151:
high-risk drinking that has become so common on college campuses today. As an educator, I feel a responsibility to encourage a discussion about responsibility. That responsibility rests with not only the students but with those of us who work to provide for their education, safety, and well being. We must engage in civil, informed, and dispassionate debate and consider all policy alternatives no matter how controversial.
1181:
argues that scientific evidence supports the
Amethyst Initiative's views and goals, and refutes some of MADD's past claims. Sanford Ungar, president of Goucher College and signee of the initiative argues that opponents should not fear because the Amethyst Initiative is about opening up the debate to
150:
We need serious, sustained, unfettered debate about the drinking age and the reality of life on a college campus and how these two things are aligned. I signed the statement in hopes that it would encourage debate on our campus about the seriousness of drinking in general but more importantly the
1192:
wryly noted inconsistency in opponents' arguments and supporting evidence against the
Amethyst Initiative in that they believe that it "would be a "national tragedy" to, for example, allow 19- and 20-year-old men and women returning from Iraq and Afghanistan to have a beer in celebration of
1174:
In addition, MADD debates that: "minimum drinking ages have saved approximately 25,000 lives", "owering the age will cause even younger people to begin drinking", and that "inge drinking on college campuses should be combated with stricter enforcement of current laws."
27:
1157:
In a press release, MADD argues that lowering the drinking age would result in greater numbers of fatal automobile accidents, and that the presidents are "looking for an easy way out of an inconvenient problem" and "misrepresenting science." MADD cited former
1569:
1170:
statement that "maintaining the legal drinking age at 21 is a socially and medically sound policy that helps parents, schools and law enforcement protect our youth from the potentially life-threatening effects of underage drinking."
1921:
1149:
that university leaders "are really just punting on the issue and leaving the high school principals to deal with it." However, Amethyst
Initiative's parent organization, Choose Responsibility, proposes that only
145:
President Jack R. Ohle said in a statement that the initiative is not about lowering the drinking age, but to open a debate on alcohol policies that affect young people and their choices about alcohol use.
1561:
1200:
rejected a proposal to urge that university's chancellor to sign the
Amethyst Initiative. Supposedly the first such attempt by a student body to ask a president or chancellor to sign on, the measure at
1831:
135:
as the only legal option has not resulted in significant constructive behavioral change among our students," and therefore they urge lawmakers "to invite new ideas about the best ways to prepare
1464:
1989:
169:
In 1984, Congress passed the
National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which imposed a penalty of 10% of a state's federal highway appropriation on any state setting its drinking age lower than 21.
1205:
was defeated 14–19 after three weeks' debate. Chancellor Joe Gow said this vote, "certainly defies the 'conventional wisdom' regarding young people being eager to lower the drinking age."
1182:
improve alcohol policy. He brings about the misconception that they want to "polarize" the issue at hand, but instead wishes to find a better alternative to the current drinking age.
1535:
1487:
186:
Adults under 21 are deemed capable of voting, signing contracts, serving on juries and enlisting in the military, but are told they are not mature enough to have a beer.
2004:
1225:
1790:
1850:
DeJong, W; Blanchette, J (2014). "Case closed: research evidence on the positive public health impact of the age 21 minimum legal drinking age in the United States".
956:
1159:
1274:
2019:
2009:
1994:
1216:
of studies on the effect of the drinking age in response to the
Amethyst Initiative; the review indicates support for the drinking age remaining at 21.
183:
Alcohol education that mandates abstinence as the only legal option has not resulted in significant constructive behavioral change among our students.
1999:
1355:
65:
1213:
1702:
1128:
1460:
1197:
1080:
932:
54:
1897:
1673:
1630:
1612:
1594:
1140:
1136:
962:
615:
101:
1539:
978:
131:
The
Amethyst Initiative states that, in their experience as university presidents, they have observed, "Alcohol education that mandates
866:
389:
1655:
1002:
848:
336:
104:, and is currently supported by 136 college presidents who signed a statement proclaiming, "It’s time to rethink the drinking age".
1058:
1193:
completing their tours of duty." Balko, also, noting research showing that underage drinking laws had not reduced highway deaths.
1945:
996:
984:
844:
727:
549:
1734:
1484:
1434:
1086:
878:
801:
248:
1306:
1255:
689:
224:
1757:
1384:
1068:
1514:
1461:"MADD press release: Some University Presidents Shirk Responsibility to Protect Students from Dangers of Underage Drinking"
1124:
1111:
1008:
521:
1132:
944:
807:
505:
209:
We pledge ourselves and our institutions to playing a vigorous, constructive role as these critical discussions unfold.
2024:
968:
733:
533:
475:
1562:"Debate for the Ages: John McCardell, founder of the Amethyst Initiative, is at the center of the drinking-age storm"
1331:
643:
1979:
1123:
The initiative's proposal has been criticized by several groups and government and industry officials, including
1026:
926:
922:
783:
465:
142:
1909:
1278:
2014:
1240:
789:
515:
367:
296:
136:
567:
206:
To invite new ideas about the best ways to prepare young adults to make responsible decisions about alcohol.
1962:
1409:
1359:
990:
909:
872:
832:
745:
677:
266:
73:
1813:
57:
presidents and chancellors that, in July 2008, launched a movement calling for the reconsideration of U.S.
1926:
1020:
950:
891:
826:
767:
655:
597:
585:
481:
200:
To support an informed and dispassionate public debate over the effects of the 21-year-old drinking age.
1250:
1235:
1178:
1105:
721:
711:
665:
527:
407:
342:
89:
1957:
1933:
1984:
1351:
1151:
814:
795:
603:
579:
431:
1496:
1163:
1145:
903:
897:
860:
820:
661:
561:
545:
308:
278:
260:
97:
1694:
1938:
1782:
1669:
1230:
1099:
1074:
1014:
739:
701:
671:
625:
609:
499:
471:
443:
437:
320:
290:
284:
242:
230:
93:
58:
40:
1626:
1608:
1590:
172:
Twenty-four years later, our experience as college and university presidents convinces us that…
189:
By choosing to use fake IDs, students make ethical compromises that erode respect for the law.
180:
A culture of dangerous, clandestine “binge-drinking”—often conducted off-campus—has developed.
1950:
1914:
1867:
1818:
1245:
1209:
1187:
1064:
1054:
1032:
916:
761:
683:
591:
555:
487:
383:
377:
361:
332:
272:
254:
1859:
1774:
1765:
1093:
1048:
1042:
938:
649:
637:
631:
621:
425:
354:
348:
326:
302:
236:
1902:
1491:
974:
854:
751:
707:
695:
493:
455:
449:
419:
395:
112:
108:
26:
1651:
203:
To consider whether the 10% highway fund “incentive” encourages or inhibits that debate.
68:
requires all US states to raise their minimum age for purchase and public possession of
779:
773:
755:
539:
413:
401:
373:
85:
69:
1973:
1778:
1724:
1167:
1036:
838:
717:
573:
511:
1430:
1786:
884:
1302:
1380:
1836:
1536:"Mothers Against Drunk Driving – Amethyst Initiative Underage Drinking Response"
314:
120:
1863:
1510:
1725:"Amethyst Initiative's Debate on Drinking a Welcome Alternative to Fanaticism"
132:
461:
1871:
1202:
1729:
116:
1892:
1327:
1898:"Amethyst Initiative unites educators in quest to lower drinking age"
1591:"Legal Age 21 – National Minimum Drinking Age – FAQ with citations"
1887:
1127:(MADD). Joining MADD's criticism are other groups, including the
1609:"Drinking and Culture: International Comparisons with citations"
1405:
1946:"College leaders hope to renew debate on a lower drinking age"
1406:"Statement from President Ohle Regarding Amethyst Initiative"
1297:
1295:
193:
How many times must we relearn the lessons of prohibition?
1958:"Bid to reconsider drinking age taps unlikely source"
1922:"UNC system waiting to decide on Amethyst Initiative"
1275:"Choose Responsibility announces Amethyst Initiative"
72:
to 21 or face a reduction in highway funds under the
1852:
Journal of
Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement
1652:"Myths and Realities about drinking with citations"
36:
1990:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
1934:"2 Withdraw From Petition to Rethink Drinking Age"
1758:"Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?"
1226:Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States
1356:"College presidents seek debate on drinking age"
107:The idea of the organization's name came from a
1695:"Changing Drinking Age to 18 | C-SPAN.org"
1511:"Choose Responsibility: drinking age proposals"
162:
148:
957:University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
160:The Amethyst Initiative states the following:
139:to make responsible decisions about alcohol".
8:
1910:"BSU not interested in age 18 alcohol sales"
1814:"UW–L students say no to drinking age debate
1756:Miron, Jeffrey A.; Tetelbaum, Elina (2009).
1196:In November 2008, the Student Senate at the
1160:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
19:
1627:"Drunken Driving Fatalities with citations"
1208:In 2014, a pair of researchers published a
18:
1455:
1453:
1451:
84:The Amethyst Initiative was initiated by
66:National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984
2005:2008 establishments in the United States
1832:"Amethyst Initiative debate finally over
16:Group aiming to change U.S. drinking age
1266:
1214:Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
831:President Joel L. Cunningham, Sewanee:
218:Signatories of the initiative include:
1737:from the original on November 10, 2012
1381:"Amethyst Initiative » Statement"
1303:"Amethyst Initiative » Statement"
1129:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
61:, particularly the minimum age of 21.
1387:from the original on 2 September 2008
1081:Westminster College of Salt Lake City
819:President Patricia Maguire Meservey,
590:President Thomas J. Scanlan, F.S.C.,
165:It’s time to rethink the drinking age
7:
1888:Official Amethyst Initiative website
1141:Governors Highway Safety Association
1137:National Transportation Safety Board
1110:President Lorna Duphiney Edmundson,
1041:President Cleveland L. Sellers Jr.,
963:University of Maryland, College Park
616:Metropolitan State College of Denver
197:We call upon our elected officials:
102:Sewanee: The University of the South
1467:from the original on 23 August 2008
1437:from the original on 28 August 2008
1334:from the original on 28 August 2008
979:University of Massachusetts Amherst
896:President Elisabeth S. Muhlenfeld,
825:President Paul L. Locatelli, S.J.,
726:President Bonnie Laing-Malcolmson,
92:, a former professor of history at
2020:Alcohol abuse in the United States
1485:"Lower drinking age is criticized"
1059:Washington & Jefferson College
955:President Jennifer Hunter-Cevera,
867:Saint Joseph College (Connecticut)
566:President Thomas J. Hochstettler,
504:President Richard Gilman, C.S.C.,
390:Dominican University of California
295:Interim President Frank G. Pogue,
14:
2010:Organizations established in 2008
1995:Youth rights in the United States
1723:Balko, Radley (August 25, 2008).
1431:"Amethyst Initiative Signatories"
1198:University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
1003:University of Wisconsin, Parkside
849:Southern New Hampshire University
728:Oregon College of Art & Craft
648:President Christopher Thomforde,
418:President Jacqueline Liebergott,
400:President Donald R. Eastman III,
337:College of Notre Dame of Maryland
2000:Alcohol law in the United States
1779:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x
1328:"Amethyst Initiative front page"
1092:President Sharon D. Herzberger,
997:University of the Incarnate Word
985:University of Montana - Missoula
853:President Beverly Daniel Tatum,
794:President Charles R. Middleton,
353:President Dennison W. Griffith,
277:President Carmen Twillie Ambar,
25:
1796:from the original on 2018-11-04
1705:from the original on 2017-05-09
1676:from the original on 2008-07-05
1658:from the original on 2008-10-14
1633:from the original on 2008-07-05
1615:from the original on 2008-07-05
1597:from the original on 2008-07-05
1572:from the original on 2020-06-09
1560:Esposito, Greg (27 June 2009).
1517:from the original on 2008-05-14
1412:from the original on 2021-09-16
1309:from the original on 2014-12-07
1069:Washington & Lee University
995:President Louis J. Agnese Jr.,
943:President Thomas P. Rosandich,
879:Stevens Institute of Technology
865:President Pamela Trotman Reid,
802:Saginaw Valley State University
289:President Esther L. Barazzone,
100:and current Vice-Chancellor of
1494:(free registration required),
1256:Age of criminal responsibility
1085:President Ronald A. Crutcher,
1007:Chancellor William E. Kirwan,
983:President George M. Dennison,
908:President J. Patrick O'Brien,
871:President Daniel F. Sullivan,
859:President Robert E. Ritschel,
800:President Eric R. Gilbertson,
766:President Robert R. Lindgren,
700:President Robert A. Skotheim,
690:New England Culinary Institute
636:President Mary Ellen Jukoski,
522:Johnson & Wales University
442:President Janet Morgan Riggs,
347:President Richard F. Celeste,
307:President Anthony G. Collins,
225:American International College
53:is an organization made up of
1:
1408:. Gustavus Adolphus College.
1125:Mothers Against Drunk Driving
1009:University System of Maryland
937:President Lawrence S. Bacow,
877:President Harold J. Raveche,
806:President Timothy R. Lannon,
772:President William E. Troutt,
760:President Robert A. Gervasi,
732:President Loren J. Anderson,
614:President Stephen M. Jordan,
560:President Stephen D. Schutt,
538:President S. Georgia Nugent,
436:President Judith L. Kuipers,
382:President William G. Durden,
241:President Elizabeth Coleman,
1133:American Medical Association
1013:President Geoffrey Shields,
1001:Chancellor John P. Keating,
989:President Steven H. Kaplan,
945:United States Sports Academy
788:President Gregory Dell'Omo,
682:President Thomas B. Coburn,
602:President Ghazi Darkazalli,
572:President James E. Collins,
454:President Sanford J. Ungar,
424:President Richard E. Wylie,
394:President Richard Brodhead,
319:President Rebecca S. Chopp,
229:President Jerry M. Greiner,
119:protected their owners from
1098:President James T. Harris,
1073:President L. Baird Tipson,
1047:President William E. Hamm,
969:University of Massachusetts
949:President Walter Harrison,
837:President Carol T. Christ,
734:Pacific Lutheran University
554:President Daniel H. Weiss,
534:Kapiolani Community College
486:President Ralph J. Hexter,
480:President Walter M. Bortz,
448:President Mark Scheinberg,
430:President Jeffrey Von Arx,
360:President James E. Wright,
313:President James R. Phifer,
247:President Scott D. Miller,
235:President Ronald Slepitza,
223:President Vincent Maniaci,
31:Logo of Amethyst Initiative
2041:
1864:10.15288/jsads.2014.75.108
1079:President Michael Bassis,
1019:Chancellor Robert Clarke,
967:President Jack M. Wilson,
883:President Thomas Schwarz,
813:President Arthur F. Kirk,
738:President Phil Creighton,
694:President Debra Townsley,
670:President Peyton R. Helm,
644:Montclair State University
596:President Richard Berman,
532:Chancellor Leon Richards,
526:President Barbara Murphy,
388:President Joseph R. Fink,
341:President Frank Miglorie,
271:President Mark J. Tierno,
1840:, Retrieved on 2008-12-15
1822:, Retrieved on 2008-12-15
1104:President M. Lee Pelton,
1027:Vermont Technical College
961:President C.D. Mote Jr.,
931:President John M. Stamm,
902:Chancellor Nancy Cantor,
890:President L. Jay Lemons,
808:Saint Joseph's University
654:President John Reynders,
630:President Frances Lucas,
584:President Leonard Tyler,
568:Lewis & Clark College
520:President John J. Bowen,
498:President Nancy O. Gray,
466:Gustavus Adolphus College
406:President Theodore Long,
325:President Robert Hoover,
283:President James L. Doti,
176:Twenty-one is not working
143:Gustavus Adolphus College
24:
1241:Young adult (psychology)
933:Trinity Lutheran College
915:President Robert Caret,
910:Texas A&M University
790:Robert Morris University
516:Johns Hopkins University
492:President Susan DeWine,
412:President Thomas Meier,
368:Davis and Elkins College
301:President John Bassett,
297:Chicago State University
259:President Jerry Wallace
1963:The Wall Street Journal
1162:Secretary, and current
1025:President Ty J. Handy,
991:University of New Haven
873:St. Lawrence University
833:University of the South
678:Murray State University
578:President Carol Moore,
267:Castleton State College
74:Federal-Aid Highway Act
1139:. A spokesman for the
1021:Vermont State Colleges
951:University of Hartford
892:Susquehanna University
827:Santa Clara University
768:Randolph-Macon College
744:President John Mills,
688:President Fran Voigt,
676:President Randy Dunn,
642:President Susan Cole,
608:President Tim Foster,
598:Manhattanville College
586:Maine Maritime Academy
482:Hampden-Sydney College
366:President G.T. Smith,
265:President David Wolk,
253:President Bobby Fong,
211:
153:
1251:Adolescent psychology
1236:Choose Responsibility
1179:Choose Responsibility
1152:high school graduates
1106:Willamette University
722:Ohio State University
712:Oglethorpe University
666:Mount Holyoke College
528:Johnson State College
408:Elizabethtown College
343:College of St. Joseph
90:Choose Responsibility
1858:(Suppl 17): 108–15.
1352:The Associated Press
1154:should be eligible.
815:Saint Leo University
796:Roosevelt University
746:Paul Smith's College
604:Marian Court College
580:Lyndon State College
432:Fairfield University
1893:List of Signatories
1497:The Washington Post
1164:University of Miami
1146:The Washington Post
923:James F. Jones, Jr.
904:Syracuse University
898:Sweet Briar College
861:Spoon River College
821:Salem State College
662:Joanne V. Creighton
656:Morningside College
562:Lake Forest College
357:of Art & Design
309:Clarkson University
279:Cedar Crest College
261:Campbell University
98:Middlebury, Vermont
51:Amethyst Initiative
21:
20:Amethyst Initiative
2025:Legal drinking age
1939:The New York Times
1542:on January 7, 2009
1490:2018-07-12 at the
1231:Legal drinking age
1100:Widener University
1075:Washington College
1015:Vermont Law School
740:Pacific University
702:Occidental College
672:Muhlenberg College
626:Middlebury College
610:Mesa State College
506:Holy Cross College
500:Hollins University
472:Joan Hinde Stewart
444:Gettysburg College
438:Fielding Institute
321:Colgate University
291:Chatham University
285:Chapman University
243:Bennington College
231:Arcadia University
94:Middlebury College
59:legal drinking age
41:Legal drinking age
1966:, August 21, 2008
1953:, August 20, 2008
1951:Los Angeles Times
1942:, August 21, 2008
1930:, August 22, 2008
1918:, August 20, 2008
1915:Indianapolis Star
1906:, August 22, 2008
1819:La Crosse Tribune
1463:(Press release).
1362:on 21 August 2008
1246:Youth development
1210:literature review
1185:Radley Balko, of
1065:Kenneth P. Ruscio
1055:Tori Haring-Smith
1033:Charles W. Steger
917:Towson University
762:Quincy University
684:Naropa University
592:Manhattan College
556:Lafayette College
488:Hampshire College
384:Dickinson College
378:DePauw University
362:Dartmouth College
333:Mary Pat Seurkamp
273:Cazenovia College
255:Butler University
47:
46:
2032:
1980:Drinking culture
1876:
1875:
1847:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1766:Economic Inquiry
1762:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1670:"Not Convinced?"
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1538:. Archived from
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:, August 1, 2008
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1358:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1277:. Archived from
1271:
1094:Whittier College
1049:Wartburg College
1043:Voorhees College
939:Tufts University
650:Moravian College
638:Mitchell College
632:Millsaps College
622:Ronald Liebowitz
546:Thomas J. O'Hara
476:Hamilton College
426:Endicott College
355:Columbus College
349:Colorado College
327:College of Idaho
303:Clark University
237:Avila University
29:
22:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2015:Age and society
1970:
1969:
1903:Chicago Tribune
1884:
1879:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1830:
1826:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1492:Wayback Machine
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1222:
1121:
1119:Public reaction
1116:
1087:Wheaton College
975:Robert C. Holub
927:Trinity College
855:Spelman College
752:David W. Oxtoby
708:Lawrence Schall
696:Nichols College
544:President Rev.
494:Hanover College
456:Goucher College
450:Goodwin College
420:Emerson College
396:Duke University
249:Bethany College
216:
158:
129:
82:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1927:The Technician
1919:
1907:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1882:External links
1880:
1878:
1877:
1842:
1824:
1806:
1773:(2): 317–336.
1748:
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1798:. Retrieved
1770:
1764:
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1739:. Retrieved
1728:
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1707:. Retrieved
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1660:. Retrieved
1646:
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1617:. Retrieved
1599:. Retrieved
1585:
1574:. Retrieved
1565:
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1544:. Retrieved
1540:the original
1530:
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1505:
1495:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1439:. Retrieved
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1400:
1389:. Retrieved
1375:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1347:
1336:. Retrieved
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1269:
1207:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1177:
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1156:
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1122:
912:, West Texas
885:SUNY College
845:Paul LeBlanc
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137:young adults
130:
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55:U.S. college
50:
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1985:Adolescence
1837:The Racquet
1741:December 3,
973:Chancellor
887:at Purchase
315:Coe College
214:Signatories
121:drunkenness
1974:Categories
1800:2018-11-04
1709:2021-09-16
1680:2008-08-26
1662:2008-08-26
1637:2008-08-26
1619:2008-08-26
1601:2008-08-26
1576:2020-06-09
1546:2008-08-19
1521:2008-08-26
1471:2008-08-19
1441:2008-08-19
1416:2008-08-19
1391:2008-08-26
1366:2008-08-19
1338:2008-08-26
1313:2014-12-08
1285:2008-08-26
1262:References
1166:president
1135:, and the
1063:President
1053:President
1031:President
921:President
843:President
778:President
750:President
716:President
706:President
660:President
620:President
510:President
470:President
460:President
372:President
331:President
133:abstinence
80:Background
462:Jack Ohle
156:Statement
117:amethysts
1872:24565317
1791:Archived
1735:Archived
1730:Fox News
1703:Archived
1674:Archived
1656:Archived
1631:Archived
1613:Archived
1595:Archived
1570:Archived
1515:Archived
1488:Archived
1465:Archived
1435:Archived
1410:Archived
1385:Archived
1332:Archived
1307:Archived
1220:See also
1787:1048320
127:Purpose
70:alcohol
37:Purpose
1870:
1785:
1188:Reason
1131:, the
43:reform
1794:(PDF)
1783:S2CID
1761:(PDF)
1143:told
113:Roman
109:Greek
1868:PMID
1743:2012
1203:UW–L
1089:(MA)
810:(PA)
111:and
64:The
49:The
1860:doi
1775:doi
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96:in
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1568:.
1564:.
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1450:^
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1190:,
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