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702:. His rapid-fire and song-like patter would always end with the exclamation, "Sold, American!" Another famous tobacco auctioneer, F. E. Boone, was often heard in tandem with Riggs. These cigarette advertisements in conjunction with the cultural change that occurred for women in the United States during the 1920s, made cigarette consumption increasingly prevalent. In fact, not only was the public open to the idea of women smoking cigarettes, but manufacturers boldly advertised and encouraged feminine usage of the cigarette through cigarette cards. The advertising budgets of important cigarette manufacturers such as the American Tobacco Company rapidly expanded until the 1930s when they began to be somewhat moderated by the government.
478:. Vertical consolidation is the act of buying companies that perform services or produce goods on different parts of the supply chain. The American Tobacco Company began to expand to Great Britain, China, and Japan. The company also maintained an interest in producing other tobacco products in case trends within the cigarette market shifted. Duke wanted to be sure that he would be prepared with a multitude of tobacco styles. While Duke did gain a sort of monopoly over the tobacco industry, the Tobacco Trust's international expansion in conjunction with its consolidation of all types of tobacco “ultimately made the Trust so vulnerable to regulation and judicial dissolution”.
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670:'s father died and he became the new president of the company. A year later Lucky Strike accounted for one fifth of U.S. cigarette sales, and the brand was among the five best-selling US-consumed cigarettes. In 1927 Hill began directing his marketing efforts toward women, which was the first female targeted advertising of cigarettes at this time. The success of the advertising campaign, which used movie actors and singers to promote the brand, can be attributed to
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0.30 per thousand cigarettes to $ 0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of
Bonsack's mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’. This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could.
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Dissolution proved complicated. The
American Tobacco Company had combined many prior companies and processes. One department would manage a certain process for the entire organization, producing brands previously owned by other companies. “Plants had been assigned specific products without regard for
485:
was passed in 1890, and in 1907, the
American Tobacco Company was indicted in violation of it. In 1908, when the Department of Justice filed suit against the company, 65 companies and 29 individuals were named in the suit. The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve in 1911 on the same day that
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In the 1880s, while Duke was beginning to machine-roll all his cigarettes, he saw that growth rates in the cigarette industry were declining. His solution was to combine companies and found “one of the first great holding companies in
American history.” Duke spent $ 800,000 on advertising in 1889 and
413:
The first
Bonsack machine was installed in the Durham Duke tobacco plant on April 30, 1884. Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company when he installed his machine. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke's royalties from $
434:. Within two decades of its founding, the American Tobacco company absorbed about 250 companies and produced 80% of the cigarettes, plug tobacco, smoking tobacco, and snuff produced in the United States. With Duke's market control, American Tobacco grew its equity from $ 25,000,000 to $ 316,000,000.
537:
Liggett & Myers kept control of these plants: Liggett and Myers, St. Louis; Spaulding and
Merrick, Chicago; Allen and Ginter, Richmond; smoking tobacco factory in Chicago; Nall and Williams, Louisville; John Bollman Company, San Francisco; Pinkerton Company, Toledo; W. R. Irby, New Orleans; two
496:
stated that the combination of the tobacco companies “in and of itself, as well as each and all of the elements composing it whether corporate or individual, whether considered collectively or separately in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize, and a monopolization within the first and
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invented a cigarette-rolling machine. It produced over 133 cigarettes per minute, the equivalent of what a skilled hand roller could produce in one hour, and reduced the cost of rolling cigarettes by 50%. It cut each cigarette with precision, creating uniformity in the cigarettes it rolled. Public
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The trust needed to dissolve in such a way that no manufacturer had a monopoly on any type of tobacco product. Investors, holding millions of dollars of securities, also needed to be considered. A large question was how to distribute trademarks and brands between the resulting companies.
861:
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lowered his prices, accepting net profits of less than $ 400,000, forcing his major competitors to lower their prices and, in 1890, join his consortium by the name of the
American Tobacco Company. The five constituent companies of American Tobacco: W. Duke & Sons,
678:, both of whom were hired by Hill. Lucky Strike soon accounted for 38 percent of U.S. cigarette sales. During the Great Depression the company remained successful and Hill's salary exceeded $ 2,000,000. He made a substantial investment in advertising and sponsored
619:, phase 1 consisted of the Fowler, Crowe, Strickland, Reed, and Washington Buildings, and included the construction of two new parking garages and a waterfall feature through the center of the campus designed by Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart of
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with their packages of cigarettes. Cigarette card sets document popular culture from the turn of the century, often depicting the period's actresses, costumes, and sports, as well as offering insights into mainstream humor and cultural norms.
473:
American
Tobacco Company focused solely on making and selling cigarettes, leaving growing of tobacco and retail distribution to independent North Carolina farmers. Nonetheless, Duke aimed to eliminate inefficiencies and middlemen through
610:
In 2004, the previously abandoned
American Tobacco Campus (ATC) in Durham was reopened as a complex of offices, shops, and restaurants. The American Tobacco Campus had been the headquarters of the American Tobacco Company. Developed by
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American
Tobacco Company quickly became known as the “Tobacco Trust” upon its founding. Duke controlled the cigarette market, and his trust caught the attention of legislators in the United States, a country with historical aversion to
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P. Lorillard retained the Lorillard properties in addition to S. Anargyos; the Luhrman and Wilburn Tobacco Company; plants in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Brooklyn, Baltimore, and Danville; and the Federal Cigar Company.
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627:. Phase 2, consisting of the remaining buildings and expansion of the water feature at the north end of the site, was under construction as of late 2006. Many office spaces in the ATC are now used by
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382:'s entrance into the cigarette industry came about in 1879 when he elected to enter a new business rather than face competition in the shredded pouched smoking tobacco business against the
529:. The main result of the dissolution of American Tobacco Trust and the creation of these companies was an increase in advertising and promotion in the industry as a form of competition.
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354:, which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to
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1974:
Competition in the American Tobacco Industry, 1911-1932: A Study of the Effects of the Partition of the American Tobacco Company by the United States Supreme Court
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698:. In the golden age of radio, as well as early television, American Tobacco was known for advertisements featuring a fast-talking tobacco auctioneer named
383:
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previous ownership.” Over the course of eight months, a plan for the dissolution, meant to assure competition among the new companies, was negotiated.
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that begins just south of the Durham complex and runs 22 miles (35 km) towards Chatham and Wake Counties. It follows the route of the railroad (
575:(BAT) was sold. In 1994, BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganized after antitrust proceedings). This brought the
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1914 Bull Durham ad appealing to the experienced smoker who prefers to roll his own cigarettes—the "thirty-third degree smoke veteran"
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1052:"Paving the Way for the Tobacco Trust: From Hand Rolling to Mechanized Cigarette Production by W. Duke, Sons and Company"
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Durham Branch) that once served the factories, but was later abandoned when these facilities were shut down.
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brands into BAT's portfolio as part of BAT's American arm, Brown & Williamson. B&W later merged with
430:– produced 90% of the cigarettes made in 1890, the first year the American Tobacco Company was listed on the
2757:
2334:
1746:
Daniel, Fran (June 25, 1998). "Mayodan Will Survive the Closing of Unifi Inc.'s Plant, Town Officials Say".
538:
cigar factories in Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the Duke-Durham branch of the American Tobacco Company.
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took it over in a deal completed in October 1996, when the plant had 311 employees, and kept 100 of them.
560:
387:
240:
211:
147:
80:
2024:
Porter, Patrick G. "Advertising in the early cigarette industry: W. Duke, Sons & Company of Durham."
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328:
117:
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2250:
2075:
Tilley, Nannie May. "Agitation Against the American Tobacco Company in North Carolina, 1890-1911."
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316:
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The American Tobacco Company's assets were split off into: American Tobacco Company, the existing
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1920:
1636:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1600:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1530:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1457:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1418:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
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The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1346:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1310:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1274:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
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The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
1193:
1185:
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The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
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The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
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1021:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product that Defined America
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419:
399:
109:
1952:
Beard, F. and A. Klyueva. "George Washington Hill and the 'Reach for a Lucky...' campaign",
1858:
F. Beard, and A. Klyueva, "George Washington Hill and the 'Reach for a Lucky...' campaign",
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The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called
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In 1882, two years after W. Duke, Sons & Company entered into the cigarette business,
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American Tobacco left Durham in the late 1980s. Brown & Williamson took over the
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340:
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1966:
The global cigarette: Origins and evolution of British American Tobacco, 1880-1945
1729:
Weidner, David (October 24, 1996). "Buyout Leaves Owner Upbeat, Workers Uneasy".
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in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the
293:
85:
1916:
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action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.
47:
34:
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1957:
1863:
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From the 1870s to the 1940s, cigarette companies often included collectible
526:
522:
344:
252:
2110:
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1937:
917:
Wallace C. Murchison, "Significance of the American Tobacco Company Case."
2099:
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American Tobacco commercialised its cards through several brands, such as
2072:(1988) part of American Tobacco Company 1899-191, then independent again.
571:
At the same time as the antitrust action in 1911, the company's share in
459:
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in 2000 as the American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant. The nearby
2722:
1924:
1892:
1189:
985:
358:
in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".
320:
2050:
The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition
1987:
559:
Lucky Strike relics marking the American Tobacco Historic District in
2752:
2732:
2640:
1704:"Former workers return to American Tobacco after 'remarkable reboot'"
594:
operation in 1995 and closed it, costing 1000 people their jobs, but
1908:
1781:"ITG Brands moving tobacco production from Reidsville to Greensboro"
1181:
977:
371:
1176:(1) (1 ed.). President and Fellows of Harvard College: 59–76.
2847:
2727:
554:
441:
409:
Early Cross-Cut and Cameo cigarette packs by W. Duke & Sons Co
404:
370:
1982:
Hannah, Leslie. "The Whig Fable of American Tobacco, 1895-1913,"
1811:
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2608:
2603:
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972:(1) (1 ed.). President and Fellows of Harvard College: 63.
431:
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announced November 1, 2018 that the plant would close in 2020.
2014:
Porter, Patrick G. "Origins of the American Tobacco Company."
398:
stigma was attached to this machine-rolled uniformity, and
1159:
1157:
2093:
W. Duke, Sons & Co. Advertising Materials, 1880-1910
1938:
W. Duke, Sons & Co. Advertising Materials, 1880-1910
335:. The company was one of the original 12 members of the
3055:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in North Carolina
3095:
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
3006:
2965:
2907:
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2685:
2665:
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1998:"Significance of the American Tobacco Company Case"
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102:
92:
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1990:, argues most historians misinterpret the company.
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1129:
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343:Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal
3080:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1994
2045:"James Buchanan Duke: Opportunism Is the Spur"
1674:. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 156.
1565:. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 155.
1492:. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 153.
446:Child laborers at American Tobacco Company in
2477:
2126:
1833:
1831:
1663:
1661:
1050:Roberts, B. W. W.; Knapp, Richard F. (1992).
8:
623:and constructed by W. P. Law, Inc. based in
62:
3075:Manufacturing companies established in 1890
1954:Journal of Historical Research in Marketing
1860:Journal of Historical Research in Marketing
1518:
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2462:
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2278:
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2119:
2111:
1763:"Work Slows at Reidsville Tobacco Plant".
902:The Early History of Cigarettes in America
319:through a merger between a number of U.S.
61:
3105:American companies disestablished in 1994
3070:Defunct companies based in North Carolina
3060:Companies based in Durham, North Carolina
1958:https://doi.org/10.1108/17557501011042524
1880:. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. 2003.
1864:https://doi.org/10.1108/17557501011042524
1166:"Origins of the American Tobacco Company"
962:"Origins of the American Tobacco Company"
402:rejected the machine almost immediately.
3090:1994 disestablishments in North Carolina
650:, named for the company, is a multi-use
497:second sections of the Anti-Trust Act.”
464:
1806:
1804:
1257:, p. 85. George H. Doran Company, 1927.
893:
759:
3100:American companies established in 1890
3065:Tobacco companies of the United States
1976:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1812:"National Register Information System"
3085:1890 establishments in North Carolina
2942:The Great American Baseball Card Book
936:United States v. American Tobacco Co.
674:of the Lord & Thomas agency, and
493:United States v. American Tobacco Co.
7:
2446:
2422:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2052:. New York: Weybright & Talley.
1893:"Bull Durham and the Uses of Theory"
1817:National Register of Historic Places
1056:The North Carolina Historical Review
633:National Register of Historic Places
2988:List of most expensive sports cards
1710:. Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc
1940:on Duke University Digital Library
1640:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1604:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1534:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1461:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1422:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1386:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1350:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1278:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1229:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1136:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1100:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
1025:. New York: Basic Books. pp.
617:American Tobacco Historic District
25:
2070:The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
1314:. New York: Basic Books. p.
656:Norfolk Southern Railway (former)
97:Tobacco farming and manufacturing
2545:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2229:
2098:
2095:at the Duke University Libraries
2077:North Carolina Historical Review
2026:North Carolina Historical Review
1968:(Oxford University Press, 2000).
1769:. December 21, 1996. p. B6.
874:
868:Rulers, flags, and coats of arms
860:
846:
832:
818:
804:
790:
776:
762:
68:
2033:The Story of Tobacco in America
1996:Murchison, Wallace C. (1948).
585:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
422:, W.S. Kimball & Company,
1:
1671:James B. Duke, Master Builder
1668:Jenkins, John Wilber (1971).
1562:James B. Duke, Master Builder
1559:Jenkins, John Wilber (1971).
1489:James B. Duke, Master Builder
1486:Jenkins, John Wilber (1971).
1255:James B. Duke: Master Builder
1766:Greensboro News & Record
1732:Greensboro News & Record
756:Duke & Son's card series
639:were listed in 1984 and the
375:James Buchanan Duke, founder
337:Dow Jones Industrial Average
255:and related tobacco products
1984:Journal of Economic History
1956:, (2010), 2#2 pp. 148-165.
1862:, (2010), 2#2 pp. 148-165.
1164:Porter, Patrick G. (1969).
960:Porter, Patrick G. (1969).
637:Watts and Yuille Warehouses
490:to dissolve. The ruling in
315:company founded in 1890 by
3121:
1891:Winter, Steven L. (1990).
840:Presidential possibilities
709:
592:Reidsville, North Carolina
189:Restructuring and sale to
138:January 31, 1890
2916:The American Card Catalog
2543:
2431:
2227:
2002:North Carolina Law Review
919:North Carolina Law Review
784:Fancy dress ball costumes
625:Lexington, South Carolina
525:. The monopoly became an
67:
48:35.9935472°N 78.9046778°W
27:American firm (1890–1994)
3045:American Tobacco Company
2949:Sports Collectors Digest
2923:Baseball Card Adventures
2703:British American Tobacco
2195:British American Tobacco
2142:American Tobacco Company
2105:American Tobacco Company
1839:"George Washington Hill"
631:. It was listed on the
573:British American Tobacco
323:manufacturers including
309:American Tobacco Company
201:British American Tobacco
63:American Tobacco Company
2758:Imperial Tobacco Canada
2016:Business History Review
1986:66#1 (2006), pp. 42-73
1170:Business History Review
966:Business History Review
53:35.9935472; -78.9046778
2843:Sniders & Abrahams
2768:John Player & Sons
2304:South Richmond Complex
2175:W.S. Kimball & Co.
2042:Sobel, Robert (1974).
2035:(1959), by a scholar.
1253:Jenkins, John Wilber:
668:George Washington Hill
648:American Tobacco Trail
568:
476:vertical consolidation
470:
454:
410:
388:Durham, North Carolina
376:
356:Brown & Williamson
241:George Washington Hill
212:Durham, North Carolina
173:; 29 years ago
171:December 22, 1994
122:W.S. Kimball & Co.
2636:Yankee Stadium Legacy
2079:24.2 (1947): 207-223.
1822:National Park Service
1749:Winston-Salem Journal
558:
483:Sherman Antitrust Act
468:
445:
428:Goodwin & Company
408:
374:
352:American Brands, Inc.
329:Goodwin & Company
286:American Brands, Inc.
118:Goodwin & Company
2863:Wizards of the Coast
2773:Lambert & Butler
2574:All-Star Rookie list
2569:All-Star Rookie team
2512:Association football
2107:at Wikimedia Commons
2018:43.1 (1969): 59-76.
1972:Cox, Reavis (1933).
908:Vol 34, Spring 2009.
686:. He also sponsored
615:and reopened as the
613:Capitol Broadcasting
448:Wilmington, Delaware
244:(President, 1925–46)
2930:Baseball Hobby News
2517:Australian football
2028:48.1 (1971): 31-43.
1897:Stanford Law Review
812:Gymnastic exercises
770:Musical instruments
700:L. A. "Speed" Riggs
596:Commonwealth Brands
551:More recent history
533:Liggett & Myers
519:Liggett & Myers
438:The "Tobacco Trust"
380:James Buchanan Duke
64:
44: /
3019:Sports memorabilia
2693:Allen & Ginter
2314:Warehouses Complex
2167:W. Duke & Sons
2163:Allen & Ginter
2156:Founding companies
2068:Tilley, Nannie M.
1789:. November 1, 2018
569:
488:Standard Oil Trust
471:
455:
420:Allen & Ginter
411:
400:Allen & Ginter
377:
114:W. Duke & Sons
110:Allen & Ginter
3032:
3031:
2889:Jefferson Burdick
2793:Merlin Publishing
2681:
2680:
2507:American football
2459:
2458:
2409:
2408:
2353:
2352:
2294:Historic District
2225:
2224:
2171:Goodwin & Co.
2103:Media related to
2031:Robert,Joseph C.
1786:News & Record
1702:Santiago, Leyla.
900:Richard Elliott.
450:, 1910, photo by
386:brand, also from
305:
304:
16:(Redirected from
3112:
2743:Godfrey Phillips
2698:American Tobacco
2559:
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1665:
1656:
1655:
1639:
1630:Brandt, Allan M.
1626:
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1603:
1594:Brandt, Allan M.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1533:
1524:Brandt, Allan M.
1520:
1511:
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1483:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1451:Brandt, Allan M.
1447:
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1421:
1412:Brandt, Allan M.
1408:
1402:
1401:
1385:
1376:Brandt, Allan M.
1372:
1366:
1365:
1349:
1340:Brandt, Allan M.
1336:
1330:
1329:
1313:
1304:Brandt, Allan M.
1300:
1294:
1293:
1277:
1268:Brandt, Allan M.
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1219:Brandt, Allan M.
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1126:Brandt, Allan M.
1122:
1116:
1115:
1099:
1090:Brandt, Allan M.
1086:
1080:
1079:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1015:Brandt, Allan M.
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
957:
951:
932:
926:
921:26 (1947): 139+
915:
909:
898:
878:
864:
850:
836:
822:
808:
794:
780:
766:
696:Lawrence Tibbett
621:Atlanta, Georgia
325:Allen and Ginter
181:
179:
174:
145:
143:
72:
65:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
18:American Tobacco
3120:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3002:
2961:
2903:
2867:
2677:
2661:
2657:Will's 1928 set
2645:
2550:
2541:
2495:
2490:
2460:
2455:
2427:
2405:
2349:
2345:James Duke (NC)
2340:James Duke (NY)
2318:
2270:
2256:Washington Duke
2234:
2221:
2216:
2202:
2197:
2183:
2179:Kinney Brothers
2144:
2139:
2089:
2083:
2060:
2041:
1995:
1971:
1949:
1947:Further reading
1944:
1936:
1932:
1909:10.2307/1228888
1890:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1857:
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1824:. July 9, 2010.
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1182:10.2307/3111987
1163:
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1123:
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837:
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814:
809:
800:
795:
786:
781:
772:
767:
758:
752:, among others
714:
708:
706:Cigarette cards
684:Jack Benny Show
680:Your Hit Parade
664:
641:Smith Warehouse
629:Duke University
608:
553:
544:
535:
503:
486:it ordered the
440:
369:
364:
333:Kinney Brothers
275:
243:
237:
227:
220:
214:
191:American Brands
177:
175:
172:
141:
139:
130:
126:Kinney Brothers
84:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
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3021:
3016:
3014:Cigarette card
3010:
3008:
3007:General topics
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2993:Refractor card
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
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2765:
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2738:Gallaher Group
2735:
2730:
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2715:
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2695:
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2628:
2623:
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2616:
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2596:
2591:
2586:
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2579:Baseball menko
2576:
2571:
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2556:
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2366:Baseball cards
2359:
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2326:
2324:
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2240:
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2096:
2088:
2087:External links
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2039:
2029:
2022:
2011:
2010:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1903:(3): 639–693.
1883:
1867:
1851:
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1062:(3): 257–281.
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796:
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761:
754:
712:Cigarette card
707:
704:
676:Edward Bernays
663:
660:
607:
604:
565:North Carolina
552:
549:
543:
540:
534:
531:
515:R. J. Reynolds
502:
499:
439:
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424:Kinney Tobacco
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2936:Beckett Media
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2879:James Beckett
2877:
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2711:
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2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
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2690:
2688:
2686:Manufacturers
2684:
2674:
2673:Power Players
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2654:
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2607:
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2597:
2595:
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2584:Baseball Talk
2582:
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2567:
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2363:
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2330:Benjamin Duke
2328:
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2300:
2297:
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2261:Benjamin Duke
2259:
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2251:James B. Duke
2249:
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2237:
2232:
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2209:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:Joint venture
2186:
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2160:
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2059:0-679-40064-8
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2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
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1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1964:Cox, Howard.
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1759:
1756:
1752:. p. D1.
1751:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1735:. p. B6.
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1681:9780871520661
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731:
727:
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719:
718:trading cards
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Frank Sinatra
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Albert Lasker
669:
661:
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657:
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644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
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606:Redevelopment
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39:78°54′16.84″W
36:35°59′36.77″N
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3024:Trading card
2983:Jersey cards
2954:
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2928:
2921:
2914:
2894:Woody Gelman
2818:Philadelphia
2697:
2614:Honus Wagner
2493:Sports cards
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2394:Honus Wagner
2289:Duke Factory
2214:Lucky Strike
2141:
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1877:Region Focus
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1843:. Retrieved
1841:. Britannica
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1791:. Retrieved
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882:Yacht colors
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341:Lucky Strike
308:
306:
299:Lucky Strike
294:Subsidiaries
207:Headquarters
83:(1890–1969)
77:Company type
29:
3050:Duke family
2998:Rookie card
2978:Insert card
2783:Leaf (2010)
2778:Leaf (1940)
2718:Churchman's
2589:T200 Fatima
2358:Memorabilia
2323:Duke family
2246:Brodie Duke
1793:November 2,
1714:16 November
1687:16 November
1578:16 November
1505:16 November
1203:16 November
999:16 November
906:Brandstand,
826:Lighthouses
692:Ethel Smith
662:Advertising
501:Dissolution
384:Bull Durham
226:Area served
103:Predecessor
51: /
3039:Categories
2973:Error card
2956:Tuff Stuff
2899:Dick Perez
2853:Upper Deck
2798:O-Pee-Chee
2666:Ice hockey
2631:Topps sets
2532:Ice hockey
2527:Basketball
2335:Doris Duke
2266:Doris Duke
2207:Subsidiary
1845:2009-03-06
889:References
742:Turkey Red
710:See also:
652:rail-trail
600:ITG Brands
460:monopolies
452:Lewis Hine
317:J. B. Duke
253:Cigarettes
236:Key people
178:1994-12-22
142:1890-01-31
86:Subsidiary
2884:Sy Berger
2813:Parkhurst
2788:Lorillard
2275:Buildings
2217:(1905–94)
2198:(1902–94)
2149:Companies
1917:0038-9765
1198:145351728
1068:0029-2494
994:145351728
746:Old Judge
643:in 1985.
587:in 2004.
581:Pall Mall
527:oligopoly
523:Lorillard
345:Antitrust
301:(1905–76)
230:Worldwide
197:Successor
88:(1969–94)
2823:Pinnacle
2562:Baseball
2522:Baseball
2441:Category
1632:(2006).
1596:(2006).
1526:(2006).
1453:(2006).
1414:(2006).
1378:(2006).
1342:(2006).
1306:(2006).
1270:(2006).
1221:(2006).
1128:(2006).
1092:(2006).
1076:23519171
1017:(2006).
798:Holidays
750:Old Mill
682:and the
666:In 1925
249:Products
93:Industry
2966:Related
2828:Pro Set
2803:Pacific
2748:Goodwin
2723:Donruss
2713:Capstan
2650:Cricket
2619:Ty Cobb
2451:Commons
2414:Related
2399:Ty Cobb
2299:Prizery
2282:Company
1925:1228888
1190:3111987
986:3111987
726:Recruit
367:Origins
362:History
321:tobacco
313:tobacco
176: (
168:Defunct
158:Founder
140: (
135:Founded
81:Private
2872:People
2838:SkyBox
2808:Panini
2753:Goudey
2733:Futera
2708:Bowman
2641:W711-2
2555:Series
2500:Sports
2239:People
2056:
2037:online
2020:online
1988:online
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734:Fatima
567:, 2008
561:Durham
521:, and
426:, and
331:, and
311:was a
288:(1969)
281:Parent
266:Fatima
260:Brands
148:Durham
2908:Media
2858:Wills
2848:Topps
2833:Razor
2728:Fleer
2537:Rugby
2309:Trail
1921:JSTOR
1424:36–37
1231:32–33
1194:S2CID
1186:JSTOR
1072:JSTOR
1027:27–28
990:S2CID
982:JSTOR
943:
854:Jokes
738:Ramly
730:Mecca
269:Mecca
2626:T213
2609:T206
2604:T205
2599:T202
2594:T201
2389:T206
2384:T205
2379:T202
2374:T201
2054:ISBN
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1913:ISSN
1795:2018
1716:2015
1708:WRAL
1689:2015
1676:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1580:2015
1567:ISBN
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1507:2015
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1235:ISBN
1205:2015
1142:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1064:ISSN
1031:ISBN
1001:2015
945:U.S.
694:and
646:The
579:and
481:The
432:NYSE
307:The
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186:Fate
2763:ITG
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