Eric S. Lander
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42:Cover of 1998
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136:0-679-44490-4
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45:
39:
34:
19:
2095:
2089:Aaron Burr ā
2085:ā John Adams
2076:
2071:ā John Adams
2069:
1876:
1865:2015 musical
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1800:1969 musical
1794:
1791:(1953 short)
1786:
1780:The Patriots
1778:
1572:Bibliography
1498:
1468:
1362:
1337:
1330:
1253:architecture
1251:Jeffersonian
1238:
1234:Swivel chair
1215:
1190:
1079:
1050:
1046:
858:
850:documents of
706:
693:
689:
666:. Retrieved
655:
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
630:
619:. Retrieved
609:
598:. Retrieved
594:the original
570:. Retrieved
561:
550:. Retrieved
539:
528:. Retrieved
524:the original
498:. Retrieved
487:
478:
469:
461:
456:
447:
431:
416:
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394:
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370:
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344:
338:
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329:
327:
323:Dumas Malone
314:
308:
295:
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280:
264:
259:
253:
248:
232:
228:
214:
189:Philadelphia
182:
165:Joseph Ellis
159:
158:
157:
56:Joseph Ellis
2056:Henry Soane
2032:Dabney Carr
2026:Samuel Carr
1856:(2015 play)
1824:(1997 film)
1816:(1995 film)
1783:(1946 play)
1506:Tufton Farm
1293:The Rotunda
1128:Other noted
963:Co-author,
831:(1775ā1776)
819:(1779ā1781)
808:(1783ā1784)
796:(1785ā1789)
788:(1790ā1793)
777:(1797ā1801)
766:(1801ā1809)
413:Fawn Brodie
2118:Categories
2020:Peter Carr
1974:(grandson)
1968:(grandson)
1950:(grandson)
1944:(grandson)
1926:(daughter)
1920:(daughter)
1914:(daughter)
1878:Washington
1845:John Adams
1788:Ben and Me
1771:depictions
1561:Legacy and
1271:Monticello
1266:Farmington
1047:Chesapeake
984:Transition
976:Presidency
668:2006-08-04
646:2006-08-04
621:2006-08-05
600:2006-08-04
572:2006-08-04
552:2006-08-04
530:2006-08-04
500:2006-08-04
423:References
401:Monticello
239:John Adams
205:Monticello
2016:(brother)
1870:2020 film
1805:1972 film
1564:memorials
1530:Elections
1367:(c. 1819)
1240:Megalonyx
664:. pbs.org
617:. pbs.org
464:, p. 192.
245:Reception
115:paperback
111:hardcover
78:Publisher
2102:Category
2034:(nephew)
2028:(nephew)
2022:(nephew)
2010:(sister)
2004:(mother)
1998:(father)
1860:Hamilton
1829:Liberty!
1769:Cultural
1587:Birthday
1501:magazine
1412:patriots
1298:The Lawn
1009:timeline
890:authored
848:Founding
825:Delegate
802:Delegate
309:In 1997
219:ā
179:Overview
151:34934008
62:Language
1627:Statues
1385:Related
1276:gardens
1152:history
1114:Cabinet
1051:Leopard
881:(1776)
827:to the
804:to the
460:Ellis,
263:books,
252:in the
209:planter
191:as the
109:Print (
73:History
65:English
44:Vintage
1908:(wife)
1899:Family
1354:(1787)
1348:(1786)
1342:(1785)
1220:(1801)
1195:(1790)
1053:affair
967:(1789)
947:(1787)
875:(1775)
863:(1774)
839:(1776)
713:C-SPAN
391:Nature
377:C-SPAN
345:Nature
331:Nature
52:Author
1938:(son)
1932:(son)
216:seen.
122:Pages
82:Knopf
70:Genre
1795:1776
1550:1804
1545:1800
1540:1796
1107:1805
1102:1802
1097:1801
409:UCLA
393:and
285:and
145:OCLC
131:ISBN
113:and
93:1996
814:2nd
783:1st
772:2nd
761:3rd
389:in
325:).
302:DNA
125:384
2120::
711:,
688:,
581:^
509:^
438:.
375:,
221:-
175:.
1049:ā
917:"
913:"
910:"
906:"
903:"
899:"
741:e
734:t
727:v
671:.
649:.
624:.
603:.
575:.
555:.
533:.
503:.
117:)
20:)
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