568:
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42:
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55:
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black-legged kittiwake. The fishery continues to be closed except for a small area carefully managed to make assessments of the sand eel stock. These previous problems with Raitt's sand eel fisheries and the concerns for seabirds, commercially valuable fish and marine mammals have led to calls for better management and monitoring of sand eel abundance.
532:
eel fishery became the largest fishery in the North Sea, with landings regularly exceeding 1 million tonnes. This high level of fishing caused a decline in stocks over time as the fishery became unsustainable. This led to both financial losses for the fishing industry and negative environmental consequences.
226:
side. Raitt's sand eels have a short tail fin that is deeply forked. They have a long and low dorsal fin that is twice as long as the tail fin and runs along almost the entire body. The scales on their underside are arranged randomly instead of in a distinct pattern as in many other fish. The Raitt's
531:
Sand eels have been fished since the 1950s. However, this was not done for industrial purposes until the 1970s when the fishing fleet for sand eel increased rapidly. The Raitt's sand eel is the most abundant species of sand eel in these fisheries and makes up over 90% of the catch. In 1977 the sand
547:
due to the techniques used to collect them. The netting used has a very small mesh size in order to catch the small Raitt's sand eel and larger species get caught in them. Common guillemot seabirds have repeatedly been found caught and killed in these nets and this has sparked concerns over the
583:
was closed down in 2000. An observed decline in
Atlantic puffins was linked to reduced numbers of sand eel prey and the fishery was closed in the hope to recover the puffin population. After the closure the numbers of Raitt's sand eel increased and benefited many top predators including the
467:
formations. They spend most of the winter burrowed in the sediment but then enter the open water between March and June to feed as the abundance of prey increases. Even in the summer months when Raitt's sand eels emerge to feed they still burrow in the sand in the night.
266:. They live in both the shallow open ocean and coastal waters. Four other species of sand eel are also distributed in this part of the Atlantic. The fisheries here are dominated by Raitt's sand eel suggesting the Raitt's sand eel is the most abundant in the area.
596:
data has shown that seabird populations as a whole are not negatively impacted by sand eel fisheries. Some has suggested that the observed declines in seabirds such as puffins were isolated incidences that do not represent the whole population.
337:. These coastal breeding birds are heavily reliant on sand eels and therefore their population size changes in response to the amount of Raitt's sand eel present. This can give a lot of information about the abundance of sand eels in the area.
364:
that survive to adulthood and so yearly changes to temperature can cause fluctuating population size. Changes to the abundance of species connected to the Raitt's sand eel in the food web has also caused variable population size.
432:. Many of these are very commercially valuable species and declines in sand eel have caused declines in their numbers due to lack of prey. Marine mammals also feed on Raitt's sand eels but less regularly. Mostly species such as
371:
copepods are an important prey item for sand eels. The population of Raitt's sand eel has been related to changes in the availability of this prey. Young Raitt's sand eels have lower survival when copepods are less abundant.
392:
and larger fish. Seabirds in particular rely heavily on the Raitt's sand eel to feed their chicks. When the sand eels leave their burrows to feed seabirds dive into the water to catch them and then return to their nests.
221:
The Raitt's sand eel is a small elongated fish that is usually about 20 cm long. The maximum length reported for this species of sand eel is 25 cm. They are silver all over with darker scales on their
1854:
535:
Raitt's sand eel fisheries are difficult to manage due to lack of population size data and regular population fluctuations. No catch predictions can be made for the fishery due to its instability.
311:
Due to their lifestyle, it has been very difficult to estimate the population size of the Raitt's sand eel. Most monitoring techniques are inappropriate and cannot detect the burrowed sand eels.
1655:
Naylor, R., Goldburg, R., Primavera, J., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. & Troell, M. (2000). "Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies".
520:
over the last few decades. Global production of farmed fish doubled between 1985-2000 and this created huge demands for fishmeal to feed the farmed fish. Raitt's sand eel alongside
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Fisheries of sand eel can also be harmful to seabird colonies. Fishing the Raitt's sand eel means there are less available to be eaten by the seabirds. Populations of
2113:
348:
effects have all been shown to have contributed to these fluctuations. As the Raitt's sand eel is found in the North
Atlantic Ocean its climate is altered by the
2152:
463:
Sand eel species switch between open water swimming and burying themselves in the sand to avoid nearby predators. When they are not burrowed they live in
1927:
Greenstreet, S. P. R., Armstrong, E., Mosegaard, H., Jensen, H., Gibb, I. M., Fraser, H. M., Scott, B. E., Holland, G. J. & Sharples, J. (2006).
2087:
567:
476:
Raitt's sand eels breed in
December and January when they briefly leave their winter burrows in the sediment. They lay their eggs in the sand which
484:. After this, they return to burrow in the sediment. Most Raitt's sand eels live for only 3 or 4 years as they have a high level of natural death.
2252:
2126:
303:. These requirements mean the Raitt's sand eel is found in distinct patches across the North Atlantic and instead of one continuous population.
666:
939:
Imamura, H. & Odani, K. (2013). "An overview of the phylogenetic relationships of the suborder
Trachinoidei (Acanthomorpha: Perciformes".
2178:
1323:
Wright, P., Jensen, H. & Tuck, I. (2000). "The influence of sediment type on the distribution of the lesser sandeel, Ammodytes marinus".
1502:
2237:
295:
Raitt's sand eel have very specific habitat requirements. They are specialised to live in waters high in oxygen but with low levels of
2061:
1442:"The impact of the sandeel fishery closure on seabird food consumption, distribution, and productivity in the northwestern North Sea"
492:
2204:
1380:
Pinto, J. M., Pearson, W. H. & Anderson, J. W. (1984). "Sediment
Preferences and Oil Contamination in the Pacific Sand Lance
665:
Heath, M. R., Rasmussen, J., Bailey, M. C., Dunn, J., Fraser, J., Gallego, A., Hay, S. J., Inglis, M. & Robinson, S. (2012).
636:
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The evolutionary history of the Raitt's sand eel is still debated and its exact relationship to the other members of its order
2247:
1269:
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2131:
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are all known predators of this species. Common guillemots feed exclusively on Raitt's sand eel during the breeding season.
2139:
2035:
330:, are now being used to assess the size of the Raitt's sand eel population. The main indicator used for sand eels are
41:
1896:"Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea"
480:
there until they hatch in
February and March. The hatched sand eels live in the open water above the sediment until
2157:
1560:
349:
54:
1933:
off southeast
Scotland: an evaluation of area-closure fisheries management and stock abundance assessment methods"
292:
and resting grounds. Raitt's sand eels live in turbulent areas of the ocean and do not live in depths below 100m.
1149:
van Deurs, M., Hartvig, M. & Steffensen, J. F. (2011). "Critical threshold size for overwintering sandeels (
1556:"The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes"
1386:
1155:
273:. The Raitt's sand eel survives better in cooler waters and may move North to avoid warming sea temperatures.
1741:
Tasker, M. L., Camphuysen, C. J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W. A. & Blaber, S. J. M. (2000).
1993:
1496:
Laugier, F., Feunteun, E., Pecheyran, C. & Carpentier, A. (2015). "Life history of the Small
Sandeel,
579:
As a result of overfishing of the Raitt's sand eel the sand eel fishery in the North Sea off the coast of
556:
516:
which makes them an ideal fish for these purposes. The demand for fishmeal has increased with the rise of
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331:
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1958:
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904:
850:
761:
705:
357:
149:
974:
Mitchell, A., McCarthy, E., Verspoor, E. (1998). "Discrimination of the North
Atlantic lesser sandeels
1825:(Raitt) .3. Effect of Temperature on Activity and Environmental-Control of Annual Cycle of Activity".
269:
The southern boundary of the Raitt's sand eel is predicted to move further North in the future due to
262:
The Raitt's sand eel is found across the
Northeast Atlantic Ocean and is particularly abundant in the
2232:
2209:
1666:
1511:
1332:
1278:
1102:
685:
1440:
Daunt, F., Wanless, S., Greenstreet, S. P. R., Jensen, H., Hamer, K. C. & Harris, M. P. (2008).
1852:
Macer, C.T. (1965). "The distribution of larval sandeels (Ammodytidae) in the southern North Sea".
361:
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1700:
1464:
1403:
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1213:
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992:
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habitats. Sandbanks are the most important habitat for the sand eel as they are used as nursery,
49:
734:
based on molecular and morphological evidence, with the description of a new species from Japan"
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1441:
314:
2191:
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1692:
247:
728:
Orr, J. W., Wildes, S., Kai, Y., Raring, N., Nakabo, T., Katugin, O. & Guyon, J. (2015).
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where they spend most of the year burrowed avoiding predators. They are also found living in
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381:
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The Raitt's sand eel is known from fishing records to have regular population fluctuations.
223:
165:
2165:
572:
552:
394:
1790:"Critical timing for reproductive allocation in a capital breeder: evidence from sandeel"
1670:
1515:
1336:
1282:
1259:
van Deurs, M., van Hal, R., Tomczak, M. T., Jonasdottir, S. H. & Dolmer, P. (2009).
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689:
1838:
1035:"Genetic studies on species composition and population structure of sand eels (Genera:
477:
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270:
210:
190:
106:
96:
1344:
1226:
1005:
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Frederiksen, M., Wanless, S., Harris, M. P., Rothery, P. & Wilson, L. J. (2004).
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632:
606:
481:
452:
437:
327:
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960:
227:
sand eel has a pointed jaw where the lower jaw projects further than the upper jaw.
1704:
388:
food web. They are the prey of a significant number of species including seabirds,
251:
2053:
1949:
1928:
924:
Whitehead, P.J.P; Bauchot, M-L.; Hureau, J-C.; Nielsen, J.; Tortonese, E. (1986).
697:
230:
It is difficult to distinguish this species from the other members in its genus ‘’
1207:
Pedersen, S.A., Lewy, P., Wright, P. (1999). "Assessments of the lesser sandeel (
1089:"Sandeel recruitment in the North Sea: demographic, climatic and trophic effects"
17:
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2100:
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448:
341:
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2016:
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186:
116:
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205:. Contrary to their name sand eels, including Raitt's sand eel, are not true
385:
263:
231:
198:
126:
66:
1912:
1895:
1759:
1742:
1696:
1621:
1605:"A spatial comparison of common guillemots and sandeels in Scottish waters"
1604:
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have declined in response to decreased prey levels of sand eel in the sea.
412:
In the sea many larger fish species prey on the Raitt's sand eel including
2027:
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2010:
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425:
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1987:
1978:
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1500:, inferred from otolith microchemistry. A methodological approach".
1460:
811:"Target strength and tilt-angle distribution of the lesser sandeel (
451:. By consuming zooplankton they act as a link through to the higher
667:"Larval mortality rates and population dynamics of Lesser Sandeel (
1855:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
592:
The impacts of intense Raitt's sand eel fishing has been debated.
566:
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313:
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of sand eel. Warmer temperatures decrease the number of sand eel
2183:
300:
296:
285:
206:
1991:
783:"Classification of fishes from Fishes of the World 5th Edition"
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in relation to density dependence and zooplankton composition"
413:
209:
and instead belong to the order of “weever-like” fishes, the
1821:
Winslade, P. (1974). "Behavioral-Studies on Lesser Sandeel
926:
Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean
730:"Systematics of North Pacific sand lances of the genus
444:
consume many sand eels in the spring and early summer.
246:
is unknown. There is currently no universally accepted
1211:) in the North Sea based on revised stock divisions".
879:"Size-dependent frequency response of sandeel schools"
605:
The Raitt's sand eel is currently not assessed by the
990:
by mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns".
504:
All species of sand eels are used extensively in the
548:
negative impacts of the fishery on the environment.
2000:
1549:
1547:
1449:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
781:Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016).
1254:
1252:
1250:
1202:
1200:
1144:
1142:
1140:
528:are the primary species used for this purpose.
234:’’ as they are all very similar in appearance.
193:. The Raitt's sand eel is member of the family
1889:
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1885:
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276:Sand eels live amongst sandy sediment of the
8:
1963:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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877:Johnsen, E., Pedersen, R., Ona, E. (2009).
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1033:Naevdal, G. & Thorkildsen, S. (2002).
627:
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623:
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40:
31:
1979:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
1948:
1911:
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1788:Boulcott, P. & Wright, P. J. (2008).
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894:
840:
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1929:"Variation in the abundance of sandeels
1743:"The impacts of fishing on marine birds"
250:for the Raitt's sand eel's suborder the
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1956:
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512:industries. Their bodies are rich in
7:
1503:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
543:Sand eel fisheries produce a lot of
455:level predators that eat sand eels.
1839:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1974.tb05102.x
1087:Arnott, S.A, Ruxton, G.D. (2002).
25:
1603:Wright, P.J., Begg, G.S. (1997).
447:Raitt's sand eels feed mainly on
197:which includes all 31 species of
1575:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x
1064:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00310.x
671:) in the northwestern North Sea"
53:
1261:"Recruitment of lesser sandeel
2253:Taxa named by Douglas S. Raitt
1937:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1900:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1747:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1609:ICES Journal of Marine Science
1270:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1094:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1051:Journal of Applied Ichthyology
883:ICES Journal of Marine Science
819:ICES Journal of Marine Science
809:Kubilius, R., Ona, E. (2012).
1:
1950:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.05.009
1345:10.1016/S1385-1101(00)00050-2
1227:10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00026-0
1006:10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00081-2
698:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.08.010
575:flying with sand eel in beak
988:Gymnammodytes semisquamatus
2274:
2238:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean
1561:Journal of Applied Ecology
1524:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.05.022
380:The Raitt's sand eel is a
356:fluctuation can alter the
350:North Atlantic Oscillation
326:Biological indicators, or
1868:10.1017/s0025315400004070
1169:10.1007/s00227-011-1774-8
953:10.1007/s10228-012-0304-0
678:Journal of Marine Systems
155:
148:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
635:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
258:Distribution and habitat
189:fish found in the North
1827:Journal of Fish Biology
1325:Journal of Sea Research
941:Ichthyological Research
649:. January 2016 version.
609:of Threatened Species.
201:, often referred to as
2258:Fish described in 1934
2243:Fish of the Baltic Sea
1913:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1155
1894:Furness, R.W. (2002).
1760:10.1006/jmsc.2000.0714
1622:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0245
1047:) in Norwegian waters"
896:10.1093/icesjms/fsp091
832:10.1093/icesjms/fss093
576:
557:black-legged kittiwake
539:Environmental concerns
501:
399:black-legged kittiwake
332:black-legged kittiwake
323:
320:black-legged kittiwake
2248:Fish of the North Sea
570:
495:
344:, climate change and
317:
1382:Ammodytes hexapterus
322:flying above the sea
1671:2000Natur.405.1017N
1665:(6790): 1017–1024.
1516:2015ECSS..165..237L
1337:2000JSR....44..243W
1283:2009MEPS..381..249V
1107:2002MEPS..238..199A
690:2012JMS....93...47H
601:Conservation status
182:), is a small semi-
1498:Ammodytes tobianus
1400:10.1007/bf00394728
1214:Fisheries Research
1116:10.3354/meps238199
993:Fisheries Research
753:10.7755/fb.113.2.3
577:
502:
324:
2220:
2219:
2192:Open Tree of Life
2002:Ammodytes marinus
1994:Taxon identifiers
1931:Ammodytes marinus
1823:Ammodytes marinus
1292:10.3354/meps07960
1263:Ammodytes marinus
1209:Ammodytes marinus
1163:(12): 2755–2764.
1151:Ammodytes marinus
976:Ammodytes marinus
813:Ammodytes marinus
669:Ammodytes marinus
639:Ammodytes marinus
180:Ammodytes marinus
173:
172:
159:Ammodytes marinus
35:Raitt's sand eel
18:Ammodytes marinus
16:(Redirected from
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1981:. 22 March 2016.
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1739:
1726:
1709:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1627:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1528:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1473:
1461:10.1139/F07-164
1444:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1412:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1357:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1297:
1258:
1257:
1248:
1231:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1181:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1121:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1010:
973:
972:
968:
938:
937:
933:
923:
922:
918:
901:
876:
875:
864:
847:
808:
807:
800:
790:
788:
785:
780:
779:
775:
758:
727:
726:
719:
702:
673:
664:
663:
654:
631:
630:
619:
615:
603:
590:
573:Atlantic puffin
565:
563:Fishery closure
553:Atlantic puffin
541:
490:
488:Commercial uses
474:
461:
395:Atlantic puffin
378:
309:
260:
240:
219:
169:
163:
157:
144:
141:A. marinus
52:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2201:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2032:
2022:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1919:
1906:(2): 261–269.
1881:
1862:(1): 187–207.
1844:
1833:(5): 587–599.
1813:
1780:
1753:(3): 531–547.
1724:
1642:
1615:(4): 578–592.
1595:
1543:
1488:
1455:(3): 362–381.
1427:
1394:(2): 129–156.
1387:Marine Biology
1372:
1312:
1246:
1221:(3): 221–241.
1196:
1156:Marine Biology
1136:
1070:
1057:(2): 124–126.
1025:
966:
931:
916:
862:
798:
773:
746:(2): 129–156.
717:
652:
633:Froese, Rainer
616:
614:
611:
602:
599:
589:
586:
564:
561:
540:
537:
496:An open water
489:
486:
473:
470:
460:
457:
390:marine mammals
377:
374:
308:
305:
271:climate change
259:
256:
239:
236:
218:
215:
211:Trachiniformes
191:Atlantic Ocean
171:
170:
164:
153:
152:
146:
145:
138:
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
107:Trachiniformes
104:
100:
99:
97:Actinopterygii
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
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1857:
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1397:
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1368:
1362:
1354:
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1313:
1308:
1302:
1293:
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1255:
1253:
1251:
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1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:Gymnammodytes
1042:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
932:
927:
920:
917:
912:
906:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
871:
869:
867:
863:
858:
852:
843:
838:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
814:
805:
803:
799:
784:
777:
774:
769:
763:
754:
749:
745:
741:
740:
735:
733:
724:
722:
718:
713:
707:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
670:
661:
659:
657:
653:
648:
647:
642:
640:
634:
628:
626:
624:
622:
618:
612:
610:
608:
607:IUCN Red List
600:
598:
595:
587:
585:
582:
574:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
549:
546:
538:
536:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
494:
487:
485:
483:
482:metamorphosis
479:
471:
469:
466:
458:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
438:harbour seals
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
370:
369:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
333:
329:
328:bioindicators
321:
316:
312:
306:
304:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
267:
265:
257:
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249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
228:
225:
216:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
167:
162:
160:
154:
151:
150:Binomial name
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2001:
1973:
1959:cite journal
1940:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1903:
1899:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1800:(1): 31–40.
1797:
1793:
1783:
1769:cite journal
1750:
1746:
1713:cite journal
1662:
1656:
1631:cite journal
1612:
1608:
1598:
1584:cite journal
1565:
1559:
1532:cite journal
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1477:cite journal
1452:
1448:
1416:cite journal
1391:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1361:cite journal
1328:
1324:
1301:cite journal
1274:
1268:
1262:
1235:cite journal
1218:
1212:
1208:
1185:cite journal
1160:
1154:
1150:
1125:cite journal
1098:
1092:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1014:cite journal
1000:(1): 61–65.
997:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
944:
940:
934:
925:
919:
905:cite journal
889:(1): 43–51.
886:
882:
851:cite journal
842:11250/109435
822:
818:
812:
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776:
762:cite journal
743:
737:
731:
706:cite journal
681:
677:
668:
644:
638:
604:
591:
578:
550:
542:
534:
530:
503:
475:
462:
446:
411:
379:
366:
339:
325:
310:
294:
275:
268:
261:
252:Trachinoidei
241:
229:
220:
179:
175:
174:
158:
156:
140:
139:
127:
29:
2233:Ammodytidae
2101:iNaturalist
1510:: 237–246.
1277:: 249–258.
1101:: 199–210.
980:A. tobianus
947:(1): 1–15.
588:Controversy
526:Norway pout
518:aquaculture
498:aquaculture
449:zooplankton
358:recruitment
342:Overfishing
244:Perciformes
217:Description
203:sand lances
195:Ammodytidae
117:Ammodytidae
2227:Categories
1688:10862/1737
1041:Hyperoplus
613:References
472:Life cycle
434:grey seals
407:razorbills
307:Population
187:ray-finned
1037:Ammodytes
984:A. dubius
732:Ammodytes
684:: 47–57.
500:fish farm
459:Behaviour
386:North Sea
362:juveniles
264:North Sea
248:phylogeny
238:Evolution
232:Ammodytes
199:sand eels
135:Species:
128:Ammodytes
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
2119:10154310
2075:FishBase
2025:BioLib:
2017:Q2464551
2011:Wikidata
1876:84439403
1697:10890435
1469:55086717
1408:84127519
1353:84140625
1177:14127035
961:17615940
646:FishBase
581:Scotland
510:fishmeal
506:fish oil
478:incubate
430:mackerel
346:food web
335:seabirds
290:spawning
113:Family:
87:Chordata
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
2093:2389994
1705:4411053
1667:Bibcode
1512:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1279:Bibcode
1103:Bibcode
791:10 June
686:Bibcode
545:bycatch
522:capelin
453:trophic
422:whiting
418:haddock
384:in the
376:Ecology
368:Calanus
354:weather
352:. This
282:bedrock
278:sea bed
184:pelagic
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
2210:126751
2197:289452
2184:126751
2158:146480
2132:171677
2106:326208
2067:124826
2028:154221
1874:
1703:
1695:
1658:Nature
1467:
1406:
1351:
1175:
959:
594:Census
514:lipids
426:saithe
224:dorsal
168:, 1934
2205:WoRMS
2114:IRMNG
2062:EUNIS
2041:78406
1872:S2CID
1701:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1445:(PDF)
1404:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1173:S2CID
957:S2CID
786:(PDF)
674:(PDF)
465:shoal
166:Raitt
2179:OBIS
2171:2094
2153:NCBI
2127:ITIS
2088:GBIF
2054:CTLN
2036:BOLD
1965:link
1775:link
1719:link
1693:PMID
1637:link
1590:link
1538:link
1483:link
1422:link
1367:link
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555:and
524:and
508:and
440:and
428:and
405:and
301:clay
299:and
297:silt
286:kelp
284:and
207:eels
2140:NBN
2049:CoL
1945:doi
1908:doi
1864:doi
1835:doi
1802:doi
1755:doi
1683:hdl
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