Waltham Watch Company

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reemployment through the company's employment office. On the third day, other departments shut down over the company's unilateral wage cut, with 2,000 of Waltham's 2,900 total employees hitting the street over the reduction. A parade estimated at 2,000 people, including some workers with 50 years of company service, marked through the streets of Waltham to a rally held at the city park. The only department which remained in operation after the third day was the Machine department, whose employees were members of a separate AF of L-affiliated union and who were awaiting approval of their national organization to join the work stoppage. Packing clerks and stenographers joined the strike in sympathy during the second week, effectively halting operations of the Waltham plant.

312:, which brought a rapid fall of sales and earnings. This downturn not only did not abate but actually accelerated in 1908 and 1909, leading the sons of Royal Robbins to liquidate their holdings in the company as quietly as possible, with the brothers selling nearly all of the Waltham stock which they had inherited from their father. Stockholders became aggrieved by the company's flagging fortunes and voted to terminate an existing sales relationship with the company Robbins & Appleton, an independently owned wholesale arm which contracted to dispose of the entire output of Waltham on a 6% commission. Four longtime members of the company's board of directors resigned and new directors appointed. 523: 270: 804: 225:

the economy stalled, Waltham's watch sales plummeted. The partners contributed their personal savings in an effort to save the company, with an additional $ 20,000 raised by selling exclusive selling rights to Waltham watches to a large wholesale jeweler in New York City. This effort was insufficient and at the end of February 1857 the Waltham Improvement Company foreclosed on the mortgage it held for the Waltham factory. Assets were distributed in a sheriff's auction, with the Waltham property purchased by

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overvalued on the company's books, leading to a write-down assets by $ 3 million and a dumping unsold inventory on the market. Cutting benefits and speeding up production norms, Simonds managed to reduce the production cost by 25% and to eliminate $ 800,000 of the company's debt by January 1923. This proved insufficient for troubled lenders, however, and in February 1923 creditors had found a new underwriter and Simonds' brief tenure drew to a close.

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were a plant in itself," determining its own production and hiring its own personnel. The company was massively overstaffed, with the consulting engineers indicating that 4,000 people were currently employed to do the work that 2,000 efficiently used workers were capable of achieving. Unsold inventory ballooned to $ 11 million, while the company racked up $ 8 million in debt, while being forced to pay dividends on a substantial quantity of stock.

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stores, hardware stores, and appliance stores. Hundreds of newspaper ads were placed around the country to publicize the venture, which was headquartered in New York under the name Time Industries. Franchisees were to maintain inventory in these cases, splitting proceeds with the business owners in which the cases were placed. This change signified a new emphasis upon lower-end, more popularly priced products.

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price-point. This change had come with significant risk, as Waltham had dominated the market for luxury pocket watches and faced a serious shortage of the designers and toolmakers needed to revamp and modernize its product line. There was even doubt whether American factory production could be adapted to take on the finely-detailed and well crafted product produced by the Swiss at a lower average wage rate.

38: 738:. Iseca's purchase was of 283,976 shares, of which 151,819 were held by a group headed by company president Harry B. Aronson. Aronson was retained under terms of the deal as a consultant for six years at $ 30,000 per year. A total of just over $ 6.5 million cash were to be used in the acquisition, financed by sale of Iseca capital stock and a $ 3.9 million loan from the 554: 515: 414:, who arrived at Waltham to lead the new regime in February 1923. The former "gargantuan collection of small workshops" was integrated, and production steered towards more marketable products. Company debt was paid down. This restructuring proved profitable, and the price of Waltham stock subsequently advanced impressively, easing the company's credit burden. 450:"The saving in money — about a thousand dollars a day — was important, but the effect on methods and morale was of greater consequence. This initial campaign demonstrated at once, and for all time, that direct and simple methods would be used; also that every employee must earn his wages, not merely in effort expended, but also in results accomplished. 459:

in 1923. Still seeking the cachet of a top shelf price, Dumaine nevertheless immediately lowered the selling prices of the company's products to a point just 5% higher than the comparable goods of its domestic competitors. This proved to be a first step to true parity with the prices of the company's main American competitors, Elgin and Hamilton.

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accept an exchange of old stock for new at the rate of 10 shares for 2.5 — thereby losing 75% of their equity in one fell swoop. Financial institutions and large investors thus saw their stake in the reorganized firm protected, while small investors absorbed the brunt of the inevitable write-down of company value.

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There are also some Waltham watch models that have been brought to Invicta. In those years Waltham started to produce a watch line, especially for Invicta. This was called “Invicta by Waltham”. In some cases, both Invicta and Waltham were on the dial. Other cases will only show a “W” to indicate that

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By 1954, the American watch industry had seen its domestically produced wares fall from a 52% market share in 1940 to just 18%. A steep increase in the tariff on imported jeweled watches, increasing the rate to 50%, was passed. In addition to employment considerations, the steep 50% tax was justified

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was chosen. Local residents contributed funds for land and improvements through a development company established by Dennison, the Waltham Improvement Company. One hundred acres of land were purchased and a building constructed, with operations commencing in 1854. There were 90 workers at the factory

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The rejection of the compromise proposal marked a turning point in the strike, as strikers became more aggressive towards strikebreakers who crossed their picket lines, hurling abuse and stones and waving yellow handkerchiefs at the defectors. Vacations were canceled for the Waltham police force and

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became the effective leader of Waltham's majority shareholders in 1910. In an economizing measure a vice-presidential position was cut and executive pay generally reduced by the new board majority. A further effort was made to infuse new blood into Waltham's management corps in an effort to break up

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Unfortunately, the company's first offering, an innovative model which ran for eight days without winding, was a commercial failure, being too expensive to make economically, with about 19 pieces produced. A second, more conventional model with a 36-hour power reserve was put into production and met

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In 1849, Dennison approached Edward Howard, a clock and scale maker from Boston. Howard initially wanted to build locomotives but instead went into business with Dennison making watches. Joining Dennison and Howard in establishment of the company were fellow Bostonians David P. Davis, experienced in

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Waltham was a very successful enterprise throughout its Chicago period with total sales jumping from about $ 10.5 Million in 1962 to $ 12.1 Million in 1963, and net income increasing by 70%. Improvement in efficiency and higher gross margins were credited for the up-tick in profitability. Sales and

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The officers of Hallmark took over similar positions in the newly reborn Waltham. The board consisted of Harold B. "Harry" Aronson (president), Ben Cole, and Morris Draft, all formerly officers of Hallmark. Chicago attorney Seymour Rady was a vice president and the company's chief counsel from 1957

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In January 1958 an agreement was finalized between the Axler-led Waltham Watch Co. and the Chicago-based Hallmark Watch Co. authorizing the latter to assemble watches from imported components under the Waltham name. This agreement was framed by Waltham as a "multi-million dollar royalty agreement."

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Albert's acquisitions binge began to unravel in mid-1956, when the price of Bellanca stock dropped significantly. Albert had used stock in his various companies as collateral for loans to acquire new companies; federal regulations required that the value of stock held in collateral should equal 30%

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shipping of these partially-completed timepieces. This partial restart for completion and sale of partially completed inventory proved successful, enabling the company's trustees to repay $ 2 million — half of the $ 4 million borrowed in the fall of 1949 — to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

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The strike continued into October, when the Massachusetts State Board of Conciliation, after a lengthy fact-finding process, proposed a 5% wage cut as justified for all workers earning more than $ 18 a week. This proposal satisfied no one, with Waltham management politely refusing to move off their

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Dumaine also took aim at Waltham's pricing policy, which had previously varied with market conditions to achieve as high a price as possible. Waltham's products were consequently priced for between 15 and 25% more than equivalent products of rival companies when the new company regime took the helm

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Fighting for freedom of action against entrenched interest groups, including bankers, stockholders, managers, and workers, Simonds sought to instill discipline, speed up the production process, and lay off superfluous workers, cutting payroll by 1,000. He believed that unsold inventory was severely

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The economics of production on this scale proved untenable. To cover the deficit in watch company operations in 1856 $ 6,000 in notes guaranteed by the Waltham Improvement Company were issued. The situation further deteriorated with the coming of an economic crisis in the third quarter of 1856. As

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Dennison, paid $ 1,200 a year to head the project, was sent to Great Britain by his partners to learn trade secrets and purchase supplies for the American effort. Dennison observed that the watch industry in England was not highly mechanized and believed the new American firm by he and his partners

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In March 1968, Waltham President Harry Aronson announced that a Swiss group headed by the Invicta Watch Co. had agreed to in principle purchase Waltham, still a publicly-held company whose shares were sold over the counter. A formal offer to buy shares of Waltham common stock at $ 16 per share was

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The new company moved its base of operations from Massachusetts to Chicago. An important change was made in the company's business model, with a move to franchised distributors who would pay about $ 1200 up front to the company in exchange for display cases and inventory to be placed in local drug

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The hike of the tariff on imported jeweled watches did not ultimately shield Waltham from market forces, however. Amidst declining sales of watches to the military and a consumer market saturated with imported timepieces, Waltham saw its 1954 sales plummet by more than 35% from 1953's levels, with

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Waltham Watch continued to prosper in the changing market, with sales up 35% in the first half of 1953 compared to the previous year and employment at the Waltham facility back up to 1,000 people. This growth was not strictly limited to precision timing devices for the military; the company's main

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on them than to produce the same mechanisms domestically. Waltham would subsequently merely apply dials to these mechanisms and insert the works into cases, it was stated. This decision was slammed by Walter Cenerazzo, head of the American Watch Union, who called for establishment of a "scientific

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The reorganized Waltham relaunched watch manufacturing, with some 700 people employed by the firm as of January 1, 1952, and 800 by that summer. In an effort to better balance supply and demand, the company terminated direct sales to stores on that date, returning to the pre-war policy of sales to

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Through the aid of bankruptcy court, in September 1950 a trustee was named to oversee the limited restart of the Waltham facility to complete the manufacture of 242,000 watches for the Christmas selling season. About 250 employees were brought back to the factory for the finishing, regulation, and

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Plant superintendent I.E. Boucher refused to meet with organized workers in connection with the strike, only individuals, further exacerbating the conflict. Moreover, Boucher declared that striking workers would be no longer considered employees of Waltham and that each must individually apply for

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The company turned to a general wage cut of 10 to 40% to bolster profitability in 1924. This, unsurprisingly, proved unpopular with Waltham workers, 75 of whom in the Finishing department put down tools on August 11, 1924, over news of a forthcoming 10% wage cut. The spirit of militance spread and

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Moreover, Waltham was slow to adapt to the desires of a changing marketplace, with postwar consumers demanding an overwhelming proportion of small wristwatches, for which Waltham lacked stylistic prowess or physical machinery. The company remained geared towards the production of high-grade pocket

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Waltham found itself pouring time and effort into the task of developing and improving a timing device which could absorb the shock of being fired from heavy artillery and its ability to design and manufacture conventional timepieces consequently suffered. By 1917 the American economy was booming,

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already owned by partners Howard and Davis. Specialized machinery was designed and the flow of daily operations perfected. "The firm attracted an able staff well versed in the field of watchmaking and willing to experiment with new methods," one historian of the firm later observed. Both Swiss and

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Sweeney's assessment proved correct, with the Waltham Watch Company squeaking out a profit of $ 11,728 in 1951 — the first financially positive year since the end of World War II. This compared most positively with the company's performance in 1950, in which a loss of $ 430,000 was declared. This

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for newly issued common stock at the rate of 10 shares for 9. These monied investors were also able to convert their old interest-bearing preferred stock to new at the rate of 10 shares for 8. Small investors unable to contribute new money were treated far less favorably, however, being forced to

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Waltham was a bloated behemoth, divided into watertight departments operated with a minimal eye to coordination and cooperation. A panel of consultants employed by management were shocked to discover 25 rival departments within the company, with "each foreman operating his department as though it

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succeeded in obtaining 322,700 Waltham shares from a prominent broker, thereby gaining working control of the company. Signaling a move away from precision electronics products, the new managers promised to return Waltham "to its rightful place of leadership in the watch industry." Effective the

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Another $ 250,000 was repaid toward the company's indebtedness by the first of May 1951. In addition, company trustees managed to negotiate several contracts for defense work with prospects for more, leading federal bankruptcy judge George C. Sweeney to approve the company's reorganization plan.

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Most importantly, Dumaine changed the company's course from the production of the elegantly-crafted pocket watches for which it was known — a form increasingly out of favor with post-war consumers — towards the manufacture of smaller and fresher wristwatches designed for a mass market at a lower

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With the coming of price deflation in 1921, banks tightened their credit policies. Lending banks came to realize that Waltham's loans were not adequately covered by current assets. Information about Waltham's inefficient model of organization also undermined lender confidence. Waltham's external

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throughout the 1960s, accused of misrepresenting the number of jewels within its watches, pre-tagging merchandise with inflated prices bearing no connection to actual prices charged, and misrepresenting country of origin and connection of the new company to the previous Waltham Watch Co. It was

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Bellanca, a maker of airplanes from the 1920s, had subsequently evolved into a manufacturer of precision instruments, engine mounts, radar equipment, and plastic parts. The company had itself been the object of a takeover in February 1955 by S.L. Albert & Son, an Akron-based manufacturer of

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Dumaine's efforts at rationalization of Waltham began with a reduction of executive salaries, which had topped $ 100,000 a year for top level executives in the previous period. Private secretaries were eliminated and a smaller secretarial office pool established instead. No general reduction of

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In the short term, Waltham prospered through its emphasis on military contracts, with sales nearly doubling between 1915 and 1918 and earnings soaring by 156%. However the easy money of military contracts papered over what one historian has characterized as an era of "wanton extravagance, gross

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in 1861, the demand for watches expanded markedly, with soldiers in particular eager to obtain a reasonably-priced timepiece for their personal use. To meet this demand, Waltham Watch unveiled a comparatively inexpensive $ 13 model called the "William Ellery." This watch was a "fad" among Union

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Mass production of clocks had come on line during the first quarter of the 19th century in the United States, moving from a handicraft to a factory basis; the forward-thinking Dennison hoped to apply the same principles and techniques to the making of pocket watches. This would not be his first

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Boston newspaper columnist John Harriman was enthusiastic about the change, writing: "Waltham had become the marginal producer in the highly competitive watch field. It will now be thrown over entirely to electronics and precision instruments, our fastest growing industry in these parts, under

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In September a union proposal accepting wage reductions for men making more than $ 40 a week or women making more than $ 20 — thereby exempting the lowest paid workers from the cutback. Company acceptance was expected and a celebratory was held on Saturday, September 27. When news came of the

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The restructured company of 1923 began its run on the precipice of disaster. A fairly vast part of unsold inventory took the form of partially completed timepieces, a substantial part of which could not be readily disposed of except as scrap. Foremen had kept their departments running at full

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The post-war years were not kind to Waltham, however. A $ 211,200 net profit in 1945 flipped into a massive $ 411,400 loss in 1946, ushering in a series of years in which the company generated red ink. A flood on the American market of inexpensive Swiss-produced timepieces was blamed for the

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the next day, slated to be the first of the new wage scale, fully 200 workers from the Finishing and Setting-Up departments stayed home. Within three days the entire Waltham plant was embroiled in a company-wide work stoppage, the first in the more than 70-year history of the company.

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and Daniel F. Appleton in an effort to make the Waltham Watch operation a success. All three members of this troika had extensive experience in the watch sales and the jewelry trade. Administration of the company was measured and prudent and the economic crisis of 1857 was survived.

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for use in aircraft control panels continued to be made in the Waltham factory by the Waltham Precision Instruments Company. In February 1994, Prime Time Clocks purchased the last remaining product line, the mechanical aircraft clock. Waltham Precision Instruments was moved to

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financiers worried that shutting off credit entirely might force Waltham into liquidation and default upon their original loans. A period of negotiation was begun, in which lenders successfully demanded that Waltham's management be brought under their own direct control.

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Concentrating on manufacturing watches for lower retail prices, sales blossomed, with quantity of watches sold doubling between 1968 and 1975, to a total of more than one million pieces annually. This made Waltham the third largest watchmaker in America by 1975, behind

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Waltham was an important contractor for the American military, producing timepieces for service personnel and timing devices for military ordinance, such as bombs and torpedoes, with the company's Waltham, Massachusetts factory wholly converted to military production.

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machinery used primarily in the rubber industry owned by financier Sydney Albert. This had been followed in May by Albert's acquisition of National Electronics Laboratories, Inc., of Washington, DC — a maker of aviation communications equipment. Albert also owned the

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calling for increased production of artillery fuses. Other American watchmakers were content limiting themselves to production of ordinary chronometers; with no experience making artillery fuses, contracts and production fell overwhelming upon Waltham's shoulders.

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company's rejection of the compromise proposal, in favor of a counteroffer of a general 7.5% wage cut, the party turned into a riot, with a mob of thousands storming the company's gates. Police intervention broke up the melee in the wee hours of Sunday morning.

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Waltham emerged as a leading maker of dive watches, a segment which sold over 200,000 pieces in the United States in 1967. The company made a 5 bar hand-winding model priced at $ 50 and a deluxe version good to 300 feet for serious divers retailing for $ 120.

208: 122:, was a company that produced about 40 million watches, clocks, speedometers, compasses, time delay fuses, and other precision instruments in the United States of America between 1850 and 1957. The company's historic 19th-century manufacturing facilities in 378:. The manager of a mid-sized family-owned sawmill for a decade, Simonds threw himself into learning the watch business, visiting every part of the plant and working three months behind a retail counter to learn about consumer preferences and expectations. 3208: 3203: 661:

In July 1957 a move to splitting the company's electronics and watchmaking components was formalized when stockholders approved renaming as the Waltham Precision Instruments Company, with a subsidiary to be known as Waltham Watch Company of Delaware.

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Management was changed with the purchase of Waltham by Invicta, with Georges Didisheim, president of Invicta Watch Co., named chairman and Morris Draft executive vice president in August 1968. The company remained headquartered in Chicago.

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of Los Angeles. The new suitor was attracted by Waltham's speedometer and instrument division and immediately declared their intention to dispose of the company's existing watch inventory and to spin off the watch manufacturing division.

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As part of the strike, former department-level worker organization within Waltham was abandoned and a new organization called the Watchmakers Protective Association established. Affiliation of this new company-wide union with the

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Later in the 1970s, Waltham was merged into a federation with other Swiss makers of inexpensive watches, the Société des Garde-Temps SA (SGT). Georges Didisheim remained chairman of the board of Waltham following this merger.

3193: 3129: 3098: 3053: 3038: 3033: 178:, a paper box business. He found this enterprise distracted him from his dream of industrial production of watches and turned the company over to brother Eliphalet Dennison in 1849 so that he could turn his full attention to 3188: 3093: 3083: 2986: 1622:

The cut was framed by the company as a 10% general wage cut, with strikers contending that the actual proposed reduction ranged from 10 to 40 percent, with an average cut of about 25%. See: "More Employees Quit Watch Co,"

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salaries was attempted for office and factory workers but total payroll was nonetheless reduced through layoffs and reorganization, with an eye to streamlining the company's inefficient planning and billing bureaucracy.

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During their restructuring efforts in the 1950s, Waltham opened an office in New York for the purposes of importing Swiss watch movements and cases. Due to restrictions placed on the company by its main creditor, the

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Kidder-Peabody benefited handsomely as underwriter of securities and investor in preferred stock, realizing nearly $ 2.5 million in profit, dividends, and capital gain from the sale of stock over the 1923–28 period.

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of Chicago as the company's exclusive wholesale distributor to the trade. This arrangement would prove important in coming months as Waltham's precision instruments and watch divisions moved their separate ways.

2751: 3165: 3160: 819:. Waltham International SA retains the right to the Waltham trade name outside of North America, and continues to produce mechanical wrist watches and mechanical pocket watches under the "Waltham" brand. 422:, lubricating oil, steel, and brass, while other components remained in short supply. Some items were overproduced to such great extent that available stocks were projected to last for 20 years or more. 3330: 642:

of the value of the loan, forcing the sale of stock when the value no longer met that benchmark. This put Waltham shares previously held by Albert back into circulation, making possible a new takeover.

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Waltham's decision to begin importing and casing finished Swiss movements was not unique, with its chief American watch manufacturing competitors, Elgin and Hamilton, making the same business decision.

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in North America and other countries. In 1876, the company showed off the first automatic screw making machinery and was awarded the first gold medal in a watch precision contest at the Philadelphia

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first of 1957, Axler moved Waltham's executive offices to New York City, leaving the company's Massachusetts factory in operation making aircraft clocks, gyroscopes, and other electronic devices.

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The new company also moved to license its well-known and respected name to others. In the fall of 1963 Waltham signed a licensing agreement with the Samson Company of Chicago to manufacture

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manufacturing, and financial angel Samuel Curtis. Initial funding of $ 20,000 was raised and the American Horologe Company was born. The name was quickly changed to Warren Manufacturing

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During World War II Waltham converted its Massachusetts factory from consumer goods to military production. The company made pocket compasses such as these for officers in the US Army.

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Waltham President Axler indicated that the company's Massachusetts facility would be used for the development and production of other products. The Waltham name was sold outright to

855:. That number can be used to estimate the date of production. Volunteers have created a database of Waltham serial numbers, models and grades, and descriptions of observed watches. 569:

trend continued in 1952, with sales of $ 2.3 million generating a profit of nearly $ 73,000 during the first six months of that year. Not coincidentally, these were years of the

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By now freed from court-controlled reorganization and seeing the writing on the wall, in July 1955 controlling interest in the Waltham Watch Company was reportedly sold to the

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on national security grounds, since the production of timing mechanisms for modern armaments made use of skills and techniques utilized in the vanishing watchmaking craft.

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The company went through a series of bankruptcies and restarts under new ownership, with watches and clocks bearing the Waltham name still being made and marketed today.

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The company closed its factory doors and declared bankruptcy in 1949, a crisis was triggered when the final $ 2 million installment of a promised $ 6 million loan by the

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Waltham was known for its production of elaborately decorated, premium-priced pocket watch movements. This specimen of its "Vanguard" movement was manufactured in 1907.

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and other creditors took effective control of the company late in 1921, selecting one of their own directors, Gifford K. Simonds of Fitchburg, Massachusetts as new

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A photograph of the historic American Waltham Watch Company mill building, part of the American Waltham Watch Company Historic District in Waltham, Massachusetts.

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In March 1952 the reorganized Waltham surrendered to European manufacturing prowess, announcing that the company would itself begin the importation of complete

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Kidder, Peabody drove a hard bargain, forcing through a two-tiered financial overhaul in which large investors able to contribute new money for the purchase of

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Although founder Dennison remained as superintendent of the Waltham facility until 1862, the initial phase of the Waltham Watch Company had come to an end.

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Prior to 1850, watches in America were generally supplied either from England or Switzerland. The idea for the Waltham Watch Company came from watchmaker

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The Roxbury factory was soon deemed to be too small for efficient mass production. Dennison sought a rural locale for the new facility and the town of

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The company was able to maintain operations through the use of strikebreakers, primarily new hires and the strike continued through the end of 1924.

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in 1833. In 1833 he became a journeyman watchmaker with the firm of Currier & Trott in Boston, leaving in 1839 to go into business for himself.

2791: 166:. Dennison was the son of a shoemaker, born in Maine in 1812. He served as an apprentice to a jeweler for three years as a youth and had come to 875: 438:

increased nearly 500% between 1913 and 1920. Economic recovery in 1922 had left Waltham behind, with fully two-thirds of the plant left idle.

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was denied by the lender. Waltham's historic Massachusetts facility was shuttered on February 3, 1950, putting 1,200 workers out of a job.

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The Waltham brand name was purchased by the Japanese firm Heiwado & Co. and soon emerged as one of the most popular brands in Japan.

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authorized wholesalers. The challenges of the marketplace remained, however, with low cost watches from Switzerland flooding the market.

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was added as a vice president, working from an office in Los Angeles. Thorne supervised sales to the Western United States and Asia.

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As August ended the two sides remained deadlocked over the wage scale. More mobile workers began to leave the city, going to

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soldiers and sales blossomed. By the end of the Civil War the Ellery represented fully 45 percent of Waltham's annual sales.

175: 827:, they could not sell these watches directly, so they were sold through an independent company, the Hallmark Watch Company. 2660:

The Evolution of Automatic Machinery as Applied to the Manufacture of Watches at Walthamm Mass, by the American Watch Co.,

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announced in September 1968. Purchaser was a Delaware-registered entity called Iseca, headed by Invicta Watch Company of

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proposal for a general reduction of 10% and strikers holding a mass meeting which lent no support to the board's report.

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Production of the complicated inner watch movements was moved out of the United States. Waltham opened a new factory in

473: 391: 347: 824: 356: 522: 338:, Waltham introduced production of mechanized time fuses to control the burst of artillery shells in 1915, as well as 2208: 2072: 1705: 858:

The archive of the Waltham Watch Company is housed by Baker Library Special Collections department of the library of

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In 2011 a majority stake in Waltham International SA was sold to Italian-American entrepreneur Antonio DiBenedetto.

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profits increased again in 1964, with total sales hitting the $ 13.3 Million mark and net income up another 35%.

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in 1916 and blood pressure gauges in 1917. Wholesale sales were taken in-house rather than being contracted out.

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the company reporting a net loss of $ 210,000 to shareholders — reversing three years of profitable operations.

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until his death in December 1966. At the end of 1959 Aaron Thorne, a former Western regional sales manager for

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The company attempted to diversify its output. Seeing a great demand in Europe as a result of the outbreak of

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New owner Royal Robbins was an experienced New York watch importer who worked a partnership with his brother

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a privileged and lethargic executive bureaucracy, although this change was met with only limited success.

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from Switzerland. Trustees announced that it would be cheaper to import Swiss movements and pay the

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Full page ad touting Waltham Watches finished in 1950 under supervision of federal bankruptcy court.

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Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Mss:598 1854-1929.

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WALTHAM Premier pocket watch Vanguard Model 1908 16s 23j 10k Gold Filled circa 1943 Made in USA

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Waltham Watch Company Records at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School

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Picture of the Ellery Model 1857, produced when Waltham was still named Boston Watch Company.

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Before the Waltham Watch Company went out of business in 1957, it founded a subsidiary in

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inefficiency, and a marked lack of business foresight." With the end of the war came the

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forced to change its advertising and branding policies in response to these complaints.

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capacity regardless of actual demand for the components produced, resulting in gluts of

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Working Men of Waltham: Mobility in American Urban Industrial Development, 1850–1890.

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tariff" offsetting the price differential between foreign and domestic manufacture.

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in the summer of 1962 designed to produce up to 100,000 watch movements per month.

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venture, however. In 1844 Dennison started the firm that would later emerge as the

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that the company produced through the early 1950s was engraved with an individual

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demand for watches was high, but Waltham was operating at full capacity, with the

2091:"Waltham Watch Co. Sold: Bellanca Corp., Aircraft Manufacturer, Obtains Control," 193:

The company began with construction of a 100-foot long brick building on land in

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increasing their capitalization and modernizing their plant, while imports from

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Waltham was reorganized in 1923 by a syndicate headed by the investment firm of

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In 1885 the company name changed to the American Waltham Watch Company (AWWCo).

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In the Fall of 1956 a new management group headed by dynamic watch wholesaler

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In January 1974, Société des Garde-Temps purchased rights to the name of the

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police presence was increased in the aftermath of the threatened violence.

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In the words of one study of the company's business management practices:

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In 1853 the name of the company was changed to the Boston Watch Company.

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A charismatic new chief executive came in as part of the restructuring,

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at the time of its inception, with total output of 30 watches per week.

2666: 2649: 2622: 2596: 93: 885: 880: 763: 680: 585: 2650:"The Reorganization of the Waltham Watch Company: A Clinical Study," 2667:"Some Thoughts on the Early Labor Policy of the Waltham Watch Co.," 1082:"Antiques: The story of Waltham, the great American watch company" 802: 552: 521: 513: 322: 299: 268: 239: 207: 153: 145: 97: 2725: 2740: 2569:

Waltham descriptions of observed watches (via Wayback Machine)

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to seek employment with Waltham's chief domestic competitors.

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After the Civil War, the company became the main supplier of

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Original factory, 1854, Waltham Watch Company, Waltham, Mass.

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NAWCC: National Association of Watch & Clocks Collectors

2623:"The Labor Force at Waltham Watch During the Civil War Era," 839:

and changed its name to Waltham Aircraft Clock Corporation.

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Aaron Lufkin Dennison, founder of the Waltham Watch Company.

2364:"Waltham Precision Instruments vs Federal Trade Commission" 1908:"Waltham Watch Co. Authorized to Repay $ 2,000,000 to RFC," 638:

management which has no apologies to make for its record."

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U.S. National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts

2453:"Offer to Purchase Common Stock of Waltham Watch Company," 1928:"Reorganization Plan for Waltham Watch Approved by Court," 1065:"A Close Look at the Pocket Watch of a Civil War Surgeon," 2414:"Skin Diver Watches: The Latest Masculine Fashion Trend," 962:"Yankee Hod-Carrier Revolutionized the Making of Watches" 597:

product, watches, had a sales increase of 30% over 1952.

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Decline, diversification, and restructuring, 1907 to 1922

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Timing a Century: History of the Waltham Watch Company.

1857:"Waltham Watch Company's Massachusetts Factory Closed," 1109:

Timing a Century: History of the Waltham Watch Company.

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watches. Competition had made itself felt, with rivals

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Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1949

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Engle, Tom; Richard E. Gilbert; and Cooksey Shugart,

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Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945; p. 92.

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this watch was manufactured by Waltham for Invicta.

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Meanwhile, in May 1956 Waltham management named the

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Waltham's profitability was greatly impacted by the

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History of the National Register of Historic Places

2774: 956: 954: 952: 370:Regarding Waltham's management as incompetent, the 89: 76: 66: 58: 44: 3326:Watch manufacturing companies of the United States 3321:Clock manufacturing companies of the United States 3316:Buildings and structures in Waltham, Massachusetts 2144:"Sales Reported for Four Stocks Pledged for Loan," 2020:"Mad, Mat Hatters Swarm House in Row Over Tariff," 1773: 1771: 2655:vol. 64, no. 8. (June 1951), pp. 1252–1286. 2491:"Waltham Watch Ticking Happily in Larger Plant," 1852: 1850: 1848: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1313: 1311: 128:American Waltham Watch Company Historic District 3278:National Register of Historic Places portal 2290:"Seymour Rady, Hightland Park Attorney, Dies," 1403:"New Tariff Bill to Send Watch Prices Soaring," 359:, drying up military and consumer sales alike. 2721:Extensive collection of Waltham pocket watches 2679:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945. 2004:"Waltham Watch Co. to Import Swiss Movements," 1946:"Waltham Watch Shows Profit, First Since '45," 1804: 1802: 1649:"75 Waltham Watch Co Finishers Go On Strike," 1418: 1416: 1414: 2752: 2684:The Complete Guide to American Pocket Watches 2628:vol. 25, no. 2 (June 1965), pp. 214–243. 1054:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," pp. 169–170. 991:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," pp. 167–168. 982:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," pp. 166–167. 8: 2672:vol. 13, no. 2 (April 1939), pp. 25–29. 2670:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, 2529: 2527: 2276:"Waltham Watch Firm Ordered To Halt Claims," 2114:"Waltham Watch Buyer Has Diverse Interests," 2033: 2031: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1957: 1923: 1921: 1919: 708:The company came under much scrutiny by the 190:could make an impact in the watch industry. 30: 3336:Manufacturing companies established in 1850 2602:Bulletin of the Business Historical Society 2246:"Hallmark to Assemble Watches for Waltham," 2175:"Bowery Boy Reaches Top of Watch Industry," 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2086: 2084: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1701: 1699: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1502: 1500: 1486: 1484: 1284: 1282: 1268: 1266: 1200: 1198: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 942: 940: 938: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 2914: 2759: 2745: 2737: 2726:Waltham Aircraft Clock Corporation website 2640:Bowery Boy Reaches Top of Watch Industry," 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2348:"New Waltham Watch to Run by Radio Waves," 2333:"Sampson Signs License Pact With Waltham," 2240: 2238: 2236: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1119: 1117: 1103: 1101: 964:. The Independent-Record. 28 February 1895 36: 29: 2597:The Waltham Watch Company: A Case History 2399:"Waltham Net Hits Record; Vote Dividend," 2366:. OpenJurist. 8 January 1964. p. 427 2159:"Financial Notes: Waltham Watch Company," 2053: 2051: 2049: 1941: 1939: 1893:"250 Employees Open Waltham Watch Plant," 725:Sale to new Swiss ownership, 1968 to 1980 2611:, Twenty Seventh Edition, January 2007, 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2429:"Swiss Group to Make Offer for Waltham," 2261:"Harry Aronson Heads Waltham Watch Co.," 2188: 2186: 2038:"Waltham Watch Co. Sales Up 35 Percent," 1397: 1395: 1045:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," p. 170. 1031:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," p. 169. 1013:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," p. 168. 946:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," p. 166. 932:Caross, "The Waltham Watch Co.," p. 167. 2662:Chicago: G. K. Hazlitt & Co., 1896. 2058:"Tariff Hike Offers 1400 Waltham Jobs," 916: 781:Waltham in the Quartz era, 1981 to date 2535:"Waltham: The Timeline, 1850 to 2021," 2209:"Waltham to Move Offices to New York," 2193:Waltham Watch Firm Gets New Management 876:American system of watch manufacturing 2635:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1974. 2073:"Financial Notes: Waltham Watch Co.," 1982:"Waltham Watch Has New Sales Policy," 1668:"Waltham Watch Co Workers on Strike," 244:A 1903 Waltham Riverside pocket watch 7: 3311:1850 establishments in Massachusetts 1964:"Waltham Watch's Sales, Profits Up," 198:American watchmakers were employed. 1873:"Flashes of News from Wall Street," 1747:"No Sign of Either Side Giving In," 2384:"Waltham's Net in Year Jumps 70%," 1720:"To Hold Parley in Watch Strike," 777:, another storied American brand. 544:Reconstruction Finance Corporation 265:The Period of Growth, 1866 to 1906 236:The Civil War period, 1857 to 1865 25: 2434:March 31, 1968, section 4, p. 13. 2404:April 12, 1965, section 3, p. 13. 1898:Sept. 13, 1950, section S, p. 14. 1824:"Urges 5 Percent Cut at Waltham," 825:Restructuring Finance Corporation 539:company's dire economic straits. 510:World War II and after, 1941–1955 202:with success in the marketplace. 3283: 3271: 3261: 3260: 2815: 2704:Official Waltham Watches Website 2580:"Waltham Watch Company records," 2294:Dec. 8, 1966, Section 1C, p. 16. 1838:"Not to Act Now on Peace Plan," 1706:"1600 More Join Waltham Strike," 666:Waltham of Chicago, 1958 to 1967 386:The wristwatch era, 1923 to 1940 2471:Aug. 29, 1968, section 3, p. 9. 2307:Dec. 31, 1959, section 1, p. 8. 2129:"Pierce Governor Cleans House," 1809:"Waltham Crowd is Threatening," 1688:"More Employees Quit Watch Co," 273:Waltham railroad watches flyer. 2389:May 18, 1964, section 3, p. 8. 732:La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland 176:Dennison Manufacturing Company 1: 1406:Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer, 615:Bellanca Aircraft Corporation 462: 372:First National Bank of Boston 142:The early years, 1849 to 1857 2626:Journal of Economic History, 2458:Sept. 4, 1968, sec. 3, p. 8. 2318:"Rare Business Opportunity," 474:American Federation of Labor 348:United States War Department 3241:National Historic Landmarks 2212:Louisville Courier-Journal, 2147:Louisville Courier-Journal, 1243:Charles W. Moore in Moore, 632:automobile engine governors 463:Watchmakers' Strike of 1924 126:have been preserved as the 3357: 3236:Cape Cod National Seashore 2537:Watch Angels, 2020, p. 12. 1967:Portland Evening Express, 1778:"Strikers Massed at Gate," 698:bearing the Waltham logo. 647:Hallmark Watch Corporation 116:American Waltham Watch Co. 3256: 2813: 2648:Kaplan, Jacob J. et al., 2645:Aug. 20, 1957, p. 4. 2609:Complete Guide to Watches 2558:Waltham models and grades 2506:Treub, Lucien F. (1999). 2228:St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 2096:July 20, 1955, pp. 1, 12. 1876:Harrisburg Evening News, 740:Union Bank of Switzerland 673:Harold B. "Harry" Aronson 609:Interregnum, 1955 to 1957 398:were able to convert old 392:Kidder, Peabody & Co. 35: 3290:United States portal 2279:York Gazette and Daily, 2063:July 28, 1954, pp. 1, 9. 817:Waltham International SA 710:Federal Trade Commission 2303:"Business and People," 1862:Feb. 4, 1950, pp. 1, 5. 1673:, Aug. 12, 1924, p. 11. 860:Harvard Business School 830:Specialized clocks and 624:Pierce Governor Company 489:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 376:chief executive officer 357:Depression of 1920–1921 340:automobile speedometers 256:With the coming of the 3341:Waltham, Massachusetts 2787:Keeper of the Register 2643:Chicago Daily Calumet, 2547:Waltham serial numbers 2496:Sept. 30, 1975, p. 53. 2419:, June 20, 1968, p. 2. 2353:March 27, 1962, p. 47. 2321:Rocky Mount Telegram, 2266:March 31, 1959, p. 43. 2178:Chicago Daily Calumet, 2134:April 27, 1956, p. 20. 2078:March 11, 1955, p. 19. 1878:April 18, 1947, p. 26. 1814:Sept. 30, 1924, p. 15. 906:Illinois Watch Company 901:Hamilton Watch Company 808: 736:Neuchatel, Switzerland 703:Neuchatel, Switzerland 558: 527: 519: 331: 305: 274: 245: 218:Waltham, Massachusetts 213: 195:Roxbury, Massachusetts 159: 151: 124:Waltham, Massachusetts 82:Waltham, Massachusetts 18:American Watch Company 2802:National Park Service 2782:Contributing property 2708:Jonathan A. Boschen, 2631:Gitelman, Howard M., 2594:Carosso, Vincent P., 2338:Nov. 23, 1963, p. 49. 2149:June 13, 1956, p. 31. 2119:July 21, 1955, p. 12. 2043:July 24, 1953, p. 20. 2018:Frederick C. Othman, 2009:March 19, 1952, p. 3. 1969:Aug. 28, 1952, p. 24. 1913:Jan. 23, 1951, p. 10. 1842:Oct. 12, 1924, p. 14. 1829:Oct. 11, 1924, p. 13. 1783:Sept. 29, 1924, p. 1. 1737:Aug. 21, 1924, p. 14. 1735:Buffalo Evening News, 1724:Aug. 14, 1924, p. 13. 1711:Aug. 13, 1924, p. 11. 1653:Aug. 11, 1924, p. 18. 806: 556: 525: 517: 327:Waltham products for 326: 303: 287:Centennial Exposition 279:railroad chronometers 272: 243: 211: 164:Aaron Lufkin Dennison 157: 149: 112:Waltham Watch Company 71:Aaron Lufkin Dennison 31:Waltham Watch Company 2710:"Waltham's Watches," 2323:Feb. 8, 1959, p. 4D. 2251:Jan. 3, 1958, p. 34. 2230:July 3, 1957, p. 8B. 2214:Jan. 14, 1957, p. 2. 2199:Oct. 9, 1956, p. 30. 2180:Aug. 20, 1957, p. 4. 2164:May 15, 1956, p. 21. 2023:El Paso Herald-Post, 1987:Jan. 23, 1952, p. 1. 1985:Lewiston Daily Sun, 1752:Sept. 3, 1924, p. 5. 1693:Aug. 13, 1924, p. 4. 1627:Aug. 13, 1924, p. 4. 1408:Sept. 1, 1929, p. 7. 886:Bulova Watch Company 881:Benrus Watch Company 843:Historical resources 768:American Can Company 681:Benrus Watch Company 114:, also known as the 2675:Moore, Charles W., 2653:Harvard Law Review, 2281:Dec. 1, 1962, p. 2. 2249:Omaha World-Herald, 2025:May 2, 1953, p. 16. 1933:May 1, 1951, p. 42. 1896:Dayton Daily News, 1781:Barre Daily Times, 896:Gruen Watch Company 891:Elgin Watch Company 785:As a result of the 775:Elgin Watch Company 250:Henry Asher Robbins 32: 27:American watchmaker 2682:Shugart, Cooksey, 2508:Die Zeit der Uhren 2316:See, for example, 2305:Los Angeles Times, 2244:Associated Press, 2007:Athol Daily News, 1951:May 6, 1952, p. 9. 1107:Charles W. Moore, 1063:Carlene Stephens, 864:Harvard University 809: 630:, manufacturer of 559: 528: 520: 332: 317:Augustus P. Loring 306: 275: 258:American Civil War 246: 214: 160: 152: 120:American Watch Co. 3298: 3297: 3219: 3218: 2918:Barnstable County 2792:Historic district 2658:Marsh, Edward A. 2223:Robert J. Dietl, 1949:Berkshire Eagle, 1794:Timing a Century, 1763:Timing a Century, 1638:Timing a Century, 1611:Timing a Century, 1598:Timing a Century, 1578:Timing a Century, 1565:Timing a Century, 1552:Timing a Century, 1534:Timing a Century, 1521:Timing a Century, 1508:Timing a Century, 1492:Timing a Century, 1476:Timing a Century, 1463:Timing a Century, 1450:Timing a Century, 1437:Timing a Century, 1424:Timing a Century, 1387:Timing a Century, 1374:Timing a Century, 1358:Timing a Century, 1345:Timing a Century, 1332:Timing a Century, 1319:Timing a Century, 1303:Timing a Century, 1290:Timing a Century, 1274:Timing a Century, 1258:Timing a Century, 1245:Timing a Century, 1232:Timing a Century, 1219:Timing a Century, 1206:Timing a Century, 1190:Timing a Century, 1177:Timing a Century, 1164:Timing a Century, 1151:Timing a Century, 1138:Timing a Century, 1125:Timing a Century, 692:transistor radios 628:Anderson, Indiana 476:was anticipated. 108: 107: 16:(Redirected from 3348: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3264: 3263: 3177:Worcester County 3027:Middlesex County 2915: 2819: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2738: 2621:Gitelman, H.M., 2583: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2510:. Ebner Verlag. 2503: 2497: 2494:Chicago Tribune, 2489:William Gruber, 2487: 2472: 2469:Chicago Tribune, 2465: 2459: 2456:Chicago Tribune, 2450: 2435: 2432:Chicago Tribune, 2426: 2420: 2411: 2405: 2402:Chicago Tribune, 2396: 2390: 2387:Chicago Tribune, 2381: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2360: 2354: 2351:Chicago Tribune, 2345: 2339: 2336:Chicago Tribune, 2330: 2324: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2295: 2292:Chicago Tribune, 2288: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2258: 2252: 2242: 2231: 2221: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2171: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2120: 2110: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2064: 2055: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2001: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1914: 1905: 1899: 1890: 1879: 1869: 1863: 1860:Altoona Tribune, 1854: 1843: 1836: 1830: 1821: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1674: 1665: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1620: 1614: 1607: 1601: 1594: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1548: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1495: 1488: 1479: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1409: 1399: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1335: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1286: 1277: 1270: 1261: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1193: 1186: 1180: 1173: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1134: 1128: 1121: 1112: 1105: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1077: 1071: 1070:August 29, 2011. 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1043: 1032: 1029: 1014: 1011: 992: 989: 983: 980: 974: 973: 971: 969: 958: 947: 944: 933: 930: 412:Frederic Dumaine 227:Royal E. Robbins 40: 33: 21: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3252: 3215: 3172: 3144: 3118: 3022: 3006: 2960: 2934: 2906: 2825:Lists by county 2820: 2811: 2770: 2765: 2700: 2591: 2589:Further reading 2586: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2488: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2451: 2438: 2427: 2423: 2417:West Side Index 2412: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2331: 2327: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2243: 2234: 2222: 2218: 2207: 2203: 2191: 2184: 2172: 2168: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2112:John Harriman, 2111: 2100: 2089: 2082: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2047: 2036: 2029: 2017: 2013: 2002: 1991: 1980: 1973: 1962: 1955: 1944: 1937: 1926: 1917: 1906: 1902: 1891: 1882: 1870: 1866: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1704: 1697: 1686: 1677: 1666: 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3216: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3152: 3150: 3149:Suffolk County 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3123:Norfolk County 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3011:Hampden County 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2939:Bristol County 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2807:Property types 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2698:External links 2696: 2695: 2694: 2680: 2673: 2663: 2656: 2646: 2638:James, Louis, 2636: 2629: 2619: 2605: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2572: 2561: 2550: 2539: 2533:Watch Angels, 2523: 2516: 2498: 2473: 2460: 2436: 2421: 2406: 2391: 2376: 2355: 2340: 2325: 2309: 2296: 2283: 2268: 2253: 2232: 2216: 2201: 2182: 2166: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2098: 2080: 2065: 2045: 2027: 2011: 1989: 1971: 1953: 1935: 1915: 1900: 1880: 1871:United Press, 1864: 1844: 1831: 1816: 1798: 1785: 1767: 1754: 1739: 1726: 1713: 1695: 1675: 1655: 1642: 1629: 1615: 1602: 1582: 1569: 1556: 1538: 1525: 1512: 1496: 1480: 1467: 1454: 1441: 1428: 1410: 1391: 1378: 1365: 1349: 1336: 1323: 1307: 1294: 1278: 1262: 1249: 1236: 1223: 1210: 1194: 1181: 1168: 1155: 1142: 1129: 1113: 1097: 1086:The Desert Sun 1080:Rivkin, Mike. 1072: 1056: 1047: 1033: 1015: 993: 984: 975: 948: 934: 915: 913: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 871: 868: 844: 841: 837:Ozark, Alabama 800: 797: 782: 779: 726: 723: 696:tape recorders 667: 664: 610: 607: 511: 508: 464: 461: 452: 451: 387: 384: 297: 294: 266: 263: 237: 234: 229:for $ 56,000. 143: 140: 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